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Topic: Gas filled tube

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	Ionization (gas-filled) tubes : ELECTRON TUBES
		The result of this is a tube that will begin to conduct under certain conditions, then tend to stay in a state of conduction until the applied voltage across the gas and/or the heat-generating current drops to a minimum level.
		The most common type of discharge tube is the neon light, used popularly as a source of colorful illumination, the color of the light emitted being dependent on the type of gas filling the tube.
		If a regular triode was filled with gas instead of a hard vacuum, it would manifest all the hysteresis and nonlinearity of other gas tubes with one major advantage: the amount of voltage applied between grid and cathode would determine the minimum plate-to cathode voltage necessary to initiate conduction.
	www.allaboutcircuits.com /vol_3/chpt_13/9.html (1186 words)

	Vacuum tube Summary
		Tubes with 5 grids, called pentagrid converters, were generally used although alternative such as using a combination of a triode with a hexode were also used, even octodes have been used for frequency conversion The additional grids were all control grids, with different signals applied to each one.
		Once the tube envelope is evacuated and sealed, the getter is heated to a high temperature (usually by means of RF induction heating) causing the material to evaporate, adsorbing/reacting with any residual gases and usually leaving a silver-colored metallic deposit on the inside of the envelope of the tube.
		Tubes were ubiquitous in the early generations of electronic devices, such as radios, televisions, and early computers such as the Colossus which used 2000 tubes, the ENIAC which used nearly 18,000 tubes, and the IBM 700 series.
	www.bookrags.com /Vacuum_tube (5639 words)

	Gas Filled Detectors
		When the potential applied across the tube is very low, ion pairs produced by ionizing radiation will not move fast enough towards their respective electrodes, the ion pairs will then reform into neutral gas molecules and produce little or no current flow.
		As the voltage potential across the gas filled chamber is increased passed the ionization chamber plateau, it enters into the proportional counter region.
		Neutrons themselves will not interact with the gas in a gas filled detectors, however if the gas filled detector is coated on the inside with boron or filled with boron fluoride gas,thermal neutrons will interact with the boron, producing a lithium molecule and an alpha particle.
	www.rstp.uwaterloo.ca /manual/detection/gas_filled/gas_filled_detectors.htm (576 words)

	FEEE - Fundamentals of Electrical Engineering and Electronics: Ionization (gas-filled) tubes
		The result of this is a tube that will begin to conduct under certain conditions, then tend to stay in a state of conduction until the applied voltage across the gas and/or the heat-generating current drops to a minimum level.
		The most common type of discharge tube is the neon light, used popularly as a source of colorful illumination, the color of the light emitted being dependent on the type of gas filling the tube.
		If a regular triode was filled with gas instead of a hard vacuum, it would manifest all the hysteresis and nonlinearity of other gas tubes with one major advantage: the amount of voltage applied between grid and cathode would determine the minimum plate-to cathode voltage necessary to initiate conduction.
	www.vias.org /feee/tubes_10.html (1215 words)

	The Islamia University Bahawalpur Pakistan [Modren Physics Lab]
		When ionizing radiation passes through the tube, a short, intense pulse of current passes from the negative electrode to the positive electrode and is measured or counted.
		The successful use of a Geiger-Mueller tube as an ionization detector depends critically on the interface circuitry to which it is connected.
		A GM tube is a sealed chamber with a pair of internal electrodes and filled to low pressure with an easily ionizable gas.
	www.iub.edu.pk /Physics_Modren.jsp (1263 words)

	Olympus FluoView Resource Center: Introduction to Lasers
		In the gas cloud surrounding a hot star, the radiation emitted from the star can excite the gas molecules to higher energy levels, which then decay to a metastable state.
		In a gas laser, an electrical current flowing through the gas excites the atoms and molecules into the upper energy level necessary to begin the decay, or decay series, that produces the laser emission.
		In the helium-neon laser, the helium atoms capture energy from the gas discharge that is caused by an electrical input, which is then transferred to very close energy levels that exist in the neon gas.
	www.olympusfluoview.com /theory/laserintro.html (6678 words)

	Lessons In Electric Circuits -- Volume III (Semiconductors) - Chapter 13
		The semiconductor counterpart to the tube, of course, is the transistor.
		This same tube was sometimes used in a different way: by applying a DC voltage to one of the control grids, the gain of the tube could be changed for a signal impressed on the other control grid.
		Tubes, being less complex in their manufacture than semiconductor components, are potentially cheaper to produce as well, although the huge volume of semiconductor device production in the world greatly offsets this theoretical advantage.
	www.ibiblio.org /obp/electricCircuits/Semi/SEMI_13.html (7356 words)

	Ginsberg Scientific - Gas & Liquids
		Consists of a funnel tube and a stopcock tube, connected together by a piece of flexible tubing, and running parallel to one another on aluminum rods.
		Tubes and Support Stand This apparatus demonstrates that capillary rise is dependent upon the inside diameter of the tube.
		When the tube is inverted, and the air is removed, the disc and feather will fall at the same rate because the feather does not meet any air resistance.
	www.ginsbergscientific.com /0cat_results_gasliquids1.asp?cid=113 (1145 words)

	Mustang Headlight Bulb Identification
		The H1 Series Bulbs are a single filament bulb sealed in a halogen gas filled glass tube.
		The H3 Series Bulbs are a single filament bulb sealed in a halogen gas filled glass tube.
		The H11 Series Bulbs are single filament bulb sealed in a halogen gas filled glass tube.
	www.americanmuscle.com /bulbid.html (643 words)

	RIFE RAY CANCER TREATMENT AND MYCOPLASMAS IN CANCER AND AIDS (Site not responding. Last check: )
		These gas discharge tubes are supplied with oscillating high voltages, which produce strong charge density waves in the body salt solution, high intensity sonic pings in both the tube wall and the dead skin layer, and low intensity pressure waves in body fluids do to ion current flow collisions with other molecules.
		However, due to the high operating voltages used at low gas pressure along with substantial electron generation at the X - ray tube "anode" from ultraviolet light emissions from the metastable inert gases used, the tube gas was quite electrically conductive in both directions.
		From the operation of current gas filled tubes which are similar to Rife's tube, with some what similar electrode design, gas mixtures, pressures and power dissipation, it is experimentally known that such tubes when operated at auditory frequencies make an audible sound.
	home.earthlink.net /~vibrnthealth/Misc/GaryWadeArticle1.htm (3761 words)

	Neon Signs — Neon Lights — Neon Clocks - Neon Sculptures for Less!
		The word neon originates from the Greek term "neos," meaning "the new gas." In 1902 the French inventor Georges Claude was the first to apply an electrical discharge to a sealed tube of neon gas to create a light.
		The diameter of the tubing and the kind of transformer used to power the neon lights also create subtle variations in hue and intensity.
		Many neon tubes are coated on the inside with fluorescent powders that filter out different colors from the light spectrum.
	www.iloveneon.com (689 words)

	SignWeb \| How Luminous Tubes Work (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Finally, the accurate filling of the tube with gas is important since underfilling the tube results in too little a gas reservoir to counter the gas lost to sputtering.
		After bending the tubing to the desired shapes, the tube has electrodes sealed onto the two ends and the tube is connected to a pumping system called the neon manifold.
		After thorough evacuation, which is usually determined by the vacuum gauge, the main vacuum valve is closed and the inert gas is carefully ladled in, filling the tube to a pressure dependent on the diameter of the tube.
	www.signweb.com /index.php/channel/14/id/123 (5974 words)

	Gas-filled tubes
		The symbols for the gas-filled diode, the voltage regulator, and the thyratron are the same as those for high-vacuum tubes except that a dot is placed within the envelope circle to signify the presence of gas.
		The mercury vapor is not placed in the tube as a vapor; instead a small amount of liquid mercury is placed in the tube before it is sealed.
		This glow is brightest in the space between the electrodes and of lesser intensity throughout the remainder of the tube envelope.
	www.tpub.com /neets/book6/21d.htm (1712 words)

	Gastroparesis Glossary of Terms with Definitions on MedicineNet.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Gastrointestinal tract: The tube that extends from the mouth to the anus in which the movement of muscles and release of hormones and enzymes digest food.
		Tubes: The "tubes" are medically known as the Fallopian tubes.
		There are two Fallopian tubes, one on each side, which transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus (the womb).
	www.medicinenet.com /gastroparesis/glossary.htm (4978 words)

	Neon Signs \| Custom Neon Signs \| Neon Beer Signs \| Neon Open Signs
		After the designing is done, the tubes are vacuumed out using a suction pump, after which an inert gas is let into the tube—this gas determines the color of the neon sign.
		The gas-filled tube glows when current is passed through it ionizing the gas, thus causing it to glow.
		Neon gas tubes do not contain any filament like an ordinary light bulb, so their life spans are very long, ranging from ten to fifteen years.
	www.e-neonsigns.com (296 words)

	Press Release: The 1992 Nobel Prize in Physics
		They then have enough energy to ionise the gas and more electrons are liberated, which in their turn are accelerated and so on.
		For the development of the cloud chamber, which registers tracks of charged particles in a gas, the 1927 Nobel Prize was awarded to C.T.R. Wilson.
		In the bubble chamber, which is filled with an overheated liquid, charged particles give rise to small bubbles where the liquid is boiling along the track.
	nobelprize.org /nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1992/press.html (1338 words)

	Gas Discharge Tube Surge Arresters, and SAN-EARTH M5C Conductive Grounding Cement
		Sankosha gas tube arresters protect personnel, equipment and circuitry from abnormally high voltages caused by lightning or electrical transients.
		Sankosha has been selling gas tube arresters in the U.S. since the seventies and Sankosha U.S.A., Inc., the company’s 100% owned subsidiary, was established in 1987 to better service the growing market in the Americas.
		High voltage gas tube models like the Y08SV-312B are designed for power supply applications where HiPot testing is required, and we also manufacture very small gas tube arrester models for surface mount applications where real estate is at a premium.
	www.sankosha-usa.com (624 words)

	Chromatograph removes hydrocarbons in catalyst hydroprocessing - regeneration.
		Establish the volume of a gas sampling tube of about 1 litre capacity made of borosilicate glass (sometimes referred to as "sausage tube") by filling it with water and measuring the volume of water filled.
		If a standard certified gas mixture is available, the barrel of the syringe may be purged with it and 1 ml of standard may be injected through the septum.
		Alternately, if a gas injection valve is available in the chromatograph, attach a sampling loop of 1 ml capacity and inject the sample through it using a leveling bottle to displace the sample from the sampling tube.
	www.bin95.com /hydrocarbons-chromatograph.htm (1548 words)

	RIFE CANCER THERAPY AND TREATMENT APPENDIX B
		The tube also produced direct ultrasound in the room air from the vibration of the tube walls do to plasma shock waves generated inside the tube.
		However, do to the high operating voltages used at low gas pressure along with the ample ion / electron generation from ultraviolet light emissions from metastable inert gases used, the tube gas was quite electrically conductive in both directions.
		From the operation of current gas filled tubes which are similar to Rife's tube, with similar electrode design, gas mixtures, pressures and power dissipation, it is experimentally known that such tubes when operated at auditory frequencies make an audible sound.
	www.rifeenergymedicine.com /appbh.html (3926 words)

	A Modular Neutron Detector, Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors
		A gas-filled radiation detector is usually a glass tube that contains two concentric electrodes and a gas such as argon.
		The outer electrode is a metal tube; the inner electrode is a wire stretched between the ends of the tube along its axis.
		Because the current pulse produced by each radiation packet is proportional to the energy the packet ultimately deposits in the detection gas, the detector can measure the distribution of the deposited energies.
	www.lanl.gov /quarterly/q_sum03/gas-filled.shtml (449 words)

	Quanta Medical & Aesthetic Lasers - Types of Lasers
		A voltage (the external pump source) is applied to the tube to excite the atoms in the gas to a population inversion.
		One should note that if brewster angle windows are attached to the gas discharge tube, some laser radiation may be reflected out the side of the laser cavity.
		Large gas lasers known as gas dynamic lasers use a combustion chamber and supersonic nozzle for population inversion.
	www.quantaweb.com /index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=86&Itemid=85 (352 words)

	Gas Discharge Tubes - Thyristors
		Essentially a gas-filled triode tube (a triode being a three-element vacuum electron tube performing much a similar function to the N-channel, D-type IGFET), the thyratron tube could be turned on with a small control voltage applied between grid and cathode, and turned off by reducing the plate-to-cathode voltage.
		This is hysteresis at work: the tube stays in its conductive mode past the point where it first turned on, continuing to conduct until there the supply voltage drops off to almost zero volts.
		More advanced gas-discharge tubes have been made with control elements so that their "turn-on" voltage could be adjusted by an external signal.
	www.opamp-electronics.com /tutorials/gas_discharge_tubes_3_07_02.htm (1588 words)

	Detectors
		Scintillator-type detectors use vacuum tubes to perform the initial conversion of light to electrical pulses.
		It uses a gas-filled tube with a central wire at high voltage to collect the ionization produced by incident radiation.
		Information from these tubes will be used to determine the energy and direction of the incident neutrino.
	www.lbl.gov /abc/wallchart/chapters/12/2.html (959 words)

	Oscillations & Waves
		A collection of eight tubes cut to the length for musical notes (from shortest to longest) C,B,A,G,F,E,D, and C with each note a unique color.
		There are also caps for each tube to change the end of the tube from an antinode to a node.
		Video Encyclopedia :A tube is cut to length to resonate at 256 Hz when closed and 512 Hz when open.
	pirt.asu.edu /detail_3.asp?ID=1462&offset=175 (372 words)

	Ionization Sensor- Developer Zone - National Instruments
		The tube is placed between two plates that are connected to a source of radio-frequency voltage.
		The difference in potentials between the two electrodes is developed due to the space potential inside the tube and also the potential produced by the capacitive coupling between the outside plates and electrodes.
		When the tube is placed in the middle between the plates, the potential between the electrodes is zero.
	zone.ni.com /devzone/cda/ph/p/id/123 (236 words)

	Volcanic and Geologic Terms
		Ash Flow: A turbulent mixture of gas and rock fragments, most of which are ash-sized particles, ejected violently from a crater or fissure.
		Surge: A ring-shaped cloud of gas and suspended solid debris that moves radially outward at high velocity as a density flow from the base of a vertical eruption column accompanying a volcanic eruption or crater formation.
		Water Table: The surface between where the pore space in rock is filled with water and where the the pore space in rock is filled with air.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/glossary.html (4560 words)

	123india.com -Weather
		Thermometer is an instrument for measuring temperature consisting typically of a glass bulb attached to a fine tube of glass with a numbered scale and containing a liquid that is sealed in and rises and falls with changes of temperature.
		Usually found in the stratosphere, a colorless gas and a form of oxygen which is responsible for filtering out much of the sun's ultraviolet radiation and thus restricting them to enter the earth's atmosphere.
		Greenhouse effect is the progressive, gradual warming of the earth's atmospheric temperature, caused by the insulating effect of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases that have proportionately increased in the atmosphere.
	weather.123india.com /include/faq.html (498 words)

	The Flash Charge Indicator Bulb
		Some of the gas atoms have already been ionized by the passage of cosmic rays and other radiation which is naturally present in every environment.
		When a voltage is applied across the electrodes of the tube, an electric field builds up and accelerates the electrons towards the positive electrode and the ions towards the negative electrode, as shown in Figure 4.
		If the voltage applied to the tube is high enough, the field strength excites the ions, resulting in the emission of light, as shown in Figure 5.
	brl.ee.washington.edu /Education/EE498/notes/GasBulb (1316 words)

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