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	Colonoscopy - Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal hemorrhage describes every form of hemorrhage (loss of blood) in the gastrointestinal tract, from the pharynx to the rectum.
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes: upper gastrointestinal bleeding (from a source between the pharynx and the ligament of Treitz) and lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from microscopic bleeding, where the amount of blood is so small that it can only be detected by laboratory testing (in the form of iron deficiency anemia), to massive bleeding where pure blood is passed and hypovolemia and shock may develop, risking death.
	www.colonoscopy.com /gastrointestinal_bleeding.html (460 words)

	Gastrointestinal bleeding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal hemorrhage describes every form of hemorrhage (loss of blood) in the gastrointestinal tract, from the pharynx to the rectum.
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes: upper gastrointestinal bleeding (from a source between the pharynx and the ligament of Treitz) and lower gastrointestinal bleeding.
		Gastrointestinal bleeding can range from microscopic bleeding, where the amount of blood is so small that it can only be detected by laboratory testing (in the form of iron deficiency anemia), to massive bleeding where pure blood is passed and hypovolemia and shock may develop, risking death.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gastrointestinal_bleeding (515 words)

	Upper gastrointestinal bleeding - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Upper gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding refers to hemorrhage in the upper gastrointestinal tract.
		Patients with upper GI hemorrhage often present with hematemesis, coffee ground vomiting, melena, maroon stool, or hematochezia if the hemorrhage is severe.
		Certain causes of upper GI hemorrhage (including gastric ulcers require repeat endoscopy after the episode of bleeding to ascertain healing of the causative lesion.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Upper_gastrointestinal_bleeding (1292 words)

	ASCRS
		The incidence of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage is unknown.
		Diverticular bleeding is the most common etiology of lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage accounting for approximately 30-50% of individuals treated for lower GI hemorrhage.
		An upper gastrointestinal source of bleeding (i.e., proximal to the ligament of Treitz) is identified in 10 to 15 percent of individuals who present with bleeding per rectum.
	www.fascrs.org /displaycommon.cfm?an=1&subarticlenbr=108 (3190 words)

	Gastrointestinal hemorrhage and calcium channel blockers - adapted from the Lancet 1996;347:1061-5 - Tips from Other ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		In elderly patients, the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage is high, and this condition is a frequent cause of hospital admission, mortality and morbidity.
		Pahor and colleagues investigated the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage in elderly patients receiving calcium channel blockers for hypertension and compared the magnitude of this risk to that associated with two other groups of hypertensive medications-beta blockers and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
		No increased risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage was found with nifedipine, but the excess risk was apparent with both verapamil and diltiazem.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m3225/is_n2_v54/ai_18603919 (632 words)

	eMedicine - Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding: Surgical Perspective : Article by Burt Cagir, MD
		Acute lower gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding continues to be a frequent cause of hospital admission and is a factor in hospital morbidity and mortality.
		Hemorrhage was arrested in 84% of the patients with GI bleeding.
		Endoscopic control of hemorrhage is suitable for GI polyps and cancers, arteriovenous malformations, mucosal lesions, postpolypectomy hemorrhage, endometriosis, and colonic and rectal varices.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic2818.htm (7357 words)

	Directory of open access journals
		AIM: To assess the effects of propranolol as compared with placebo on gastrointestinal hemorrhage and total mortality in cirrhotic patients by using meta analysis of 20 published randomized clinical trials.
		Among the 652 patients with upper gastrointestinal tract hemorrhage, 261 patients were treated with propranolol, and 396 patients were treated with placebo or non-treated.
		Pooled risk differences of gastrointestinal hemorrhage were -18 % [95 % CI, -25 %, -10 %] in all trials, -11 % [95 % CI, -21 %, -1 %] in primary prevention trials, and -25 % [95 % CI, -39 %, -10 %] in secondary prevention trials.
	www.doaj.org /doaj?func=abstract&id=91044&recNo=40&toc=1 (336 words)

	LGI Bleeding (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The endoscopic findings that characterize recent hemorrhage (routinely used in the evaluation of acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding) are also useful in establishing the diagnosis in a subgroup of patients with colonic diverticular hemorrhage.
		Patients with severe lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage, especially those taking nonsteroidal antiinflammatory medications, should first be examined with emergency upper endoscopy to exclude the possibility of a bleeding duodenal ulcer.
		A finding of active bleeding or nonbleeding stigmata of recent hemorrhage from a discrete lesion, such as a diverticulum, suggests that the patient is at high risk for recurrent bleeding, and the role of directed endoscopic therapy in such patients should be evaluated in prospective and multicenter studies.
	enotes.tripod.com /lgibleed.htm (1032 words)

	Fluoride & the Gastrointestinal Tract
		Fluoride ingestion and its correlation with gastrointestinal discomfort.
		Gastrointestinal symptoms consist of epigastric pain, nausea, vomiting, and occasionally, blood-loss anemia; these presumably result from the irritant effect of fluoride ion on gastric mucosa.
		It is concluded that in an endemic (fluorosis) zone, where the inhabitants are consuming water of high fluoride content, the occurrence of gastrointestinal complaints - viz., loss of appetite, nausea, abdominal pain, flatulence, constipation and intermittent diarrhoea - is one of the early warning signs of fluoride toxicity and fluorosis.
	www.fluoridealert.org /health/gi (3898 words)

	Risk of Gastric Hemorrhage in Long-Term Aspirin Therapy - May 15, 2001 - American Academy of Family Physicians
		To reduce the risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage, lower dosages of aspirin have been recommended, and expensive modified-release formulations have been developed.
		The overall rate of gastrointestinal hemorrhage was 2.47 percent in patients taking aspirin compared with 1.42 percent in those taking placebo.
		The authors conclude that long-term aspirin therapy is associated with a risk of gastrointestinal hemorrhage of about one per 100 patients treated for 28 months.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20010515/tips/1.html (541 words)

	Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Is Predictor For Mortality In Acute Renal Failure (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage Is Predictor For Mortality In Acute Renal Failure
		In this clinical condition, AGIH is more often due to upper gastrointestinal bleeding and is associated with a significantly increased risk of death and length of hospital stay.
		Cause of this haemorrhage is erosion and ulcer in upper gastrointestinal tract.
	www.indegene.com /Nep/Jour/indJour_KI_Sum_01-04-2001_4.asp (365 words)

	Postgraduate Medicine: Preventing gastrointestinal complications of NSAIDs
		Risk of gastrointestinal complications secondary to NSAIDs is not uniformly distributed in the population.
		Gastrointestinal complications are perforation; gastric outlet obstruction; major or minor, acute or chronic gastrointestinal hemorrhage** with or without endoscopic correlation.
		Gastrointestinal toxicity from NSAIDs is an important cause of morbidity and mortality.
	www.postgradmed.com /issues/2001/05_01/graumlich.htm (3408 words)

	Jejunal Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumor: A Cause of Obscure Gastrointestinal Bleeding Archives of Pathology & ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		* In cases of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, when a source for blood loss is not apparent from examination of the colon and upper gastrointestinal tract, the small bowel usually becomes the focus of investigation.
		Gastrointestinal (GI) hemorrhage is considered obscure1 when conventional investigations (esophagogastroduodenoscopy and colonoscopy) fail to detect bleeding lesions.
		In as many as 5% of patients with obscure GI bleeding, a source cannot be identified despite extensive examination.5 When a lesion cannot be identified after standard upper endoscopy and colonoscopy, further evaluation depends on the briskness of bleeding (see algorithm).
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_qa3725/is_200402/ai_n9403024 (875 words)

	Kapoor S, et al. Hemosuccus Pancreaticus: An Uncommon Cause of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage. A Case Report. JOP. J ...
		Hemosuccus Pancreaticus: An Uncommon Cause of Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage.
		Hemosuccus pancreaticus is an unusual cause of gastrointestinal bleeding [1].
		The bleeding may manifest itself as hemosuccus pancreaticus or wirsungorrhea (bleeding into the pancreatic duct), upper or lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to erosion into adjacent hollow viscus, intra-abdominal hemorrhage or as a sudden increase in the size of the pseudocyst [1, 3, 6].
	www.joplink.net /prev/200409/11.html (1419 words)

	Section 5 Chapter 5 Upper Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage may present as severe bleeding with hematemesis, hematochezia, and hypotension; as gradual bleeding with melena; or as occult bleeding detected by positive tests for blood in the stool.
		Indeed, most upper GI hemorrhages may be controlled endoscopically, though the degree of success to be expected in individual cases varies according to the expertise of the endoscopist and the specific cause of the bleeding.
		Stabile BE: Hemorrhagic complications of pancreatitis and pancreatic pseudocysts.
	www.acssurgery.com /acsonline/chapters/ch0505.htm (5374 words)

	p990805a - Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Title: Causes and outcome of upper and lower gastrointestinal bleeding: the Grady Hospital experience.
		In contrast, the mortality rate for LGI bleeding was 4%, and there was little power to determine significant factors associated with death.
		CONCLUSIONS: The causes of gastrointestinal bleeding remain little changed over the past several decades, though in our large series the need for surgical therapy and the mortality from both upper and lower GI bleeding were low.
	www.emory.edu /WHSCL/grady/amreport/litsrch99/p990805a.html (311 words)

	Gastrointestinal hemorrhage in AIDS: arteriographic diagnosis and transcatheter treatment.
		The usefulness of arteriography and transcatheter treatment was studied in nine patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS).
		Hemorrhage was caused by Kaposi sarcoma (n = 2), cytomegalovirus colitis (n = 1), lymphoma (n = 2), or unknown causes (n = 4).
		Hemorrhage was controlled in six cases in which transcatheter treatment was administered.
	www.aegis.com /aidsline/1993/jan/M9310463.html (448 words)

	Medical Dictionary: Gastrointestinal hemorrhage - WrongDiagnosis.com
		Gastrointestinal hemorrhage: Bleeding in any segment of the GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT from ESOPHAGUS to RECTUM.
		Gastrointestinal hemorrhage : escape of blood from the vessels, or bleeding, in the gastrointestinal tract.
		Terms that may be interchangeable with Gastrointestinal hemorrhage:
	www.wrongdiagnosis.com /medical/gastrointestinal_hemorrhage.htm (266 words)

	GIHEMORRHAGE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gastrointestinal hemorrhage may occur as a complication, or be initiated by a wide variety of systemic disorders which are not necessarily primary in the gut.
		Dx of mesenteric thrombosis and hemorrhagic necrosis of the G.I. tract")
		Abdominal complaints are due to edema or hemorrhage in the wall of the gut.
	www.jeghers.com /annts/GIHEMORRHAGE.html (11075 words)

	Treatment of acute lower gastrointestinal hemorrhage by superselective transcatheter embolization Sheth Rahul, ...
		At surgery, 2 patients underwent resection-anastomosis for ileo-cecal tuberculosis of ulcerative variety, 2 underwent resection for diverticular disease of the descending colon, 2 underwent total colectomy for ulcerative colitis, and 1 patient underwent resection-anastomosis for a solitary ulcer in the distal jejunum, probably due to long-term anti-inflammatory drug use.
		Thus, in four studies,[9],[10],[11],[12] superselective embolization was performed in 47 patients with acute lower GI hemorrhage (small bowel 18, colon 29).
		Kuo et al[23] found superselective microcoil embolization to be a safe and effective technique for acute lower GI hemorrhage, with immediate hemostasis in all their 22 patients, complete clinical success in 86% of patients, and no major ischemic complications.
	www.indianjgastro.com /article.asp?issn=0254-8860;year=2006;volume=25;issue=6;spage=290;epage=294;aulast=Sheth (2397 words)

	American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy :: Member Site (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A history of prior gastrointestinal bleeding, but not a history of peptic ulcer disease alone, is associated with an increased risk of major gastrointestinal hemorrhage during warfarin therapy (30% at 3 years versus 5% in those with no prior bleeding history).
		Gastrointestinal hemorrhage is likely to originate from an endoscopically identifiable bleeding site, most commonly a duodenal or gastric ulcer.
		In a series of 27 patients who developed gastrointestinal bleeding while on warfarin, there was one episode of thromboembolism after withdrawal of anticoagulation for a median of 4 days and no subsequent bleeding after reinstitution of anticoagulation.
	www.asge.org /nspages/practice/patientcare/anticoagulation.cfm (2471 words)

	AccessMedicine - Harrison's Internal Medicine: Urgent Endoscopy
		Although most gastrointestinal bleeding stops spontaneously, a minority of patients will have persistent or recurrent hemorrhage that may be life-threatening.
		The initial evaluation of the bleeding patient focuses on the magnitude of hemorrhage as reflected by the postural vital signs, the frequency of hematemesis or melena, and (in some cases) findings on nasogastric lavage.
		The magnitude of the initial hemorrhage is probably the most important indication for urgent endoscopy, since a large initial bleed increases the likelihood of ongoing or recurrent bleeding.
	www.accessmedicine.com /content.aspx?aID=89234 (365 words)

	Genentech: Avastin - Full Prescribing Information
		Gastrointestinal perforation, sometimes associated with intra-abdominal abscess, occurred throughout treatment with AVASTIN (i.e., was not correlated to duration of exposure).
		The incidence of gastrointestinal perforation (gastrointestinal perforation, fistula formation, and/or intra-abdominal abscess) in patients with colorectal cancer and in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) receiving AVASTIN was 2.4% and 0.9%, respectively.
		In Studies 1, 2, and 3, the incidence of gastrointestinal perforation (gastrointestinal perforation, fistula formation, and/or intra-abdominal abscess) in patients receiving AVASTIN was 2.4%.
	www.gene.com /gene/products/information/oncology/avastin/insert.jsp (7832 words)

	Section 5 Chapter 6 Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding
		Lower gastrointestinal bleeding is defined as abnormal hemorrhage into the lumen of the bowel from a source distal to the ligament of Treitz.
		Lower GI hemorrhage, either immediate or delayed, is the most common reported complication after endoscopic polypectomy, occurring in 0.2% to 6% of cases.
		Regardless of what the precise relation between coagulopathy and GI hemorrhage may be, a thorough investigation for an anatomic lesion is imperative in the workup of patients with lower GI bleeding even in the face of coagulopathy or thrombocytopenia.
	www.acssurgery.com /acsonline/chapters/ch0506.htm (7525 words)

	NEJM -- Treatment with histamine H2 antagonists in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Implications of randomized ...
		NEJM -- Treatment with histamine H2 antagonists in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
		Treatment with histamine H2 antagonists in acute upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage.
		Histamine H2 antagonists are widely used in treating patients with hematemesis and melena, despite the lack of reliable evidence of benefit from any of the randomized trials, considered separately.
	content.nejm.org /cgi/content/abstract/313/11/660 (476 words)

	Varices, EL SALVADOR ATLAS of Gastrointestinal VideoEndoscopy
		Red brilliant blood is emerging from the site of the hemorrhage observed in the GI junction.
		Efficacy of argon plasma coagulation in variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding.
		In order to stop the hemorrhage, the argon plasma coagulator is being used.
	www.gastrointestinalatlas.com /English/Esophagus/Varices/varices.html (1262 words)

	SSRI Class Is Linked to Gastrointestinal Bleeding - February 15, 2000 - American Academy of Family Physicians
		During the four-year study, 1,651 cases of upper gastrointestinal bleeding and 248 cases of ulcer perforation were identified in this study population.
		The risk of gastrointestinal bleeding was not significantly changed when adjusted for patient age or sex, or medication dosage and duration of use.
		The adjusted relative risk for upper gastrointestinal bleeding with SSRIs alone was 2.6 and with NSAIDs alone it was 3.7.
	www.aafp.org /afp/20000215/tips/30.html (488 words)

	vgn-ext-hidden_PubMed (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gastrointestinal hemorrhage due to complicated gastroduodenal ulcer disease in liver transplant patients taking sirolimus.
		One patient died from massive gastrointestinal bleeding, and ulcers in the other two patients healed only after discontinuation of sirolimus.
		We propose that sirolimus should be used carefully (or even withheld) in patients with known or previous ulcer disease, and further that it should be used prudently and/or in conjunction with aggressive prophylaxis therapy in those at risk for ulcer disease.
	www.plwc.org /portal/site/ASCO/menuitem.a3fb42726842a82627c4c291ee37a01d/?vgnextoid=d70b3608f9958010VgnVCM100000f2730ad1RCRD&index=n&pmid=15740563 (267 words)

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