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	Gask Ridge Information
		The Gask Ridge is the modern name given to an early series of fortifications, built by the Romans in mid-Scotland.
		The Gask Ridge consisted of a series of forts and fortlets with signalling towers.
		The relationship between the Glen Forts and the Gask Ridge is unclear.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Gask_Ridge (220 words)

	ROMAN FRONTIERS IN BRITAIN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Following the reorganisation of the British legions the "Glen Blocking forts" were abandoned one by one and military activity was concentrated along a secondary line of defence in southern Tayside.
		The Agricolan forts at Ardoch and Strageath underwent a period of secondary (or perhaps tertiary) occupation, a new fortlet was built between the two at Kaims Castle and the military road across the Gask Ridge between Strageath and Bertha was furnished with a number of watch-towers spaced between 760 m to 1,520 m apart.
		The reason for the withdrawal of the Second Adiutrix from Britain was in order to participate in the retaliatory campaigns of emperor Domitian against Decebalus in Dacia, for which he had to cut short his propaganda-driven Chattan campaigns in Germany, both of which were to drain more of Britain's military resources.
	www.roman-britain.org /frontiers/gask_ridge.htm (295 words)

	The Roman Gask Project
		Scientific study of the Gask Ridge began at the turn of the century with the excavation by D.J. Christison (Christison, 1901, 15-43) of the fortlet of Kaims Castle and some of the eight watch towers then known on the Ridge itself.
		The Gask tower spacings are, on the other hand, perfectly reasonable for a line of observation posts, for their overlapping fields of view would have permitted tight surveillance and between them, they allow almost every inch of the line to be watched.
		It is possible that the Gask Ridge may have been intended to work on a similar basis, with the tower crews actually watching route ways and likely trouble spots from a safe distance, as well as simply monitoring their own immediate environs.
	www.theromangaskproject.org.uk /Pages/Introduction/Gask_signalling.html (8672 words)

	Roman Occupation of Scotland Re-Assessed
		The University of Manchester's Roman Gask Project has re-assessed the pottery found during earlier excavations at Dalginross and now suggest that the fort was occupied during the Antonine occupation of Scotland in the mid-second century as well as or even instead of during the 80's Ad as was previously thought.
		The Roman Gask Project is a long term programme to study the Roman Frontier works on and around the Gask Ridge in Perthshire, Scotland.
		Excavations by the Project of watch towers and other sites along the Gask Ridge have suggested that the earlier view of this frontiers history is too simplistic and that the area was occupied by the Roman army for longer, and that its occupation was more complex, than has previously been thought.
	www.antiquities.net /gask.htm (336 words)

	The Roman Gask Project
		The Gask Ridge frontier system is the earliest Roman land frontier in Britain, built in the 70s or 80's AD, 40 years before Hadrian's Wall and 60 years before the Antonine Wall.
		As such, the Gask acquires a particular importance, because it is difficult to judge how Roman frontiers changed and developed over time unless one can study the prototype.
		The Roman Gask project is sponsored by the Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust.
	www.theromangaskproject.org.uk (134 words)

	Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2006.11.17
		This startling evidence means that the Gask Ridge frontier system in northern Scotland, supposedly started in the reign of Domitian in the AD 80s, is now seen as the prototype Roman frontier.
		A map of first-century Flavian Scotland, showing all of the legionary fortresses, forts, and towers along the Gask Ridge provides a welcome reference point, as the authors move into Chapter 2 and examine each of the forts and their archaeological evidence.
		The Gask fortifications from Strageath to Bertha are the focus of Chapter 4: a line of single-ditch towers, twelve in all, with one major fort in between, Midgate, along with the final fort, Bertha.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /bmcr/2006/2006-11-17.html (1224 words)

	Roman Occupation of Scotland Re-Assessed
		The University of Manchester's Roman Gask Project has re-assessed the pottery found during earlier excavations at Dalginross and now suggest that the fort was occupied during the Antonine occupation of Scotland in the mid-second century as well as or even instead of during the 80's Ad as was previously thought.
		The Roman Gask Project is a long term programme to study the Roman Frontier works on and around the Gask Ridge in Perthshire, Scotland.
		Excavations by the Project of watch towers and other sites along the Gask Ridge have suggested that the earlier view of this frontiers history is too simplistic and that the area was occupied by the Roman army for longer, and that its occupation was more complex, than has previously been thought.
	www.fragmentsoftime.com /gask.htm (336 words)

	Meningar.com om gask. Roman, Ridge, system mm.
		Gask House - B&B Gask House is a small farm in the heart of the Highlands, but only 8 miles from the centre of the City of Inverness...
		Search Glossary Home FRONTIERS Gask Ridge The Gask Ridge frontier is a group of towers, forts and fortlets that run along a Roman road from south of Ardoch to Bertha...
		Cases can also be made for regarding the Gask as a "back stop" frontier, for which the glen-blocking forts served as outposts, or for seeing the glen-blockers as the true frontier with the Gask as merely a closely watched road supervising the s..
	www.meningar.com /gask.html (1134 words)

	Perth and Kinross Heritage Trust - Aerial Tour
		The Gask Ridge frontier system is the earliest Roman land frontier in Britain, built in the 70s or 80s AD, forty years before Hadrian's Wall and sixty years before the Antonine Wall.
		It is similar to those on the Gask Ridge, comprising a circular bank (around 20m in diameter), with an inner ditch enclosing a platform for a timber tower.
		The first, a garrison fort for the Gask Ridge frontier system, was built in the late first century, perhaps as early as AD 80, with abandonment no later that AD 87.
	www.pkht.org.uk /aerial_tour/aerial2.html (1086 words)

	GASK HOUSE
		The platform of the Gask House watch-tower is 45 feet in diameter and lies to the south of the military road.
		This watch-tower along with others spaced almost uniformly along the Roman military road into the north-east formed an early Roman frontier along the Gask Ridge in Tayside.
		The northern half of the camp is visible as a low earthwork in a plantation-belt cleared in 1960 for re-planting, when it was observed by Mr.
	www.roman-britain.org /places/gask_house.htm (533 words)

	Amazon.de: The Roman Frontier on the Gask Ridge: Perth and Kinross - An Interim Report on the Roman Gask Project ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		The Roman Gask project was founded in 1995 in the University of Manchester.
		Its remit was to cover all of Roman (Flavian) Scotland north of the Antonine Wall (from the Glenbank fortlet, north of Dunblane, to Bertha Castle on the Tay) but, as its name suggests, its principal focus has been on the system of military works on and around the Gask Ridge in Perthsire.
		It is in two sections; the first provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the Gask, while the second section reports on a series of field work programmes (two rescued from the archives dating from the 1960s and 1970s.
	www.amazon.de /Roman-Frontier-Gask-Ridge-Archaeological/dp/1841714100 (285 words)

	Scottish forts were the first frontier of Roman empire
		However, archaeologists from the University of Manchester have uncovered evidence that shows the ridge, known to be Britain’s oldest frontier, was actually built at least a decade earlier - pre-dating a barrier in Germany and making it the oldest such structure in the whole of the Roman Empire.
		Dr David Woolliscroft, the director of the Roman Gask Project, a long-term archaeological study which started in 1995, said his team’s research has uncovered traces of rebuilding work and artefacts showing the Gask Ridge was, in fact, built in about AD70.
		Dr Woolliscroft added their research suggests that the Gask lime was built not to keep the Scottish nation at bay, but to protect their newly-found trading partners - the farmers - from roaming gangs of thieves sweeping down from the Highlands.
	www.electricscotland.com /history/scotsman/roman.htm (671 words)

	Small Wonders Model Makers - Roman Watch Tower
		The footprint of the model is 531mm wide by 565mm deep and 350mm tall.
		The Gask Ridge frontier is made up of a group of towers, forts and fortlets that run along a Roman road from south of Ardoch to Bertha.
		The Gask is the oldest known land frontier system anywhere in the Empire.
	www.smallwondersmodelmakers.com /7.html (306 words)

	[No title]
		They desert a defensible position at Gask, which is supplied by road from the south and by the river Tay from the east.
		The Gask ridge is still being excavated by a team from Manchester University, who are hailing the ridge as the earliest permanent defended frontier in the Roman Empire.
		The Gask ridge was patrolled for a few years, but the adjoining forts at inchtuthhill and Ardoch are not permanent affairs.
	www.angelfire.com /mac/calach/after.html (1721 words)

	Gask Frontier
		In 1845 the minister of Gask in Perthshire wrote that ‘The Roman causeway which extends through the parish on the highest ground is 20 feet broad, composed of rough stones, closely laid together ….
		This road, which runs along the crest of the Gask Ridge, can still be traced today, although much of it is overlain by a modern minor road.
		Futher towers, together with larger fortlets which appear to have been part of the same system, have been identified on the road which runs south-west to Ardoch and beyond, while the chain seems to extend north-eastwards at least as far as the fort at Bertha, on the Tay just north of Perth.
	www.scran.ac.uk /packs/exhibitions/learning_materials/webs/56/Gask.htm (512 words)

	Northern limits
		Though lacking the continuous wall, it is thought that the Gask is a direct precedent for Hadrian’s Wall which was built in the 120s AD.
		The spread of evidence currently suggests the Gask was a prototype for the vast chain of similar systems that was eventually to stretch much of the way around the Roman Empire.
		Excavation during the 2003 season included work at a native settlement at East Coldoch close to the Roman fort at Doune, where the team were hoping to find clues to the interaction between the native population and the Roman Army.
	www.hero.ac.uk /uk/research/archives/2004/northern_limits5971.cfm?pageview=print (638 words)

	Amazon.co.uk - Query Results (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Ridge, Martin: WESTWARD JOURNEYS Memoirs of Jesse A. Applega...
		IDRIESS (Ion L.): Lightning Ridge, the Land of the Black Opa...
		Beresford, M W: Ridge and Furrow and the Open Fields.
	s1.amazon.co.uk /exec/varzea/search-handle-url/index=zshops-uk&field-keywords=ridge&bq=1/736-2729435-2984133 (316 words)

	Other places
		The Gask Ridge Frontier System is the first Roman land frontier system in the Roman Empire, preceding the German frontier by 15 to 20 years, Hadrians Wall by 40 years and the Antonine Wall by 60 years.
		The Gask Ridge Frontier System consisted of a series of forts, fortlets and watch towers between the highlands and the lower richer agricultural lands.
		The Gask Ridge runs west from Perth along the northern edge of Strathearn.
	www.explore-crieff.com /OtherPlaces.htm (606 words)

	Intute: Arts and Humanities - Full record details for The Roman Gask project (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		This project is excavating the Roman Frontier works on and around the Gask Ridge in Perthshire, Scotland.
		The project aims to contribute to the study of the development of the Roman frontier defences (walls, forts and ramparts) by describing the excavations and discoveries of the "prototype" - the Gask Ridge system.
		The gazetteer is an index to all the texts (on issues affecting part or all of the Gask Ridge area, the Roman road, and Roman Scotland) and photographs covering sites in the Gask area.
	intute.ac.uk /artsandhumanities/cgi-bin/fullrecord.pl?handle=humbul4327 (305 words)

	Evidence reveals peaceful Roman occupation of Scot - Ancient Roman Empire Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Recent evidence from the 'Gask frontier' - the earliest land frontier in the Roman Empire - indicates that it was established in the 70s AD rather than the mid-80s, before being abandoned sometime after 86.
		The frontier consists of a network of forts, fortlets and watchtowers between Stirling and Perth centred on the legionary fortress of Inchtuthil.
		A book by project director David Woolliscroft, 'The Roman Frontier on the Gask Ridge, Perth and Kinross' was published last year by BAR (vol 335).
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=12 (553 words)

	The Archaeology of Forteviot
		Overlapping and intermingled with these early prehistoric monuments are the cropmarks of Pictish square barrows and flat-grave cemetery which belong to the era when Forteviot was an early medieval power centre and the location of King Kenneth mac Alpin’s palacium (‘palace’).
		In addition to the cropmarks the royal significance of Forteviot is reflected in the exceptional sculptural evidence, including a carved arch from Forteviot itself and the Dupplin Cross (Fig.4) which was located nearby on the lower slopes of the Gask Ridge on the parish boundary.
		During the later middle ages as royal attention drifted elsewhere, the nearby village of Dunning eclipsed Forteviot as a power centre and became the regional centre for the earls of Strathearn, a status marked by one of Scotland’s finest Romanesque parish churches.
	www.gla.ac.uk /archaeology/projects/serf/archaeology.html (247 words)

	EAST LOTHIAN (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		After getting past Dunblane and Perth, his troops were thought to have built a 20-mile long series of forts and watchtowers known as the Gask ridge, about AD 80.
		If this is true about the date of the Gask Ridge then it is doubtful that Agricola was the first Roman Emperor in Scotland.
		Their next foray into Scotland was 60 years after they tried to colonise Perthshire, when they again invaded to build the Antonine wall between the Forth and Clyde and hoping to annexe and keep all the rich farmlands to the south.
	www.haddingtoncc.org.uk /firstmill.htm (1144 words)

	Dunning Parish Historical Society Members Page - Cycling round Dunning
		The ruin of Broadheadfold by contrast is unchanged.
		And then two unconnected enquiries about Gask (which is outside our Parish) gave me reason enough for another short tour: North to Duncrub, climb to Gask Ridge and return by Kinkell Bridge and Auchterarder.
		The churches of Trinity Gask (left) and Findo Gask (right), separated by about 3 miles, are very similar.
	www.dunning.uk.net /members/aug01/index.html (410 words)

	Country Life : Country News (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Woolliscroft described a recent visit to Perthshire’s Gask Ridge where he ended up thigh-deep in a rabbit hole.
		Aroch, a heritage site along the Gask Ridge in Perthshire, Scotland is causing particular concern.
		The whole Ridge is being considered as a possible World Heritage Site and Aroch itself is one of the finest examples of a Roman Hill Fort in this country.
	www.countrylife.co.uk /countrysideconcerns/news/rabbits.php (458 words)

	gask.co.uk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-17)
		Gask and Hawley are the leading repro house in the north west, UK, providing repro, printing for designers and marketeers...
		Gask and Hawley are very much aware of...
		parish of Gask with the neighbouring Trinity Gask...
	www.gask.co.uk (166 words)

	Ancient Scotland
		Around AD 80, some 40 years before the construction of Hadrian's Wall the northern frontier of Roman Britain was marked by a series of forts and watch towers along the Gask Ridge, a ridge of high ground running between Dunblane and Perth.
		Twenty years later the frontier had moved north again, the Antonine Wall was constructed and some of the Gask forts were reoccupied.
		Ardoch Fort is one of those early Gask system forts - possibly constructed at the time of the Battle of Mons Graupius (between the Caledonians and the forces of Roman Governor of Britain, Gnaeus Julius Agricola).
	www.ancient-scotland.co.uk /NEW/site.php?a=159 (193 words)

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