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Topic: Gastrolith

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	Gastrolith - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gastroliths (stomach stones or gizzard stones) are rocks which are or have been held inside the digestive tract of an animal.
		Gastroliths do only rarely occur in sauropod dinosaurs and a trituration of their food with the stones is not plausible.
		Secondly, it should be rounded and polished, because inside a dinosaur's gizzard any genuine gastrolith would have been acted upon by other stones and fibrous materials in a process similar to the action of a rock tumbler.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gastrolith (433 words)

	Notes: The Crayfish, T. H. Huxley, 1879
		The proper wall of the stomach is continued over the outer surface of the prominence; and, in fact, forms the outer wall of the chamber in which the gastrolith is contained, the inner wall being formed by the cuticular lining of the stomach.
		In fact, the gastroliths are very similar to other hard parts of the exoskeleton in structure, except that the densest layers are nearest the epithelial substratum, instead of furthest away from it.
		When ecdysis occurs, the gastroliths are cast off along with the gastric armature in general, into the cavity of the stomach, and are there dissolved, a new cuticle being formed external to them from the proper wall of the stomach.
	www.ibiblio.org /eldritch/thh/cn.htm (2812 words)

	KU Plesiosaur Gastroliths
		The relatively small number of gastroliths (47) found associated with the ribs and vertebrae also suggests that portions of the remains may have been deposited elsewhere, or that part of the specimen may have eroded away and been lost before it was discovered.
		the longest gastrolith from KUVP 129744 is 170 mm long, compared with 151 mm for the longest from NJSM 15435, 128 mm for the longest from the Welles and Bump (1949) specimen, and 114 mm for the longest from the material described by Darby and Ojakangas (1980).
		Doubling the weight of the gastroliths in this specimen to account for the possibility that a large percentage of the original material was not found with the remains still does not produce an amount greater than one percent of the estimated weight of the animal.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /Gastro2.html (4925 words)

	RE: gastrolith research
		I say compelling because in spite of many claims about gastroliths, there are apparently not that many found in proximimity to articulated bones, which is important to suggest their location and purpose in the dinosaur.
		What many of us found surprising about David's gastroliths is that they were relatively small in comparison to the dinosaur (which is probably the longest known at up to 150-feet).
		For what it's worth, I have wondered if gastroliths are not so much related to grinding up vegetation in the stomach as they are to merely passing the food through the digestive tract.
	dml.cmnh.org /1999May/msg00465.html (525 words)

	Probable plesiosaur gastroliths from the basal Kiowa Shale (Early Cretaceous) of Kiowa County, Kansas. - Journal, ...
		Gastroliths (stomach stones) have been recorded in association with plesiosaur remains from Kansas since the early 1870s and the discovery of a specimen reported by Mudge (1877).
		Although early fossil collectors such as Mudge (1877) concluded that gastroliths were used as "an aid to digestion similar to many living reptiles and birds," Williston (1893) and others initially believed that gastroliths were swallowed for other reasons, such as a food craving or being accidentally mistaken for prey.
		In that specimen, the gastroliths were associated with the finely comminuted bones of small fish and strongly suggests that the stones were utilized as part of a gastric mill.
	goliath.ecnext.com /coms2/summary_0199-5000416_ITM (557 words)

	Gastrolith markings (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		I suspect that the gastrolith has to been pressed against another stone to cause the conchoidal fractures, and I am curious as to what motions the contractions of a muscular stomach or crop would produce on the contents, including the gastroliths.
		Most of these gastroliths are composed of chert, but the KUVP 1318 gastrolith is of metamorphic origin...
		Everhart, M.J. Probable plesiosaur gastroliths from the basal Kiowa Shale (Early Cretaceous) of Kiowa County, Kansas.
	www.oceansofkansas.com /gastro3.html (318 words)

	MedFriendly.com: Gastrolith
		A gastrolith is also known as a gastric calculus.
		The condition of having one or more of these substances in the stomach is known as gastrolithiasis.
		Gastrolith comes from the Greek word "gaster" meaning "a belly," and the Greek word "lithos" meaning "stone." Put the words together and you have "a belly stone."
	www.medfriendly.com /gastrolith.html (127 words)

	gizzardstones
		Gastrolith - This designation is problematic because it has different meanings to different people: Some consider gastrolith and gizzard stone to be synonyms; others consider gastrolith to mean "A pathological stony mass formed in the stomach; gastric calculus" (the #1 definition given in The American Heritage Dictionary).
		The term gastrolith stems from the Greek combining form of Greek γαστ(ε)ρ-, belly, stomach...; and the terminal indication from Greek λίθος, stone (in adaptations of actual or assumed compounds).
		Most rocks found as gastroliths are relatively resistant both physically and chemically; chalcedony, chert, basaltic lava, pumice, quartzite, tektites (and "andropomorphic [man-made?] glass") and vein quartz are commonly among those reported from different animals in different places.
	www.cst.cmich.edu /users/dietr1rv/zoogems/gizzstones.html (1253 words)

	All about lobsters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Their gastrolith, a calcareous "rock" found in the stomachs of lobsters preparing to shed their shell, was used for eye inflammations and as a remedy for stomach aches and epilepsy.
		However, in the 17th and 18th century, lobsters were so plentiful in europe and the US that they were sold as junkfood, and later on even used for fertilizing fields and to bait hooks for fishing.
		In addition, the digestive system is shed and the ossicles holding the gastroliths in place are lost, resulting in the gastroliths falling into the cardiac sac and being dissolved by the digestive juices.
	www.lobsters.tripod.com /lobsters/id1.html (1054 words)

	Dinosaur Treks - FAQ
		Johnston and his colleagues scattered light from known gastroliths, suspected gastroliths and fluvial rocks, and compared the scattering curves.
		Johnston says that if the gastrolith's validity can be verified, it may be possible to trace the gastrolithic rock back to its original source.
		Because the number of suspected gastroliths is large, the objects could provide significant new insight into the lives of dinosaurs.
	library.thinkquest.org /C005824/stones.html (462 words)

	Evolution Research - General Evolution News
		Relative gastrolith mass in sauropods (gastrolith mass much less than 0.1% of body mass) is at least an order of magnitude less than that in ostriches and other herbivorous birds (gastrolith mass approximates 1% of body mass), also arguing against the presence of a gastric mill in sauropods.
		Gastrolith clusters of some derived theropod dinosaurs (oviraptorosaurs and ornithomimosaurs) compare well with those of birds, suggesting that the gastric mill evolved in the avian stem lineage.
		Currently, I am working on several gastrolith research projects, such as the identification of gastroliths (important because of finds of isolated pebbles which may have been used as gastroliths) or the function of gastroliths in aquatic vertebrates.
	evomech1.blogspot.com (6663 words)

	GASTROLITH
		A rounded stone or pebble, commonly highly polished, from the stomach of some reptiles, esp. dinosaurs, plesiosaurs, and crocodilians.
		Gastroliths are thought to have been used in grinding up food, but marine reptiles mayhave used them to provide body stability while in the water.
		Words rhyming with "GASTROLITH" (pronounced '*Gas`trolith**'): Acrolith, Aerolith, Albolith, Coccolith, Cyatholith, Cystolith, Discolith, Enterolith, Hippolith, megalith, Microlith, monolith, Paleolith, Rhabdolith, tallith, Trilith.
	www.websters-online-dictionary.org /Ga/Gastrolith.html (265 words)

	Tidbits in Crocodilian Stomachs 1 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Indirect support for the deliberate ingestion of stones comes from observation of crocodiles that live in stone-free swamp habitats with soft bottom ooze and travel long distances out of that habitat to find and devour the stones.
		Cott (1961) also reviewed the suggested function of stones found in the stomach, e.g., digestive (gastrolith food grinding) function, filling (hunger appeasement) function, and hydrostatic (ballast) function.
		The mud and stringy roots were too soft to serve a digestive gastrolith function, and while the stomachs certainly were filled, it seems unlikely that the two caimans would have swallowed these materials to serve a hunger appeasement function.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /natsci/herpetology/herpbiology/TidbitsinCrocDiet.htm (1231 words)

	All Souls Church, Unitarian: Past Sermons (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Undeterred, Steve pushed forward: "A gastrolith," he explained, "is a stone found in the stomach of reptiles and some birds that aids in the digestion of their food.
		After he told us the story of the gastrolith, Steve passed it around our small group.
		It helps to touch it After the service, I want to invite the kids to come up front, if they want, and touch the stone that's been in the stomach of a dinosaur.
	www.all-souls.org /sermons/20050327.htm (2141 words)

	Figures: Natural History, The Crayfish, T. H. Huxley, 1879 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		A gastrolith; A. from above; B, from below; C.
		, lateral pyloric valve; x, position of gastrolith; zc, zygocardiac ossicle.
		View of the roof of the stomach, the ventral wall of which, and of the mid-gut, is laid open by a longitudinal incision (x 4).
	www.ibiblio.org /eldritch/thh/cf.htm (2949 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for gastrolith
		Find newspaper and magazine articles plus images and maps related to "gastrolith" at HighBeam.
		Probable plesiosaur gastroliths from the basal Kiowa Shale (Early Cretaceous) of Kiowa County, Kansas.
		More information is at your fingertips at HighBeam Research:
	www.encyclopedia.com /searchpool.asp?target=gastrolith (160 words)

	What are the identifying traits of a gastrolith?
		We have a collection of fossils we use for a workshop.
		One of these is a gastrolith, stones swallowed by dinosaurs to assist in food digestion (much like stones in a bird gizzard.
		Re: What are the identifying traits of a gastrolith?
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1999-11/942261243.Ev.q.html (98 words)

	What identifies and distinguishes a gastrolith from other rocks?
		We have several fossils for people to examine, one of which is a gastrolith (stones used by dinosaurs to digest food much like those in a bird gizzard).
		I am curious to know what characteristics might show that this rock was inside of a dinosaur.
		Re: What identifies and distinguishes a gastrolith from other rocks?
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/1999-11/941930377.Zo.q.html (106 words)

	Column of Time
		The secret of our planet's history lies buried in millions of year's worth of sediment.
		Every fossil, amber, imprint, and gastrolith waits to be studied by eager paleontologists.
		Before these scientists could draw conclusions about the Earth's past, they needed to develop a standard scale.
	www.edhelper.com /ReadingComprehension_37_86.html (351 words)

	GASTROL.HTM (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		In the same way that some birds swallow small stones to keep in their gizzard as an aid to breaking up food, so it is thought that some herbivorous dinosaurs did the same.
		Smooth rounded stones such as this have sometimes been found associated with the ribcages of dinosaur fossils, this gastrolith being from the dinosaur-rich formations of Alberta, Canada.
		This specimen has appeared in Scottish Television's "How 2" programme.
	myweb.tiscali.co.uk /stonemuseum/gastrol.htm (79 words)

	Wordsmith.org: Wordsmith Talk: Gastrolith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Another great fossil word, pretty easy to figure out: fossilized disgestive tracts.
		Here's a very interesting statement about what could be learned from the gastrolith of a once-living dinosaur:
		"Gastroliths tell us that dinosaurs swallowed large stones to help them grind their food."
	wordsmith.org /board/showthreaded.php?Number=142771 (126 words)

	Gastrolith - French-English Dictionary WordReference.com
		We found no French translation for 'Gastrolith' in our English to French Dictionary.
		Look for a definition in our English Dictionary.
		Forum discussions with the word(s) 'Gastrolith' in the title:
	www.wordreference.com /enfr/Gastrolith (49 words)

	Gastrolith (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-15)
		Gastroliths are small stones swallowed unmistakenly by dinos.
		The stones were used for the same reason as the grits swallowed by birds.
		Click on picture to see at normal size:
	www.geocities.com /element_mine/Gastrolith.html (62 words)

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