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Topic: Gastrocnemius

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	Gastrocnemius muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The gastrocnemius (pronounced /ˌgæs.trɑkˈni.mi.əs/) muscle is a powerful superficial muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg (the calf).
		Deep to the gastrocnemius (farther from the skin) is the soleus muscle, some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae.
		The action of the calf muscles, including the gastrocnemius, is to plantar flex the foot (that is, they increase the angle between the foot and the leg).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gastrocnemius (436 words)

	Gastrocnemius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The biarticulate gastrocnemius muscle [1, 2 ] enters passive insufficiency through the completion of ankle dorsal flexion when the knees are more extended or through the completion of knee extension when the ankles are more dorsal flexed.
		The biarticulate gastrocnemius muscle [1, 2 ] enters active insufficiency through the completion of knee flexion when the ankles are more plantar flexed (hamstrings becomes more active) or through the completion of ankle plantar flexion when the knees are more flexed (soleus becomes more active).
		In moderate force, the soleus is preferentially activated in the concentric phase, whereas the gastrocnemius is preferentially activated in the eccentric phase.
	www.exrx.net /Muscles/Gastrocnemius.html (232 words)

	gastrocnemius
		The effects of enforced running on the gastrocnemius muscle in aging mice: an ultrastructural study.
		The influence of age and endurance exercise on the myoglobin concentration of skeletal muscle of the rat.
		Succinic-D and myofibrillar ATP-A in the denervated gastrocnemius muscle of young, adult and middle-aged albino rats (Rattus norvegicus): a correlative histochemical and biochemical study.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/896.html (1812 words)

	Using Platform Shoes To Build Gastrocnemius Muscles Of The Lower Leg For Bodybuilding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		The gastrocnemius muscle of the lower leg is generally hard to build size for bodybuilding.
		Typically the gastrocnemius is comprised of slow-twitch muscle fiber and accustomed to enduring activity such as walking, running and reaching.
		The gastrocnemius is the main muscle of the backside of the shin.
	www.nature-boy-bodybuilding.com /id192.html (1093 words)

	Endoscopic Gastrocnemius Recession - American Orthopaedic Foot & Ankle Society
		Hypotheses/Purpose: Gastrocnemius recession (Strayer procedure) is performed for equinus contracture of the ankle and as an adjunct treatment for various foot pathologies.
		We performed an endoscopic two-portal gastrocnemius recession in fifteen (15) cadavers and anatomically dissected the specimens to determine the safety and efficacy of a limited invasive endoscopic recession.
		Conclusions/Significance: After modifications in our technique, we provide a method for endoscopic gastrocnemius recession which is a safe and an effective alternative to the open approach with minimal incision length and reasonable operative times if adequate visualization is obtained at the time of procedure.
	www.aofas.org /i4a/pages/index.cfm?pageid=3914 (414 words)

	Short saphenous territory - Gastrocnemius and soleus veins - Hemodynamic aspects
		From a functional point of view, under physiological conditions, the intramuscular gastrocnemius veins represent a venous reservoir at the center of the "peripheral heart," corresponding to the calf muscle pump.
		When the gastrocnemius veins are abnormally dilated (Figure 75A),), they form a larger blood reservoir.
		In the case of sudden muscle contraction associated with breath-holding effort, the blood from intramuscular gastrocnemius veins is ejected at a high flow rate into the popliteal network (Figure 75B).
	www.phlebologia.com /en/veines_jum_aspect_hem.asp (486 words)

	The Physician and Sportsmedicine: Popliteal Artery Entrapment
		The medial head of the gastrocnemius was not initially divided because the patient wanted to preserve as much athletic function as possible.
		The medial head of the gastrocnemius was found to be quite large and touching the artery, even with the ankle in a neutral position.
		Hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius medial head may contribute to functional entrapment of the popliteal artery because of their proximity.
	www.physsportsmed.com /issues/2002/08_02/wang.htm (1885 words)

	Gastrocnemius Flap - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		The gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap used as a over for the exposed knee prosthesis.
		Salvage of jeopardized total-knee prosthesis: the role of the gastrocnemius muscle flap.
		Aesthetic considerations of the medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/gastrocnemius_flap (576 words)

	eMedicine - Injuries of the Medial Calf : Article by Anthony J Saglimbeni
		A medial calf injury is a musculotendinous disruption of varying degree in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle that results from an acute forceful push-off with the foot.
		As it courses distally, it merges with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, and further distally, the joined heads of the gastrocnemius merge with the soleus muscle-tendon complex to form the Achilles tendon.
		The main function of the gastrocnemius muscle is to plantar flex the ankle, but it also provides some knee flexion, as well as contributing to the posterior stability of the knee and partially to the motion of the menisci with flexion/extension of the knee.
	www.emedicine.com /sports/topic157.htm (2977 words)

	Short saphenous territory - Gastrocnemius and soleus veins - Anatomical aspects
		The gastrocnemius veins are situated within the medial and lateral gastrocnemius muscles (Figure 73).
		The intramuscular gastrocnemius veins form a dense venous plexus, which branches and anastomoses within the mass of muscle tissue (Figure 74).
		In the lower part of the calf, one of the largest branches emerges from the medial gastrocnemius muscle, where the muscle mass gives way to membranous tissue, this constitutes the gastrocnemius perforating vein or Gillot's lower pole perforating vein(see Figures 93 et 100).
	www.phlebologia.com /en/veines_jum_aspect_ana.asp (615 words)

	Tendinitis Masquerading as Knee Joint Pain \| massagetoday.com
		The semitendinosis, semimembranosis, biceps femoris, popliteus and gastrocnemius are the muscle tendon units responsible for knee flexion.
		The superior portion of the gastrocnemius muscle tendon unit, located at the back of the knee, and the popliteus muscle also assist in the initiation of knee flexion.
		Superficial pain felt directly behind the knee may be caused by strain of the popliteus muscle or the gastrocnemius muscle at its broad upper tendon attachment.
	www.massagetoday.com /archives/2003/04/15.html (342 words)

	Search Results for "Gastrocnemius"
		...opposite the medial side of the head of the talus; one in the lateral head of the Gastrocnemius, behind the lateral condyle of the femur; and one in the tendon of...
		13 Extension of the foot upon the tibia and fibula is produced by the Gastrocnemius, Soleus, Plantaris, Tibialis posterior, Peronæi longus and brevis,...
		Below this fossa is the prominent fleshy mass of the calf...
	www.bartleby.com /cgi-bin/texis/webinator/sitesearch?FILTER=col107%amp;query=Gastrocnemius (334 words)

	The Anatomy of The Calves by Jacob Wilson
		It is this particular joint that the gastrocnemius crosses.
		When the knee is extended or straightened however, the gastrocnemius becomes a stupendous plantar flexor, and most definitely should be worked against resistance (it can develop maximum tension).
		Much of the soleus also lies underneath the gastrocnemius, which means that building it up, will thicken the entire calf region, and make it appear, as if you had directly added mass to the gastrocs.
	www.abcbodybuilding.com /anatomy/calvesanatomypart3.htm (5076 words)

	Running - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Since the diagonal vector has a vertical component, the drive phase continues to provide some support against gravity and can be regarded as an extension of the support phase.
		During the drive, the foot may extend also, by a flexing of the soleus and gastrocnemius muscle in the calf.
		In some running styles, notably long-distance "shuffles" which keep the feet close to the ground, the ankle remains more or less rigid during drive.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Running (1647 words)

	Aging impairs endothelium-dependent vasodilation in rat skeletal muscle arterioles -- Muller-Delp et al. 283 (4): 1662 ...
		Vasodilation to flow was significantly reduced in arterioles isolated from both the soleus and gastrocnemius muscles of old rats.
		In arterioles from gastrocnemius muscle arterioles, initial diameters were 96 ± 9 µm (young rats) and 111 ± 10 µm (old rats).
		Hindlimb unweighting decreases endothelium-dependent dilation and eNOS expression in soleus not gastrocnemius.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/283/4/H1662 (5998 words)

	[No title]
		The equation for force generated in the gastrocnemius as a function of running was determined to be: Fr = (0.7384 (0.0222)s/l — (0.5394 (0.0200)s — (2.6276 (0.6692)*f + (1.2833 (0.0773) where the additional variable f is foot length, the distance between the ball of the foot and the heel measured in meters.
		Stride Mechanics: The gastrocnemius muscle is in contraction for 62% of the walking/running cycle, and continues the contractile cycle with the flexing of the knee when completing the stride.
		The recorded forces in the gastrocnemius were normalized for body weight by dividing the force generated by the weight of the subject to yield the force, F, measured in body mass units (BMU's).
	www.seas.upenn.edu /courses/belab/LabProjects/2000/be309f00t3.doc (3829 words)

	Equinus information at MyFootShop.com!
		An endoscopic gastrocnemius recession (EGR) is performed on an outpatient basis using a general anesthetic and thigh tourniquet.
		The calf consists of two muscles, the gastrocnemius and the soleus.
		The origin of the gastrocnemius is above the knee on the thigh (femur) and the origin of the soleus is below the knee on the lower leg (tibia).
	www.myfootshop.com /detail.asp?Condition=Equinus (1098 words)

	Bodybuilding.com - Karen Sessions - Ultimate Calf Training: For Maximum Results!
		The gastrocnemius is the larger of the two major calf muscles and it gives shape to the rear lower leg.
		The gastrocnemius is best targeted with straight legged-heel raises, such as donkey calf raises and standing calf raises.
		When you are in the bent over position, the hamstrings and gastrocnemius are stretched out, giving the donkey calf raise an advantage over standing calf raises, due to the intensity and localization.
	www.bodybuilding.com /fun/ms-fit10.htm (1807 words)

	Blood flow and glucose uptake in denervated, insulin-resistant muscles -- Turinsky et al. 274 (2): 311 -- AJP - ...
		and gastrocnemius muscles was, on the average, 32 and 60%, respectively,
		Cr-labeled microspheres, and radioactivity of individual muscles of the denervated (D) hindlimb and the contralateral sham (S) hindlimb was determined and expressed as percent of injected dose per gram muscle.
		that the capillary-to-fiber ratio in plantaris and gastrocnemius
	ajpregu.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/274/2/R311 (3570 words)

	Fiber type and citrate synthase activity in the human gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis with aging -- Houmard et al. ...
		CS activity in the gastrocnemius was 24% lower in the
		The lateral gastrocnemius and the vastus lateralis are the leg muscles commonly sampled in human aging studies; both are also
		A sample from the lateral gastrocnemius and vastus lateralis was obtained with the percutaneous needle-biopsy technique; a
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/85/4/1337 (3384 words)

	Proximal Sequences of the Aldolase A Fast Muscle-specific Promoter Direct Nerve- and Activity-dependent Expression in ...
		Both denervated gastrocnemius (lane D) and contralateral nonoperated muscles (lane C) were analyzed 6 weeks after section of the nerve.
		A comparative immunohistochemical analysis of the fiber types composition was performed on the gastrocnemius (Gastroc.) and soleus from adult wild-type (wt) or ADR mice in the adr/transgenic background.
		In the ADR background, the gastrocnemius became almost homogeneously composed of 2X fibers, with some rare 2B fibers.
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/273/24/14975 (5559 words)

	Genetic architecture of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle weight in 200-day-old mice of the C57BL/6J and DBA/2J ...
		soleus 50 and 48%; TA 37% and 33%; EDL 36% and 37%; gastrocnemius
		0.58, 0.50, and 0.54 for soleus, TA, EDL, and gastrocnemius
		Quantitative trait loci (QTL) at a suggestive level of significance for gastrocnemius, TA, and soleus muscles on Chr 6, 11, and 16, respectively, were not identified in multiple interval mapping.
	physiolgenomics.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/16/1/141 (6791 words)

	TNF-binding protein ameliorates inhibition of skeletal muscle protein synthesis during sepsis -- Cooney et al. 276 (4): ...
		The effects of sepsis and TNFBP administration on the rate of protein synthesis in gastrocnemius are shown in Fig.
		Gastrocnemius muscles from Control, Control+TNFBP, untreated Septic, and TNFBP-treated Septic rats were homogenized.
		The loss of protein during the septic insult results from an increase in protein degradation and a decrease in protein synthesis.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/4/E611 (5132 words)

	Gastrocnemius Exercises
		Gastrocnemius, Rectus Femoris, Biceps Femoris, Gluteus Maximus (Legs, Butt, Quadriceps, Hamstrings)
		The Gastrocnemius muscle is more commonly known as the calf muscle.
		The most commonly used exercises to train the gastrocnemius muscles are standing calf raises, seated calf raises, and donkey calf raises.
	www.myfit.ca /exercisedatabase/search.asp?muscle=Gastrocnemius (480 words)

	DIGIOVANNI et al. Presence of equinus contracture (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-01)
		Factors include whether the patient is examined prone, supine, or sitting; whether the knee is flexed or extended; the magnitude of the force applied by the examiner; and whether the examiner maintains the hindfoot in a neutral position.
		These latter two steps were taken to isolate independent contributions of both the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to any existent contracture and to negate any stretching effect on the tissues that repetitive testing might have caused.
		The importance of gastrocnemius recession in the correction of equinus deformity in cerebral palsy.
	www.vard.org /jour/01/38/3/digio383.htm (3302 words)

	Tissue-specific regulation of protein synthesis by insulin and free fatty acids -- Crozier et al. 285 (4): E754 -- AJP ...
		was significantly greater in the gastrocnemius than in the heart.
		was unaltered in the gastrocnemius of niacin-treated animals
		In contrast to the gastrocnemius, diabetes-induced insulin deficiency
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/285/4/E754 (5180 words)

	Brainstem Substrates of Sympatho-Motor Circuitry Identified Using Trans-Synaptic Tracing with Pseudorabies Virus ...
		Under a low-power objective (A) it was evident that labeled neurons were confined to a tight column within lamina IX of the L4 and L5 spinal cord levels.
		A, Effect of increasing the total volume of virus injected on the number of motoneurons infected.In general, injection of 30 µl of PRV consistently produced infection of a substantial number of motoneurons; the only exceptional case (identified by arrow) was the largest animal (weight, 476 gm) used in this study.
		Hashizume K, Kanda K, Burke RE (1988) Medial gastrocnemius motor nucleus in the rat: age-related changes in the number and size of motoneurons.
	www.jneurosci.org /cgi/content/full/23/11/4657 (6952 words)

	Time course of flow-induced vasodilation in skeletal muscle: contributions of dilator and constrictor mechanisms -- ...
		This constriction was abolished by endothelin receptor blockade.
		Spontaneous tone development was 48 ± 2% and 42 ± 3% in soleus (177 ± 1 µm) and gastrocnemius (174 ± 2 µm) muscle arterioles, respectively.
		B: in gastrocnemius muscle arterioles, Indo had no effect on either initial or sustained dilation to flow.
	ajpheart.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/288/4/H1499 (4690 words)

	Exact moment of a gastrocnemius muscle strain captured on video -- Orchard et al. 36 (3): 222 -- British Journal of ...
		A left gastrocnemius strain was sustained by an elite cricket
		correspond to the sudden appearance of a deficit in the gastrocnemius
		that the overall muscle-tendon length of the gastrocnemius is
	bjsm.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/36/3/222 (1219 words)

	gastrocnemius muscle (anatomy) - General Practice Notebook
		Gastrocnemius is the most superficial of the muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower limb distal to the knee.
		It arises from two heads that converge to form the inferior border of the popliteal fossa.
		Gastrocnemius is innervated by the tibial nerve (S1,S2).
	www.gpnotebook.co.uk /simplepage.cfm?ID=-275120049 (880 words)

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