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Topic: Gaseous fission reactor

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	Nuclear reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A nuclear reactor is a device in which nuclear chain reactions are initiated, controlled, and sustained at a steady rate (as opposed to a nuclear explosion, where the chain reaction occurs in a split second).
		Fission events that occur immediately are called "prompt" fission events, and if there are enough prompt events for the reaction to be self-sustaining without the delayed fission events, then the reactor is said to be prompt critical.
		The fraction of the reactor's fuel core replaced during refueling is typically one-fourth for a boiling-water reactor and one-third for a pressurized-water reactor.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Nuclear_reactor (4265 words)

	Nuclear reactor - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In the vast majority of the world's nuclear power plants, heat energy generated by fissioning uranium fuel is collected in purified water and is carried away from the reactor's core either as steam in boiling water reactors or as superheated water in pressurized-water reactors.
		Additional reactors were used in the navy (United States Naval reactor) In the mid-1950s, both the Soviet Union and western countries were expanding their nuclear research to include non-military uses of the atom.
		Fission reactors produce gases such as iodine-131 or krypton-85 which have to be stored on-site for several half-lives until they have decayed to levels officially regarded as safe.
	open-encyclopedia.com /NR (3893 words)

	Gaseous fission reactor - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A limitation for conventional fission reactors is that if the temperature were to rise too high the reactor core would melt.
		It may also therefore be possible to confine the fission fuel magnetically in the reactor so that it does not touch and melt the reactor walls.
		Another benefit of the gaseous reactor core is that intead of relying on the traditional rankine or brayton conversion cycles, it may be possible to extract electricity magnetohydrodynamically, or with direct conversion of the charged particles.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaseous_fission_reactor (582 words)

	Gaseous fission reactor -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Gaseous fission reactors are a hypothetical type of ((physics) any of several kinds of apparatus that maintain and control a nuclear reaction for the production of energy or artificial elements) nuclear reactor proposed for use in space travel.
		the fission fuel is held magnetically in a the reactor so as to not touch and melt the reactor walls.
		This "light bulb" reactor would have a very poor thrust to weight ratio and could not take off from Earth, the Moon or any other body with significant gravity, and its acceleration times would also be very long.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/G/Ga/Gaseous_fission_reactor.htm (191 words)

	NUCLEAR REACTOR FACTS AND INFORMATION
		Currently all commercial nuclear reactors are based on nuclear_fission, and are considered problematic by some for their safety and health risks.
		Nuclear reactors are (with the exception of certain speculative subcritical_reactors) designed to contain critical masses that are not prompt critical, so that control systems can react quickly enough to maintain a steady rate of heat production.
		Not all reactors need to be shut down for refueling; for example, pebble_bed_reactors, molten_salt_reactors and CANDU reactors allow fuel to be shifted through the reactor while it is running.
	www.witwik.com /nuclear_reactor (4161 words)

	Reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The flux of antimatter particles produced in the reactor are channeled down an evacuated, tuned tube (which keeps it from contacting with the matter that surrounds it) and reacted with a gaseous matter target.
		This Total Annihilation reaction is the most efficient and energetic nuclear reaction there is. The more familiar nuclear reactions are Fission, producing energy from the splitting of atoms as used in nuclear reactors and atomic bombs, and Fusion, the fusing or combining of atoms (typically hydrogen nuclei) to release even more energy.
		The power source is a reactor which uses element 115 as the fuel and uses a total annihilation reaction to provide the heat which it converts to energy.
	www.zamandayolculuk.com /cetinbal/REACTOR.HTM (635 words)

	Manhattan Project Description (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		In 1942, Enrico Fermi built a small reactor in Chicago, under the squash courts of the university.
		The reactors had to be moved from Chicago because they were too small and too dangerous because of all the radioactive material produced.
		Figure 3 illustrates a fission chain reaction, and Figure 4 shows a close-up of what occurs during fission.
	www.me.utexas.edu /~uer/manhattan/project.html (1387 words)

	Gaseous fission reactor
		Gaseous fission reactors are a hypothetical type of nuclear reactor proposed for use in space travel.
		One limitation on the specific impulse of conventional fission reactions in nuclear thermal rockets is that if the temperature is too high the reactor core melts.
		The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/ga/Gaseous_fission_reactor.html (89 words)

	fission
		In general fission is a splitting or breaking up into parts.
		In physics, nuclear fission is a process where a large nucleus such as uranium is split into two smaller nuclei.
		In biology, binary fission refers to the process whereby a prokaryote reproduces by cell division.
	www.fact-library.com /fission.html (76 words)

	Eco/Nuclear Fission Reactor
		Probably the most dangerous aspects of constructing and operating a nuclear reactor is the improper building codes used in its construction and the improper safety standards used in their operation.
		The second part of a reactor is the moderator which consists of common ordinary water that slows down the neutrons since slow neutrons produce the most efficient fission "bullets".
		The third part of a nuclear reactor is the control rods which controls the rate of the reaction by absorbing the neutrons that are produced as the chain reaction proceeds.
	members.aol.com /profchm/reactor.html (1307 words)

	Nuclear_reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		This reactor was far too small to be critical, but it included a neutron source and moderator.
		The reactor was built with radium (from old paint) and americium (from smoke detectors) as sources of alpha particles, which struck aluminum and beryllium to produce fast neutrons.
		The required information to obtain the elements and design the reactor were obtained by the simple expedient of writing letters to various organizations, claiming to be working on a merit badge or as "Professor Hahn" teaching a high-school physics class.
	www.usedaudiparts.com /search.php?title=Nuclear_reactor (4138 words)

	Methods - Design and Applications of the Nuclear Reactor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Thresher, have been lost at sea, though for reasons not related to their reactors, and their wrecks are situated such that the risk of nuclear pollution is considered low.
		Some reactors, whether experimental or military, are designed with no concern for making use of the generated heat, as their goal is to make use of the neutron radiation to
		Fission events that occur immediately are called "prompt" fission events, and if there are enough prompt events for the reaction to be self-sustaining without the delayed fission events, then the reactor is said to be
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/nuclear_reactor.htm (3744 words)

	Nuclear Fission Rocket
		Drive Details Fission rockets are thermal rockets that function by heating a working fluid with the thermal output of a nuclear fission reactor.
		In the case of gaseous-core fission drives, the heat transfer is by radiation across a transparent, heat resistant ceramic containment vessel.
		Unfortunately the exhaust gas of all fission thermal rocket is highly radioactive due to passage through the nuclear core, and for this reason this engine has never been popular on biont-populated systems, and is even banned in many planetary systems.
	www.orionsarm.com /ships/fission.html (478 words)

	"Natural" Uranium fission reactor in Gabon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		When uranium from this mine was introduced into a French gaseous diffusion plant, it was discovered that the feed uranium was already depleted below the 0.711 w% of ordinary natural uranium.
		These observations were puzzling at first, because it is not possible to make a reactor go critical with natural uranium, except under very special circumstances with a graphite or heavy water moderator, neither of which could reasonably be expected to have ever been present in the vicinity of Oklo.
		The relevance of the Oklo phenomenon to present-day disposal of radioactive wastes is that neither the fission products (identified by their stable daughters) nor the plutonium migrated from the Oklo site in the billions of years since the reactor was critical.
	falundafa-newengland.org /MA/science/UraniumGabon.htm (371 words)

	CCO Tours & Visits: Graphite Reactor Museum
		The reactor ``went critical'' at 5 a.m.; less than two months later, it was producing a third of a ton of irradiated uranium a day.
		It was the first reactor used to study the nature of matter and the health hazards of radioactivity.
		The oldest reactor in the world, the Graphite Reactor was designated a historic landmark by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1966 and by the American Nuclear Society in 1992.
	www.ornl.gov /info/news/cco/graphite.htm (1825 words)

	ChemCases: Nuclear Chemistry - 13. Recycling Spent Reactor Fuel
		In either case, these fuel rods must cool in storage ponds near the reactor for several months in order to reduce their short-lived radioactivity and to allow them to dissipate their initial high thermal energy.
		Gaseous diffusion or other processes can be used to enrich the uranium.
		They reprocess spent fuel not only from reactors in their respective countries, but also from reactors in other nations.
	science.kennesaw.edu /~mhermes/nuclear/nc-13.htm (340 words)

	Energy Citations Database (ECD) - Energy and Energy-Related Bibliographic Citations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		The gaseous fission reactor concept was examined as the prime energy source for the direct heating of the propellant in a high-thrust rocket engine.
		The analysis reveals that, if regenerative cooling is the only mechanism for removing the radiation heat deposited in the solid members of the reactor and engine, then there is a maximum attainable specific impulse of about 3 times that for the corresponding all-solid-fuel reactor.
		In the high-thrust application the thermal radiation from the fissioning gas is not a critical factor.
	www.osti.gov /energycitations/product.biblio.jsp?osti_id=4038642 (196 words)

	Unit:
		Fission: Radioactive decay in which a large nucleus breaks into two lighter nuclei and several neutrons and releases energy.
		Fission Reactor: A device for controlling nuclear reactions so that the energy produced can be channeled to a useful form.
		In a nuclear reactor, boron and cadmium are commonly used in:
	www.geocities.com /sw317/lessons/1103.htm (489 words)

	Read about Gaseous fission reactor at WorldVillage Encyclopedia. Research Gaseous fission reactor and learn about ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Read about Gaseous fission reactor at WorldVillage Encyclopedia.
		Research Gaseous fission reactor and learn about Gaseous fission reactor here!
		specific impulse of conventional fission reactions in nuclear thermal rockets is that if the temperature is too high the reactor core melts.
	encyclopedia.worldvillage.com /s/b/Gaseous_fission_reactor (222 words)

	NuclearSpace: Opening the Next Frontier pt. 10
		Also, to repeat, due to the extremely high temperature gradient in the motor, the main cooling of the fissioning mass is not conductive but radiative, a mode which is inherently less susceptible to perturbations.
		Third, a gas cored reactor has several potential "scram" modes, both fast and slow, and the speed of the reaction is easily "throttled" by adding and removing fuel or by manipulating the vortex.
		The gaseous hydrogen that is not bled then flows down the silica lightbulb to cool it, and the cycle finally goes into powering the turbopumps.
	www.nuclearspace.com /a_liberty_ship10.htm (2202 words)

	The new Gas Cooled Reactor
		When at power, neutrons generated in the reactor core are absorbed by the U235, producing fission reactions where the U235 nucleus becomes unstable and breaks into two smaller fragments (called fission products) and a couple of neutrons.
		The fission fragments are radioactive, and therefore go through a series of decay processes, creating daughter species.
		However, some of the daughter species are nobel gases, and these species tend to diffuse through the crystaline pellet material and into the fuel rod gas space.
	www.nuc.berkeley.edu /thyd/ne161/alwong/sample.html (660 words)

	Westinghouse Electric Company \| Products & Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Identification is based on the presence of gaseous fission products, which accumulate within the individual fuel rods during reactor operation.
		Measurements of fission products are made by isolating the coolant surrounding the assembly and introducing a negative pressure environment.
		If there is a perforation in the cladding of the fuel rods, fission products within these rods are drawn into the isolated coolant through the application of vacuum to the isolation chamber.
	www.westinghousenuclear.com /C2a52.asp (328 words)

	Gas (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-22)
		Like liquids, gases are fluids: they have the ability to flow and do not resist deformation, although they do have viscosity.
		Unlike liquids, however, unconstrained gases do not occupy a fixed volume, but instead expand to fill whatever space they occupy.
		The kinetic energy in a gas is the second greatest of the states of matter (after plasma).
	www.kiwipedia.com /en/gaseous-phase.html (314 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Management and Disposition of Excess Weapons Plutonium: Reactor-Related Options (1995)
		An important part of the difficulty of "burning up" fissile material completely is that, for fertile and nonfertile fuels alike, the fuel tends to lose either its structural integrity or its capacity to sustain a chain reaction long before its fissile content is exhausted.
		The amount of fission energy derivable from fuel before this happens can be increased-within the limits of fuel structural integrity—by increasing the initial concentration of fissile nuclei.
		This measure may require the addition to the fuel of "burnable poisons" to offset the high reactivity that would otherwise be associated with the high initial fuel density.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309051452/html/35.html (726 words)

	reactor
		Reactors deal with several aspects of chemical engineering.
		It is the job of a chemical engineer to ensure that a reaction proceeds with the highest efficiency, producing the purest product using the least possible amount of energy.
		Reactor (game) was an arcade game, also released for the Atari 2600; and produced by Gottlieb.
	www.fact-library.com /reactor.html (123 words)

	Nuclear Chemistry
		There are about 557 nuclear power reactors in the world and about 440 are operating in early 2005.
		Three options are available for cooled spent fuel rods; they can remain at the sites from which they have been removed from service, be moved to a more permanent site for storage or they can be reprocessed to remove the uranium and plutonium.
		The byproducts of reprocessing, transuranic elements and fission products can be encapsulated in glass and disposed as waste.
	chemcases.com /nuclear/nc-13.htm (561 words)

	History and Development of the Rocket Engine
		nuclear reactor) while the ions provide the reaction mass.
		The larger this is, the more heat energy the nozzle is able to extract from the combustion gases, and the faster, colder and lower pressure the exhaust becomes.
		A significant complication arises when launching a vehicle from the Earth's surface as the ambient atmospheric pressure changes with altitude.
	www.edinformatics.com /inventions_inventors/rocket_engine.htm (3020 words)

	Article in IWGGCR--13: Attachment of gaseous fission products to aerosols
		This paper provides a theoretical assessment of the conditions under which gaseous fission products may be attached to aerosol particles.
		The rate at which the concentration of fission products in the gas phase diminishes within a container as a result of deposition on a population of particles.
		Conditions under which gaseous fission products are not attached to particles are also considered, viz, the competing processes of deposition onto the containment walls and onto aerosol particles, and the possibility of the removal of aerosols from the containment by various deposition processes, or agglomeration, before attachment takes place.
	www.iaea.org /inis/aws/htgr/abstracts_c/abst_iwggcr13_19.html (338 words)

	NESC1095: FASTGRASS, Gaseous Fission Products Release in UO2 Fuel
		FASTGRASS uses a realistic equation of state for xenon, experimentally derived steady-state bubble mobilities, and phenomenological modeling of bubble mobilities during transient nonequilibrium conditions to calculate the swelling due to retained fission-gas bubbles in the lattice, on grain faces, and along the grain edges.
		The evolution of the gas bubble population in the lattice, on the faces, and on the edges is phrased in terms of the evolution of an average-sized bubble in each region.
		The model for calculating the probability of long- range grain edge tunnel interconnection is based on the assumption that the long-range interconnection is a function of the grain edge bubble swelling.
	www.oecdnea.org /abs/html/nesc1095.html (780 words)

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