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Topic: Gastrocnemius muscle

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	gastrocnemius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Succinic-D and myofibrillar ATP-A in the denervated gastrocnemius muscle of young, adult and middle-aged albino rats (Rattus norvegicus): a correlative histochemical and biochemical study.
		Morphometric analysis of the muscle fibres of the soleus muscle of the ageing rat: long-term effect of hypophysectomy and food restriction.
		Exercise-induced reversal of age-related declines of oxidative reactions, mitochondrial yield, and flavins in skeletal muscle of the rat.
	www.arclab.org /node_pages/896.html (1940 words)

	Gastrocnemius muscle
		The plantaris muscle and a portion of its tendon run between the two muscles, which is involved in "unlocking" the knee from the standing position.
		On the other side of the fascia are the tibialis posterior muscle, the flexor digitorum longus muscle, and the flexor hallucis longus muscle, along with the posterior tibial artery and posterior tibial vein and the tibial nerve.
		Since the anterior compartment of the leg is lateral to the tibia, the bulge of muscle medial to the tibia on the anterior side is actually the posterior compartment.
	www.mrsci.com /Muscular-System/Gastrocnemius_muscle.php (382 words)

	Gastrocnemius muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The gastrocnemius (pronounced /ˌgæs.trɑkˈni.mi.əs/) muscle is a powerful superficial muscle that is in the back part of the lower leg (the calf).
		Deep to the gastrocnemius (farther from the skin) is the soleus muscle, some anatomists consider both to be a single muscle, the triceps surae.
		The action of the calf muscles, including the gastrocnemius, is to plantarflex the foot (that is, they increase the angle between the foot and the leg).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gastrocnemius_muscle (405 words)

	Gastrocnemius (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The biarticulate gastrocnemius muscle [1, 2 ] enters passive insufficiency through the completion of ankle dorsal flexion when the knees are more extended or through the completion of knee extension when the ankles are more dorsal flexed.
		The biarticulate gastrocnemius muscle [1, 2 ] enters active insufficiency through the completion of knee flexion when the ankles are more plantar flexed (hamstrings becomes more active) or through the completion of ankle plantar flexion when the knees are more flexed (soleus becomes more active).
		In moderate force, the soleus is preferentially activated in the concentric phase, whereas the gastrocnemius is preferentially activated in the eccentric phase.
	www.exrx.net /Muscles/Gastrocnemius.html (232 words)

	Measurement of impaired muscle function
		Parameters for muscle stiffness and muscle length are derived from the hysteresis curve of the TAD.
		Muscle activity was recorded by surface electromyography (EMG) of the tibialis anterior muscle (TAM) and the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle (GM).
		A relative parameter is the reciprocal coefficient: (the increase in EMG activity of the antagonist/the increase in EMG activity of the agonist of movement)?.
	www.rehab.research.va.gov /jour/98/35/3/becher.htm (5621 words)

	Soleus muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It is closely connected to the gastrocnemius muscle and some anatomists consider them to be a single muscle, the triceps surae.
		Its other end forms a common tendon with the gastrocnemius muscle; this tendon is known as the calcaneal tendon or Achilles tendon and inserts onto the posterior surface of the calcaneus, or heel bone.
		The action of the calf muscles, including the soleus, is to plantar flex the foot (that is, they increase the angle between the foot and the leg).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Soleus_muscle (453 words)

	Chapter 11 - Muscle Receptors
		When the muscle is stretched and held at some new length (left side of figure, lengthening is an upward deflection of stimulus trace), both types increase their discharge rates and maintain a discharge for as long as the new muscle length is maintained (an example of a slowly adapting response).
		The greater the muscle length, the greater is the stretch on the spindle and the greater is the static discharge of either type of spindle afferent fiber.
		The third receptor in muscle is the Golgi tendon organ that innervates the tendon near the muscle-tendon junction and signals muscle tension and rate of change of muscle tension.
	netserv.unmc.edu /Physiology/Mann/mann11.html (4903 words)

	AHC \| JUST ANOTHER ACHILLES INJURY?
		On examination the patients demonstrated marked pain to palpation of the posterior lower leg inferior to the muscle bellies of the gastrocnemius muscle.
		Interestingly, tightening the gastrocnemius muscle with mild plantar flexion against resistance (and thereby protecting the soleus by the tightened gastrocnemius tendon) shielded the underlying soleus from a painful examination.
		Stretching of the soleus is demonstrated in figure 3 and is similar to one recommended for the gastrocnemius muscle.
	www.ahcmedia.com /content/?cntid=166 (447 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		muscle to free it from the surrounding fascia.
		Leaving the probe between the muscle and surrounding fascia of the leg, loop some thread around the Achilles tendon and tie a knot at the distal end of the muscle which will be cut and attached to the transducer.
		Position the muscle so the thread is vertical, so the muscle is not pulling at an angle (you want an accurate reflection of the muscle's contractile force).
	www.biopac.com /bslprolessons/a01/a01.htm (2073 words)

	eMedicine - Injuries of the Medial Calf : Article by Anthony J Saglimbeni
		A medial calf injury is a musculotendinous disruption of varying degree in the medial head of the gastrocnemius muscle that results from an acute forceful push-off with the foot.
		As it courses distally, it merges with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius, and further distally, the joined heads of the gastrocnemius merge with the soleus muscle-tendon complex to form the Achilles tendon.
		The main function of the gastrocnemius muscle is to plantar flex the ankle, but it also provides some knee flexion, as well as contributing to the posterior stability of the knee and partially to the motion of the menisci with flexion/extension of the knee.
	www.emedicine.com /sports/topic157.htm (3076 words)

	InteliHealth:
		A muscle strain is a stretch or tear of muscle fibers.
		In the leg, muscle strains happen when a muscle is either stretched beyond its limits or forced into extreme contraction.
		Plantaris strain � The plantaris is a thin muscle that begins at the lower end of the femur (the large bone of the upper leg), stretches across the knee joint and attaches to the back of the heel along with the Achilles tendon.
	www.intelihealth.com /IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/9339/31318.html (1344 words)

	[No title]
		The equation for force generated in the gastrocnemius as a function of running was determined to be: Fr = (0.7384 (0.0222)s/l — (0.5394 (0.0200)s — (2.6276 (0.6692)*f + (1.2833 (0.0773) where the additional variable f is foot length, the distance between the ball of the foot and the heel measured in meters.
		The major complication to gastrocnemius EMG is apparent cross talk between the underlying soleus muscle and the gastrocnemius muscle.
		Stride Mechanics: The gastrocnemius muscle is in contraction for 62% of the walking/running cycle, and continues the contractile cycle with the flexing of the knee when completing the stride.
	www.seas.upenn.edu /courses/belab/LabProjects/2000/be309f00t3.doc (3829 words)

	Tennis Leg: Clinical US Study of 141 Patients and Anatomic Investigation of Four Cadavers with MR Imaging and US -- ...
		muscle at the musculotendinous junction in the pathogenesis
		the anatomy of the muscles and tendons of the posterosuperficial
		The proximal portion of the plantaris muscle near its origin (straight arrows) is located medial to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle and plantaris tendon (arrowheads).
	radiology.rsnajnls.org /cgi/content/full/224/1/112 (4285 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Gastrocnemius muscle - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Gastrocnemius muscle: the muscle in the back part of the leg that forms the greater part of the calf; responsible for the plantar flexion of the foot
		Gastrocnemius muscle : striated muscles that stretch along the back of the leg from knee to ankle.
		The following list attempts to classify Gastrocnemius muscle into categories where each line is subset of the next.
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/gastrocnemius_muscle.htm (217 words)

	Construction of a Length-Tension Diagram
		“muscle writer”), a transducer that allows us to determine very precisely the tension generated by a muscle when it contracts.
		Part of the myograph setup is a sliding bar that allows you to change the length of the muscle, making it shorter or longer than its normal in vivo length (i.e., its length in the living frog).
		Any tension in the muscle, whether generated passively by stretching or actively during a contraction, will be registered by the myograph.
	www.unm.edu /~toolson/435_length_tension_diagram_introduction.htm (862 words)

	TNF-binding protein ameliorates inhibition of skeletal muscle protein synthesis during sepsis -- Cooney et al. 276 (4): ...
		of TNF in vivo increases nitrogen efflux from skeletal muscle
		TNF is associated with severe muscle atrophy in mice (32).
		The present study was undertaken to investigate the effects of TNFBP on the regulation of skeletal muscle protein synthesis.
	ajpendo.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/276/4/E611 (5132 words)

	Bio 450 - Lab 5 - Muscle Contractile Kinetics (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		In general, the force a muscle develops will depend on the degree of overlap of thick and thin filaments in the muscle, which is determined by the muscle’s current length (relative to its normal resting length).
		If a muscle is stimulated to produce force while attached to a load that is too heavy for it to move, the muscle cannot shorten and its shortening velocity will be zero (such a contraction becomes de facto an isometric contraction).
		If the muscle is stimulated several times fast enough so that it cannot relax between stimuli, the total force rises and remains elevated, as long as the stimuli continue and the muscle does not fatigue.
	biology.creighton.edu /courses/BIO450/Lab06.html (2565 words)

	Tetanus of a muscle fiber
		In a previous simulation, the Recruitment of Motor Units, you studied the mechanical properties of the gastrocnemius muscle of a cat.
		This particular simulation is based on the mechanical properties of a fiber taken from a frog gastrocnemius muscle, but your results will be applicable to skeletal muscle fibers taken from nearly any vertebrate.
		To prepare for this experiment, an individual muscle fiber is freed from a gastrocnemius muscle and attached to a
	www.unm.edu /~toolson/435_tetanus_of_a_muscle_fiber_introduction.html (487 words)

	Adenylate Kinase 1 Deficiency Induces Molecular and Structural Adaptations to Support Muscle Energy Metabolism -- ...
		B, relative abundance of ScCKmit and M-CK in soleus and gastrocnemius muscles.
		gastrocnemius muscle was not accompanied by a corresponding increase
		gastrocnemius muscle, the observed 2-fold increase in mitochondrial
	www.jbc.org /cgi/content/full/278/15/12937 (5964 words)

	Calf Strain (Rupture of the gastrocnemius or soleus muscle)
		Calf Strain (Rupture of the gastrocnemius or soleus muscle)
		The calf muscles consist of the Gastrocnemius which is the big muscle at the back of the lower leg and the Soleus muscle which is a smaller muscle lower down in the leg and under the Gastrocnemius.
		A sudden sharp pain in the calf muscle followed by difficulty using it is usually a give away for a calf strain.
	www.sportsinjuryclinic.net /cybertherapist/back/backlowerleg/calfstrain.htm (468 words)

	Emory Healthcare \| \| Calf Muscle Strain \| "
		A strained calf muscle is a partial tear of the small fibers of the calf muscles.
		The calf muscles are located in the back of your lower leg.
		Surgery may be needed to repair the torn muscle fibers.
	www.emoryhealthcare.org /departments/sports/sub_menu/gastrocnemius.html (542 words)

	Exact moment of a gastrocnemius muscle strain captured on video -- Orchard et al. 36 (3): 222 -- British Journal of ...
		correspond to the sudden appearance of a deficit in the gastrocnemius
		that the overall muscle-tendon length of the gastrocnemius is
		lateral and medial gastrocnemius muscles at the musculotendinous
	bjsm.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/36/3/222 (1219 words)

	Gastrocnemius Flap - Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics
		Salvage of jeopardized total-knee prosthesis: the role of the gastrocnemius muscle flap.
		Aesthetic considerations of the medial gastrocnemius myocutaneous flap.
		Coverage of wounds in the distal lower leg by advancement of an enlarged medial gastrocnemius skin flap.
	www.wheelessonline.com /ortho/gastrocnemius_flap (595 words)

	Very tight gastrocnemius(calf) muscle? \| Ask MetaFilter
		Assuming I understand this stuff, it's the gastrocnemius, because it's very hard to move my toes upwards ('dorsoflex'?) when my leg is straight, but easy when my leg is bent.
		One of my trainers also did some awesome massage; she dug in hard between the calf muscles and held it for a moment until it all of a sudden felt soooo much better.
		When I used to have horribly tight calves as a dancer I always wondered if a "night splint" would help, which passively stretches your calf all night while you sleep (they're generally prescribed for plantar fasciitis, but tight calves are one of the causes of that) but I never bought one.
	ask.metafilter.com /44140/Very-tight-gastrocnemiuscalf-muscle (905 words)

	Low-frequency depression of tension in the cat gastrocnemius muscle after eccentric exercise -- Parikh et al. 97 (4): ...
		Two successive stimulus ramps comprising linearly increasing rates of stimulation between 0 and 100 pulses per second (pps) over 1.5 s followed by a more rapid fall in rate were applied to the nerve supply of the medial gastrocnemius muscle of the anesthetized cat.
		is an increase in dispersion of sarcomere lengths in muscle
		Injury to muscle fibres after single stretches of passive and maximally stimulated muscles in mice.
	jap.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/97/4/1195 (5668 words)

	Rupture of the Gastrocnemius Muscle or Tendon - The Merck Veterinary Manual
		Rupture of the gastrocnemius muscle is relatively rare.
		Injections of irritating medicaments into the gastrocnemius muscle may cause necrosis and rupture.
		When the muscle is completely ruptured, the standing animal rests the hock and distal portion of the limb on the ground or walking surface, which is diagnostic, although rupture of the Achilles tendon may produce an identical gait.
	www.merckvetmanual.com /mvm/htm/bc/90553.htm (193 words)

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