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Topic: Gases

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	frame
		First, the behavior of gases is easier to describe because most of the properties of gases do not depend on the identity of the gas.
		Compounds that are gases at room temperature are all covalent compounds (such as CO and NH) that contain two or more nonmetals.
		As a general rule, compounds that consist of relatively light, covalent molecules are most likely to be gases at room temperature.
	chemed.chem.purdue.edu /genchem/topicreview/bp/ch4/1frame.html (302 words)

	Volcanic Hazards: Gases (sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, hyrdogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride)
		Gases are also released from magma that either remains below ground (for example, as an intrusion) or is rising toward the surface.
		The gases spread from an erupting vent primarily as acid aerosols (tiny acid droplets), compounds attached to tephra particles, and microscopic salt particles.
		The volcanic gases that pose the greatest potential hazard to people, animals, agriculture, and property are sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen fluoride.
	volcanoes.usgs.gov /Hazards/What/VolGas/volgas.html (1958 words)

	Trace Gases
		The remaining 1% of the atmospheric gases are known as trace gases because they are present in such small concentrations.
		Most abundant in the troposphere, these gases include carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour and ozone, so-called because they are involved in the Earth natural greenhouse effect which keeps the planet warmer than it would be without an atmosphere.
		Gases from these sources include nitric oxide (NO) and sulphur dioxide (SO In addition to natural sources of nitric oxide and sulphur dioxide there are now many man-made sources, including pollutant emissions from cars, agriculture and electricity generation through the burning of fossil fuels.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Atmosphere/Older/Trace_Gases.html (391 words)

	Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Gases are an important part of chemistry, and the first step to understanding them is to understand their simplified physics, as exemplified by a group of relationships collectively known as the gas laws.
		Gases are composed of discrete particles (atoms or molecules), and anything that happens at the microscopic level of these particles is somehow reflected at the macroscopic level.
		The pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
	www.nitrogenorder.org /lessons/gases.shtml (8376 words)

	Climate Change and Greenhouse Gases
		This phenomenon is popularly known as the “greenhouse effect,” and the IR active gases responsible for the effect are likewise referred to as “greenhouse gases.” The rapid increase in concentrations of greenhouse gases since the industrial period began has given rise to concern over potential resultant climate changes.
		For some greenhouse gases persistence can be estimated from “mean residence times,” which are obtained with simple linear models and represent the time that would be required for removal of 63% of the anthropogenic excess of the material in the atmosphere, if anthropogenic sources were abruptly diminished to zero [Lasaga and Berner, 1998].
		The additional anthropogenic greenhouse gases that have been introduced into the atmosphere increase the IR energy absorbed by the atmosphere, thereby exerting a warming influence on the lower atmosphere and the surface, and a cooling influence on the stratosphere [Peixoto and Oort, 1992; Ramanathan et al.
	www.agu.org /eos_elec/99148e.html (7729 words)

	Greenhouse Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The system of a greenhouse depends on blocking the exchange of gases between the inner atmosphere of the greenhouse and the outer environment to delay the transference of heat by convection (transference of energy through currents in a volume).
		Yes, it is a greenhouse effect because we obstruct the exchange of gases between the interior of the car and the outer environment.
		The heat produced by the movement of the molecules and the chemical reactions in the atmosphere is RADIATED from Earth to the outer space.
	www.biocab.org /Greenhouse_Gases.html (1622 words)

	General Chemistry Online: Companion Notes: Gases
		While gases are less familiar in everyday life than liquids and solids, it is much easier to build models that explain the behavior of gases than it is for liquids and solids.
		Gases have densities that are about 1/1000 of solid or liquid densities
		Compute the partial pressure of these gases at a total pressure of 1 atm and at a total pressure of 3 atm (about the pressure experienced by a diver under 66 feet of seawater).
	antoine.frostburg.edu /chem/senese/101/gases/index.shtml (1514 words)

	Chem4Kids.com: Matter: Gases
		However, gases are really spread out and the atoms and molecules are full of energy.
		The word vapor is used to describe gases that are usually found as liquids.
		Gases hold huge amounts of energy, and their molecules are spread out as much as possible.
	www.chem4kids.com /files/matter_gas.html (283 words)

	Greenhouse Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		If the greenhouse gases were not there to trap some of this IR energy, the earth would be about 33 C (60 F) colder than it is. The gases are called greenhouse gases because their effect is like the glass panels in a greenhouse.
		If the IR radiation trapped by excess greenhouse gases in the lower atmosphere had been allowed to move into the stratosphere as the natural cycle would have allowed, the gases in the stratosphere would have absorbed some of it and been warmed.
		Thus, the increase in the greenhouse gases is thought to have caused a cooling of the stratosphere.
	www.mpcfaculty.net /mark_bishop/greenhouse.htm (2335 words)

	Gases
		Gases take the shape and fill any container in which they are placed.
		The molecules in gases move more quickly than those in liquids or solids and are spread out much more than in either liquids or solids.
		Gases change to liquids or solids if they are cooled or if enough pressure is applied to them.
	www.mcwdn.org /chemist/gases.html (165 words)

	The Seattle Times: Nation & World: Gases making seas warmer, scientists say
		Greenhouse gases are warming our oceans, changing their chemistry and threatening rainfall patterns that provide the planet with its fresh water, scientists say.
		The gases that cause global warming sometimes are given as factors in problems ranging from the strength of hurricanes to altered wildlife habitats.
		Greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide emitted from power plants and automobiles, are trapping heat in the atmosphere, experts say.
	seattletimes.nwsource.com /html/nationworld/2002198506_oceans06.html (901 words)

	Greenhouse Gases - LIME
		Naturally occurring and manmade gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere, contributing to the "greenhouse effect" and global warming.
		Greenhouse gases are gases that trap heat in the Earth's atmosphere by absorbing and re-emitting solar radiation.
		Greenhouse gases in the atmosphere absorb some of this re-emitted radiation, and return it to the planet in the form of heat-this is called the "greenhouse effect." Because greenhouse gases in the air have increased, so has the amount of infrared radiation being trapped and re-emitted as heat.
	www.lime.com /glossary/greenhouse_gases (1012 words)

	Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		In mixtures of gases, the properties of one component have little effect on the properties of another.
		It was in 1802 that Joseph Gay-Lussac made precise measurements of gases and published a report stating that Charles's generalization was true.
		The two gases will diffuse down the tube to meet at some point and form a white precipitate of ammonium chloride dust.Use Graham's law to calculate the point along the tube where the two gases will meet.
	home.att.net /~v.d.singleton/genchem/gases.htm (4149 words)

	Universal Industrial Gases, Inc...Industrial Gas Properties, Uses, Applications
		These properties are utilized to produce specialty products, protect and maintain product quality, and lower operating costs in steelmaking, metals manufacturing and fabrication, petroleum refining, chemicals and pharmaceuticals manufacture, production of electronic equipment and components, the rubber and plastics industries, food and beverage processing, glass manufacture, healthcare, pulp and paper and environmental protection operations.
		The naturally inert or "noble" gases are members of "Group 18" of the Periodic Table.
		Argon, helium, neon, krypton and xenon are "noble gases" that are extremely inert under all conditions.
	www.uigi.com /gas_props_uses.html (812 words)

	Atmospheric Gases
		The main gases are nitrogen and oxygen, which make up 78% and 21% of the volume of air respectively.
		The remaining 1% of the atmospheric gases is made up of trace gases.
		The remaining trace gases include the greenhouse gases, carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, water vapour and ozone, so-called because they are involved in the Earth natural greenhouse effect which keeps the planet warmer than it would be without an atmosphere.
	www.ace.mmu.ac.uk /eae/Atmosphere/Older/Atmospheric_Gases.html (166 words)

	CHEMystery: States of Matter: Gases
		One of the most amazing things about gases is that, despite wide differences in chemical properties, all the gases more or less obey the gas laws.
		Gases are the only state of matter that can be compressed very tightly or expanded to fill a very large space.
		Since, according to Avogadro (see chemical reactions: the mole) showed that same volumes of gas contain the same number of moles, chemists could now determine the formulas of gaseous elements and their formula masses.
	library.thinkquest.org /3659/states/gases.html (805 words)

	Vic Camp - Volcanic Gases
		Other than free oxygen, generated by photosynthesis, all atmospheric gases were derived from inside the earth and released by volcanic eruptions.
		Gases escaping from fumaroles can be collected in evacuated flasks and analyzed in geochemical laboratories.
		However, volcanic gases are also dangerous because they are hot and toxic, and their emission in large quantities can easily kill unaware people.
	www.geology.sdsu.edu /how_volcanoes_work/Volcanic_gases.html (1126 words)

	Greenhouse Gases, Climate Change, and Energy
		Greenhouse gases absorb this infrared radiation and trap the heat in the atmosphere.
		In computer-based models, rising concentrations of greenhouse gases generally produce an increase in the average temperature of the Earth.
		Human-made gases (2 percent of total emissions) are released as byproducts of industrial processes and through leakage.
	www.eia.doe.gov /oiaf/1605/ggccebro/chapter1.html (780 words)

	Gases
		Gases used for the etching and masking processes in the manufacture of silicon wafers must be of "six nine" (99.9999%) purity.
		Our laser gases and reference gases are used to calibrate various instruments for monitoring air pollution, as well as for such applications as analyzing blood gases, automobile exhaust gases, and malodorous gases.
		Our mixed gases and zero-calibration gases are used in fuel tests, and our pure gases for chemical synthesis.
	www.sumitomoseika.co.jp /english/gas/index.html (391 words)

	Chemical Elements.com - Noble Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The six noble gases are found in group 18 of the periodic table.
		These elements were considered to be inert gases until the 1960's, because their oxidation number of 0 prevents the noble gases from forming compounds readily.
		All noble gases have the maximum number of electrons possible in their outer shell (2 for Helium, 8 for all others), making them stable.
	www.chemicalelements.com /groups/noblegases.html (70 words)

	Other Greenhouse Gases
		He found that these gases might contribute as much as 40% of the total warming due to CO and all other gases of human origin.
		Back in 1986, Dickinson and Cicerone had carefully separated the temperature changes that gases might ultimately cause from their immediate and direct physical influence on radiation.
		Other gases (and aerosols) were often overlooked in public arguments, and even in much of the expert policy discussion.
	www.aip.org /history/climate/othergas.htm (4030 words)

	Gases: Man versus the Volcanoes
		Reaching a good estimate is important in guiding global policy for standards to reduce emissions from man-made sources of gases.
		Gases from Kilauea provides a comparison of a man-made sulfur dioxide gas leaked at a refinery to the gas released by a volcano.
		Most of the gases emitted by the ocean return to the oceans.
	volcano.und.nodak.edu /vwdocs/Gases/man.html (546 words)

	Atmospheric Greenhouse Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		These gases are commonly referred to as "greenhouse gases", and the most important ones that may be influenced directly by human activity are carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and CFC's - chlorinated fluorocarbons such as Freon.
		The greenhouse gases in the atmosphere transmit the incoming visible light, but stop some of the outgoing infrared, trapping it between the atmosphere and the surface.
		Without these greenhouse gases, all the infrared radiation would be lost to space, and the Earth's global temperature would be near 0° F (or -18° C), a very inhospitable environment.
	vathena.arc.nasa.gov /curric/land/global/greenhou.html (1595 words)

	EurActiv.com - Fluorinated gases and climate change \| EU - European Information on Sustainable Dev.
		EU, US to curb global warming gases from car air conditioning (21 February 2006)
		Eur-Lex: Proposal for a Regulation on certain fluorinated greenhouse gases
		Pre-Lex: Proposal for a regulation on certain fluorinated gases
	www.euractiv.com /en/sustainability/fluorinated-gases-climate-change/article-117491 (1973 words)

	Chem4Kids.com: Elements & Periodic Table: Inert Gases
		These gases are another family of elements, and all of them are located in the far right column of the periodic table.
		At the top of the inert gases is little helium (He) with a shell that is full with two electrons.
		All of the elements in Group Zero are inert gases.
	www.chem4kids.com /files/elem_inertgas.html (352 words)

	Safety and Health Topics: Waste Anesthetic Gases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The waste anesthetic gases and vapors of concern are nitrous oxide and halogenated agents (vapors) such as halothane, enflurane, methoxyflurane, trichloroethylene, and chloroform.
		Some potential effects of exposure to waste anesthetic gases are nausea, dizziness, headaches, fatigue, and irritability, as well as sterility, miscarriages, birth defects, cancer, and liver and kidney disease, among operating room staff or their spouses (in the case of miscarriages and birth defects).
		Employers and employees should be aware of the potential effects of waste anesthetic gases and be advised to take appropriate precautions.
	www.osha-slc.gov /SLTC/wasteanestheticgases/index.html (219 words)

	COTW05
		Stoichiometric calculations for gases in chemical reactions are performed just as you did in chapter 3 - the only difference is that the number of moles of the gas is not generally determined by dividing the mass of the gas by the molar mass (although this will, indeed, give moles).
		Dalton's law states that the total pressure in a mixture of gases is the sum of the partial pressures of the component gases.
		Even though gases move very quickly, diffusion is a relatively slow process because the molecule moves only a very small distance (the mean free path) before colliding with another molecule and perhaps changing direction.
	www2.yk.psu.edu /~jhb3/cotw05.htm (1751 words)

	gases.htm
		Gases, unlike solids and liquids have indefinite shape and indefinite volume.
		This equation is useful for relating the pressure, density and temperature of a gas, in the same way as the other empirical gas laws we have encountered.
		The van der Waals constants, a and b for many gases have been tabulated in the CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.
	pages.towson.edu /ladon/gases.html (2345 words)

	Gases
		Gases consist of submicroscopic particles that are relatively far apart from each other moving randomly that are explained by the kinetic-molecular theory.
		In addition, since gases are all around us, it is important to know how they react by looking at gases in chemical reactions.
		Gases can be described in terms of four variables: pressure,volume,temperature, and moles.
	students.ed.uiuc.edu /mrayon/gases.html (338 words)

	Greenhouse Gases
		Greenhouse gases naturally blanket the Earth and keep it about 33 degrees Celsius warmer than it would be without these gases in the atmosphere.
		The "greenhouse effect" is the heating of the Earth due to the presence of greenhouse gases.
		Carbon Dioxide - a heavy colorless gas that does not support combustion, dissolves in water to form carbonic acid, is formed especialy in animal repiration and in the decay or combustion of animal and vegetable matter, is absorbed from the air by plants in photosynthesis, and is used in the carbonation of beverages.
	www.umich.edu /~gs265/society/greenhouse.htm (3957 words)

	Evolution of the Atmosphere
		Additionally, because carbon dioxide is slightly soluble in water it too was removed slowly from the atmosphere leaving the relatively scarce but unreactive nitrogen to build up to the 78% is holds today.
		The concentrations of gases in the earth atmosphere is now known to be (ignoring water vapor, which varies between near zero to a few percent):
		Gases, on the other hand, are selective in their absorption characteristics.
	www.globalchange.umich.edu /globalchange1/current/lectures/samson/evolution_atm (3114 words)

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