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Topic: Gate control theory of pain

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	Control Pain Center
		The gate control theory of pain, proposed by Patrick Wall and Ron Melzack, postulates that pain is "gated" by non-painful stimuli such as vibration.
		Pain is also "gated" by signals that descend from the brain to the spinal cord to suppress (and in other cases enhance) incoming pain information.
		Pain encourages an organism to disengage from the noxious stimulus associated with the pain.
	www.controlpainnow.com (2059 words)

	Pain control, natural health, holistic wellness centre, emotion, pain, pain relief, Sydney, Australia
		One of the most accepted theories behind the mechanism of pain transmission in the human body is the gate control theory put forth by Melzach and Wall in 1965.
		According to the gate control theory, the pain impulses travel along the nerve fibres and enter the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
		In cases of referred pain, where pain is felt away from the affected area, chronic pain sufferers could easily ride a vicious circle of pain escalation created by the difficulty in diagnosis and non-corresponding nature of pain and illness.
	jobonga.com.au /pain.htm (1931 words)

	Pain and Control Pain
		The pain seems to be lessened when the area is rubbed because activation of nonnociceptive fibers inhibits the firing of nociceptive ones in the laminae (Kandel et al., 2000).
		In the gate control theory, this is only to be expected, as the failure to control pain can be seen as a mental illness - a brain being unable to deal with challenges that a body faces.
		Pain being an entirely personal experience, it is difficult to measure, but Melzack's McGill Pain Questionnare asks a number of directed questions to assess and categorize that experience.
	www.controlpainnow.com /pages/pain_control.asp (1376 words)

	Pain Mangement Pain Relief Joint Pain And Muscle Pain
		Pain is one of the commonest symptoms in medicine and is said to be the prime cause of one third of all first consultations.
		Acute and chronic pain control is now a major concern especially with population ageing and associated pain of the chronic degenerative conditions of the elderly such as osteoarthritis, post-herpetic neuralgias, trigeminal neuralgia, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, 'thalamic pain syndrome' and malignant diseases.
		Their theory was proposed as an alternative to the specificity theory of pain, which holds that pain is a specific modality with its own specialized sensors, neuronal pathways and centres and the pattern theory which maintains that stimulus intensity of non-specific receptors and central summation were the critical determinants of pain.
	www.paintechnology.com /053.htm (2414 words)

	Gate Control Theory of Pain
		The gate control theory of pain of Ronald Melzack and Patrick D Wall arises from evolutionary psychology.
		Pain, in this view, is then a part of this very sense, a way in which parts of the body learn where they should be, and where not to be.
		The brain in prior theories of neurochemistry had simply not been taken into account - pain was thought to be simply a direct response to a stimulus - the so-called pain/pleasure theory, a one-way "alarm system" like system as proposed by Rene Descartes.
	www.painbustersclinic.com.au /causes-pain/gate-control-theory.htm (878 words)

	Pain: Past, Present and Future (Paper) (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The spinal gating mechanism is influenced by the relative amount of activity in large-diameter (L) and small-diameter (S) fibres: activity in large fibres tends to inhibit transmission (close the gate) while small-fibre activity tends to facilitate transmission (open the gate).
		The spinal gating mechanism is influenced by nerve impulses that descend from the brain.
		The theory's emphasis on the modulation of inputs in the spinal dorsal horns and the dynamic role of the brain in pain processes had a clinical as well as a scientific impact.
	www.alternatives.com /raven/cpain/melzack2.html (5387 words)

	Gate control theory of pain - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The pain seems to be lessened when the area is rubbed because activation of nonnociceptive fibers inhibits the firing of nociceptive ones in the laminae (Kandel et al., 2000).
		One area of the brain involved in reduction of pain sensation is the periaqueductal gray matter that surrounds the third ventricle and the cerebral aqueduct of the ventricular system.
		In the gate control theory, this is only to be expected, as the failure to control pain can be seen as a mental illness - a brain being unable to deal with challenges that a body faces.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gate_control_theory_of_pain (1415 words)

	Pain
		The interpretation of pain occurs when the nociceptor s are stimulated and subsequently transmit signals through sensory nuerons in the spinal cord, which releases glutamate, a major exicitory neurotransmitter that relays signals from one neuron to another and ultimately to the thalamus, in which pain perception occurs.
		If pain is defined as a signal of present or impending tissue damage effected by a harmful stimulus then the ability to experience pain or irritation is observable in most multi- cellular organism s.
		Visceral pain is extremely difficult to localise, and several injuries to visceral tissue exhibit \"referred\" pain, where the sensation is localised to an area completely unrelated to the site of injury.
	www.nebulasearch.com /encyclopedia/article/Pain.html (1170 words)

	Pain - InfoSearchPoint.com (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Pain is defined in medicine as the physical sensation of discomfort or distress caused by injury or illness.
		The interpretation of pain occurs in the brain, primarily in the thalamus.
		Today, presumably painful experiences are often viewed on television, and we are encouraged by media cheerleaders to identify strongly with pain of "our troops" and sometimes "civilians", but not in general "their troops" or "enemies", whose pain is abstracted and invisible, often not even summed up as statistics.
	www.infosearchpoint.com /display/Pain (1486 words)

	Pain-- Biotechnology Companies -- Drugs in the pipeline
		The unpleasantness of pain encourages an organism to use any means at its disposal to disengage from the noxious stimuli that it assumes cause the pain.
		Pathway for Slow Pain - Slow pain is transmitted via slower type C fibres to lamina II and III of the dorsa horns, together known as the substantia gelatinosa.
		Referred pain is a phenomenon which arises when visceral pain fibres and pain fibres from the skin synapse on the same second order pain fibres.
	www.pipelinedrugs.com /biotechnology_encyclopedia/pain.htm (1447 words)

	gate control theory (Site not responding. Last check: )
		andgt;, The gate control theory of chronic pain.
		The gate control pain theory proposes that there are many factors that can affect how pain is perceived.
		The gate control theory of pain of Ron Melzack and Patrick Wall arises from evolutionary psychology.
	www.jaramillolaw.com /gate-control-theory.html (243 words)

	The Body: Chronic Pain: Hope Through Research
		The theory explained such everyday behavior as scratching a scab, or rubbing a sprained ankle: the scratching and rubbing excite just those nerve cells sensitive to touch and pressure that can suppress the pain pool cells.
		The scientists conjectured that brain-based pain control systems were activated when people behaved heroically -- ignoring pain to finish a football game, or to help a more severely wounded soldier on the battlefield.
		Pain studies got an added boost when investigators made the surprising discovery that the brain itself produces chemicals that can control pain.
	www.thebody.com /nih/pain/gatetheory.html (528 words)

	Backrelief.ca: Diagnosis: Defining Pain : back pain, types of back pain, chronic pain (Site not responding. Last check: )
		The Gate Control Theory suggests that the amount of pain "input" at the site of an injury (for instance, when you stub your big toe on a rock) is not always equal to the amount of pain you feel when the pain messages are perceived by your brain.
		Pain can be modified on its way from the toe to the brain because of a pain gate.
		The "gate" is not a physical entity rather, it is a metaphor or symbol of the fact that our bodies have dramatic ways of modifying all pain messages.
	www.backrelief.ca /diagnosis/defining.html (318 words)

	The Human Perception of Pain in Conjunction with the Mind-Body Problem
		Pain is defined by the International Association for the Study of Pain as "an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage" (1).
		This theory holds that ascending and descending pain signals may be blocked in the dorsal horn at the base of the spinal cord therefore inhibiting these areas of the brain from perceiving the pain (3),(4).
		This theory suggests that incoming pain is suppressed by certain areas of the midbrain, in particular the anterior cingulate cortex (9).
	serendip.brynmawr.edu /bb/neuro/neuro02/web2/c1barnes.html (2071 words)

	Ultra Sound Therapy
		Simply defined this theory proposes that the large myelinated nerve fibers of the skin, when it is stimulated, have an inhibitory effect on the small pain bearing fibers that enter the same segment of the spinal cord.
		It is generally conceded in that Theory that the "gating action" takes place in an area known as the substantia gelatinosa in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord.
		Thus, whichever of the above theories the practitioner adheres to, the effect of high voltage modalities is excellent for the control of pain.
	www.sengchiropractic.com /id97.html (466 words)

	Neuroscience for Kids - Pain
		Pain is nature's way of telling the brain about injury to the body.
		This theory states that pain is a function of the balance between the information traveling into the spinal cord through large nerve fibers and information traveling into the spinal cord through small nerve fibers.
		According to the theory, the activity in the large nerve fibers would activate the inhibitory interneuron that would then block the projection neuron and therefore block the pain.
	faculty.washington.edu /chudler/pain.html (1070 words)

	Modern Ideas: The Gate Control Theory of chronic pain
		Due to the observations that raised questions, a new theory of pain was developed in the early 1960s to account for the clinically recognized importance of the mind and brain in pain perception.
		Although the theory accounts for phenomena that are primarily mental in nature - that is, pain itself as well as some of the psychological factors influencing it - its scientific beauty is that it provides a physiological basis for the complex phenomenon of pain.
		In the gate control theory, the experience of pain depends on a complex interplay of these two systems as they each process pain signals in their own way.
	www.spine-health.com /topics/cd/pain/chronic_pain_theories/chronic_pain_theory02.html (764 words)

	Neuroscience Online (ii,8,1)
		Pain is interpreted and perceived in the brain.
		The concept of the gate control theory is that non-painful input closes the gates to painful input, which results in prevention of the pain sensation from traveling to the CNS (i.e., non-noxious input [stimulation] suppresses pain).
		The gate theory predicts that at the spinal cord level, non-noxious stimulation will produce presynaptic inhibition on dorsal root nociceptor fibers that synapse on nociceptors spinal neurons (T), and this presynaptic inhibition will block incoming noxious information from reaching the CNS (i.e., will close the gate to incoming noxious information).
	neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu /s2/ii8-1.html (1153 words)

	Essay Answers
		A third source of input to the gate is top-down messages from the brain in the form of emotions, expectations, attention, etc. Top-down messages of the right sort also serve to close the gate and block pain.
		Phantom limb pain is especially suggestive of a central role for the brain in pain perception since it appears that the brain experiences pain in the absence of stimulation of the perceived body part.
		These could include attentional techniques to draw attention away from the distressing aspects of the pain toward the sensory aspects or a non-pain aspect, interpreting the pain experience to be meaningful or positive (e.g., with religion or culture), or using reinforcement to discourage pain behavior and encourage alternate behavior.
	www.rci.rutgers.edu /~gbc/health/essay2.htm (1354 words)

	Farabloc™ in the Treatment of Phantom Pain, Rheumatic Pain and Other Painful Symptoms.
		According to Melzack's and Wall's "gate control theory" of pain perception (1965), transmission cells in the dorsal horns of the of the A-fibres (A-beta, A-delta) and C-fibres (motor neurones) as well as descending fibres, the "gate" permits afferent impulses to pass or it inhibits their passage.
		This theory states that persistent sensations from the nerve ends in the amputation stump are attributable to the limbs, which originally served by the damaged nerves.
		The possible explanation of this pain is that the stimulation of a peripheral nerve somewhere along its axon causes a response which is indistinguishable from the reaction of a stimulus situated at the receptors of the same nerve.
	www.farabloc.com /mBach.html (2533 words)

	Nervous Reading 10
		Deep or visceral pain is not highly localized because of the absence of numerous mechanoreceptors in the deeper structures, and its normally perceived as a diffuse pain.
		Referred pain is a painful sensation in a region of the body that is not the source of the pain stimulus.
		Many cutaneous afferent neurons and visceral afferent neurons that transmit pain action potentials converge on the same ascending neurons; however, the brain cannot distinguish between the two sources of painful stimuli, and the painful sensation is referred to the most superficial structures innervated by the converging neurons.
	www.mhhe.com /biosci/ap/saladin/nervous/reading10.mhtml (1187 words)

	Pain Control
		The theory - put forward after the recognition of the lack of a clear relationship between painful stimuli and the subjective experience of pain - proposes that input from the pain receptors passes through a gating mechanism in the spinal cord.
		The gate opens or closes depending on the distribution of activity in the ascending and descending nerve fibres.
		Thus, the gate may be influenced by both the peripheral response to painful stimulus and higher brain activity such as cognition and emotion.
	fp.retrac.plus.com /paincntrl.htm (571 words)

	Irritation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Irritation, in biology and physiology, is a state of inflammation or painful reaction to allergy or cell-lining damage.
		Irritants are typically thought of as chemical agents (for example phenol and capsaicin) but mechanical, thermal (heat) and radiative stimuli (for example ultraviolet light or ionising radiations) can also cause irritation.
		In more basic organisms, assigning irritation the status of pain is the perception of the being stimulated - which is not observable although it may be shared (see gate control theory of pain).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Irritation (636 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A common idea is that pain signals originate in body structures called nociceptors (or "structures that generate pain signals"), and that these signals travel along nerves to the brain where they are interpreted as pain.
		A diagram shows the theory as follows: The state of the gate is controlled by two types of (pain) messages: First, a second class of pain receptor in the body can send pain messages along larger nerve fibres.
		Thus pain, by its very nature, is always subjective, and the higher parts of the brain play an integral role in the transmission of pain impulses from the body to their processing in the brain.
	www.tifaq.com /archive/pain-discussion.txt (2416 words)

	Why do we feel pain?
		Pain is a signal that the body has been damaged or something is wrong.
		Because of the danger involved in pain the pain signal had to be strong and hard to ignore.
		Chronic pain is more commonly associated with an old injury or the slow bodily changes which are painful (e.g., 'growing pains' the pains of 'wear and tear', or old age).
	www.nabd.org.uk /living/paingate.htm (689 words)

	Gate control theory of pain, pain, Back Pain, backache, conventional treatments, alternative remedies, ...
		They suggested that there is a "gating system" in the central nervous system that opens and closes to let pain messages through to the brain or to block them.
		The fundamental basis for this theory is the belief that psychological as well as physical factors guide the brain's interpretation of painful sensations and the subsequent response.
		Many pain sufferers find that their pain is worst when they feel depressed and hopeless-feelings that may open the pain gate-and that it's not so bothersome when they are focused on doing something that demands attention or is enjoyable.
	www.holisticonline.com /remedies/backpain/back_pain_gate_control_theory.htm (419 words)

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