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Topic: Gaulish language

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	Gaulish language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gaulish is the name given to the Celtic language that was spoken in Gaul before the Vulgar Latin of the late Roman Empire became dominant in Roman Gaul.
		The language is known from several hundred inscriptions on stone, on ceramic vessels and other artefacts, and on coins, and occasionally on metal (lead, and on one occasion zinc).
		Gaulish is paraphyletically grouped with Celtiberian, Lepontic, and Galatian as Continental Celtic.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gaulish_language (1418 words)

	French language - Simple English Wikipedia
		French is a Romance language, meaning that it came from Latin.
		Their own language, Gaulish, tended to be spoken less often, although Breton is a language still spoken today in the part of France called Brittany, that came from the old Celtic language.
		They both mean "language of yes", because oc was the word for "yes" in the south, and oïl meant "yes" in the north.
	simple.wikipedia.org /wiki/French_language (281 words)

	Celtiberian language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Celtiberian (also Hispano-Celtic) is an extinct Celtic language spoken by the Celtiberians in northern Spain before and during the Roman Empire.
		Celtiberian and Gaulish are usually grouped together as the Continental Celtic languages, but this grouping too is paraphyletic: no evidence suggests the two shared any common innovation separately from Insular Celtic.
		The longest extant Celtiberian inscriptions are those on three Botorrita plaques, bronze plaques from Botorrita near Saragossa, dating to the early 1st century BC, labelled Botorrita I, III and IV (Botorrita II is in the Latin language).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Celtiberian_language (297 words)

	Printable Version on Encyclopedia.com
		Today the Celtic languages that have survived into the modern era are limited almost entirely to the British Isles and French Brittany, where these tongues are spoken by a total of about 2 million people.
		Evidence of Gaulish is found both in words and in personal and proper names referred to by ancient Greek and Latin writers as well as in more than a hundred Gaulish inscriptions from France and N Italy (ranging in date from the 3d cent.
		Breton is by no means descended from ancient Gaulish, but rather from the Celtic dialects taken by Welsh and Cornish immigrants from the British Isles who were fleeing Germanic invasions and found refuge in Armorica (now French Brittany) in the 5th and 6th cent.
	www.encyclopedia.com /printable.aspx?id=1E1:Celticla (1032 words)

	Gaulish language
		This is because the Latin and Gaulish languages were very similar to each other, whereas Greek was only a distant relation (and also had a different alphabet).
		Despite the similarity, Gaulish was not an Italic language like Latin, but belonged to the Celtic language group, whose modern derivatives include Gaelic, Welsh and Irish.
		Our sketchy knowledge of the Gaulish language comes from notices in classical authors and from a small number of Gaulish inscriptions.
	www.orbilat.com /Encyclopaedia/G/Gaulish_language.html (490 words)

	Gaeltalk: Why learn Irish?
		It was the parent language of Welsh, Cornish and Breton.
		The language was now very close to that of the people and the subjects that concerned them were religious, political, personal criticism and satire, elegies / love or praise of a woman and 'visions' or 'aislings' where Ireland appears as a woman and talks about her destiny with the poet.
		While politics and freedom-fighting of the 'United Irishmen' and the 'Fenian movement' went on in and near the cities the Irish language with all its old treasures of poetry, prayers and traditions was to be found in the remote regions of the west, north-west and south-west.
	www.gaeltalk.net /briefhistory.htm (3897 words)

	Substratum - (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It makes contact, and then interferes with language A. Language B is going to supplant language A: the speakers of language A abandon their own language in favour of that of population B, generally because they believe that it is in their best interests (economic, political, cultural, social).
		To be a substratum (and not an adstratum or a superstratum), the influence on the receiving language needs to have been substantial, something considerably more than just some borrowings or the result of a common sprachbund (an adstratum), or not the result of the dominance another language generates (a superstratum).
		When the influence of another language is too remote in the past for its influence on the surviving language to be adequately characterized, 'substrate' is used by default, though the situation might have really been that of an adstratum or even a superstratum.
	psychcentral.com /psypsych/Substratum (514 words)

	History of the French Language
		Even though Romance languages, share certain qualities not found in contemporary Latin that is taught today, it is believed that Latin is the father of the Romance group of languages.
		Little is known today about the origins of the Gaulish language, but it is known to be an ancient Celtic language dating to before 500 AD used in the western and central parts of Europe and Asia Minor.
		One dialect, Francien, was the primary language of Paris.
	f99.middlebury.edu /RU232A/STUDENTS/matranga/history.htm (649 words)

	On this page you find information on running projects within the organisation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		It is a P-Celtic language and therefore it is related to the modern Brythonic languages (Welsh, Breton and Cornish).
		It is not intended to be the official language of the Glastoratin, for that is Dutch.
		The Belgic language is characterized by a profound simplification of the old vocabulary and grammar.
	users.telenet.be /glastoratin/ProjectEN.htm (533 words)

	YourArt.com >> Encyclopedia >> Gaul (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Besides the Gauls, there were other peoples living in the territory of modern day northern Italy, as the Lepontii who had settled on the southern slopes of the Italian Alps, in Raetia.
		Another Gaulish chieftain named Brennus, at the head of a large army, was only turned back from desecrating the Temple of Apollo at Delphi at the last minute, alarmed, it was said, by portents of thunder and lightning.
		In the modern sense, Gaulish tribes are defined linguistically, as speakers of dialects of the Gaulish language.
	www.yourart.com /research/encyclopedia.cgi?subject=/Gaul (1295 words)

	An Introduction to Celtic Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Gaulish was both spoken on the European Continent and has been extinct for some time, since the middle of the first millennium.
		Celtic languages are a branch of the Indo-European language family.
		Gaulish is also considered a P-Celtic language, although it is on the same level as Goidelic and Brythonic in the Celtic family tree.
	www.suite101.com /article.cfm/celtic_internet_resources/56290 (496 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages.
		It may safely be said that the literature now extant in that language is of greater value than all the literature which three hundred years ago was extant in all the languages of the world together.
		Languages are the creatures of tradition, passed from generation to generation.
		If a way can be found to confer respect on the language traditions that remain, so that their holders are inspirited to carry them on even as they become familiar with other languages of international communication, the next century will witness a dialogue as stimulating as humanity has ever known.
	www.ogmios.org /181.htm (2912 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		As a gaulish celtic clan, the Helvetians (afterwhich Switzerland is still named today) spoke Gaulish (continental Celtic) - with their own dialect and linguistic idioms of course.
		There are lots of gaulish words to be found - especially among the people who live in the mountain regions of the land.
		And so the language used in Eluveitie may be called a "new Gaulish" language, using the ancient and the still-existing Gaulish expressions.
	www.eluveitie.ch /eluveitie/pages/about.html (491 words)

	Extinct Language Reveals Celtic Origins - Ancient Roman Empire Forums
		Although the Roman conquest led to the extinction of the Gaulish language 2,000 years ago, a half dozen rare, surviving Gaulish/Latin bilingual inscriptions have enabled scholars to trace the origins of the Celtic language and many other European languages.
		If the differences in the two Celtic languages could be isolated, some generalized root words of the mesolithic language might be deducted and analyzed.
		The Indo-European language stock is the source of all languages involved in the debate.
	www.unrv.com /forum/index.php?showtopic=11 (569 words)

	Celtic Culture > Languages > Gallo, language of Brittany (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		While the Breton language is spoken in western Brittany and belongs to the family of Celtic languages, the Gallo language is spoken in eastern Brittany and belongs to the family of Romance languages.
		As a Romance language, the vocabulary and syntax of Gallo derives from Latin.
		Gallo was replaced by French as the language of record and the courts, leading progressively to a situation of diglossia where French became language of the dominant minority and Gallo and Breton remained the unofficial languages of the majority.
	www.celtia.info /culture/languages/gallo.html (955 words)

	American Scientist Online - Gaul in the Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Peter Forster, a geneticist at the University of Cambridge, was attracted by the riddle of Celtic, which developed on the continent as Gaulish in ancient France and northern Italy.
		These are difficult questions to answer, because the Gaulish language and its records were largely eradicated during the Roman conquest.
		By examining the linguistic meanings and functions in Gaulish and comparing them systematically with their known counterparts in other languages, they could infer an evolutionary history for the whole family.
	www.americanscientist.org /template/AssetDetail/assetid/28340 (769 words)

	Name Constructions in Gaulish (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		I have not dealt with Celt-Iberian data here (the Celtic language found on the Iberian peninsula), partly because the sources are significantly more difficult to work with, partly because it is distinct enough from Gaulish to be worth treating separately.
		Two much more extensive sources for Gaulish given names are Evans and Whatmough (see the references below), although both need to be used with care as they cover a great deal of time and space.
		Men's and women's names use the same types of structures in general, with a few variants that may be due to different usage or simply to the vagaries of the data.
	www.s-gabriel.org /names/tangwystyl/gaulish (2011 words)

	Caomhánach - Article - The Celts
		Even though Breton exists on the continent, the historical presumption is that it represents a language migration from Cornwall and Wales, although a question mark has sometimes been raised as to whether Breton was an amalgam of the British Celtic language with the remnants of a still existing Gaulish language.
		Jerome states that a Celtic language, akin to that of the Trevi of Gaul, was spoken by the Galatians in the fourth century AD, but probably the language had vanished completely by the ninth century AD.
		The general implication is that the basis for the Leinster population, and by implication, the Caomhánachs, is attributable to this Gaulish migration.
	www.kavanaghfamily.com /articles/2005/20050621a.htm (4979 words)

	Lugus
		In the Gaulish iconographic tradition, the figure of Mercury is represented in convention classical terms - as a semi-naked youth, wearing winged shoes and carrying the distinctive caduceus (a rod with two serpents intertwined).
		Our understanding of the Gaulish language is still in its earliest stage, so it is not possible to provide a translation.
		Beyond the fact that this unbroken text is in the Gaulish language, exhibits metrical features, and was almost certainly the expression of a magical intention, there is little else that can be said about this enigmatic epigram.
	www.mabinogion.info /Lugus.htm (1289 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Any other relevant information: This code is an extension of "cel", the ISO 639-2 code for Celtic languages.
		Gaulish was the language of ancient Gaul - roughly corresponding in geographical area to modern France, Belgium, Luxembourg and western Switzerland.
		It is a member of the Celtic group of Indo-European languages.
	www.iana.org /assignments/lang-tags/cel-gaulish (108 words)

	Celtic languages on Encyclopedia.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Twilight of the Celts; Throughout Europe, the centuries-old Celtic languages are dying out, buried beneath a linguistic form of globalisation.
		Celtic Warrior - Interview: Huw Edwards; In a frank interview the BBC Six O'Clock News presenter Huw Edwards tells Mario Basini that it is the failure of Welsh-speaking parents to pass the language on to their children that is endangering it.(Features)
		Out of the mists of Aran; The Aran Islands, at the mouth of Galway Bay, are an older Ireland, a place of strong winds, strongholds and strong traditions - from the Celtic language to the patterns of the islands' famous sweaters.(TRAVEL)
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/section/Celticla_Brythonic.asp (1442 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages.
		Venetan language (materials for compiling a descriptive grammar were provided by Michele Brunelli), together with a map of The region of Veneto.
		The language is Ega, the most westerly of the Kwa languages, spoken in Ivory Coast, in West Africa.
		Although assigned to the Kwa family, Ega is surrounded by speakers of the Dida language of the Kru family.
	www.ogmios.org /179.htm (1134 words)

	[No title]
		LANGUAGE TAGS - OBSOLETE - per [RFC-ietf-ltru-registry-14.txt] (last updated 09 September 2005) In "Tags for the Identification of Languages" [BCP47,RFC3066] there is a provision for listing unique "tags" or names for languages and variants of languages.
		Assigned Language Tags Tag Description Reference Notes ----------- ----------------------------- --------- --------- art-lojban Lojban [Cowan] Deprecated use ISO 639-2 jbo, registered Sept. 2, 2003.
		[RFC3066] Alvestrand, H., "Tags for the Identification of Languages", [BCP47] RFC 3066, BCP 47, January 2001.
	www.iana.org /assignments/language-tags (107 words)

	[No title]
		We mention it because the root does seem to have given rise to some personal names in the related Gaulish language.
		Gaulish Personal Names: a Study of some Continental Celtic Formations (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1967); p.149.
		Language and History in Early Britain (Edinburgh: The University Press, 1953).
	www.panix.com /~gabriel/public-bin/showfinal.cgi/1735.txt (934 words)

	Celticweb Internet Services
		Gaelic Language and Culture (Gaelic Page at Sunsite) Shawn Mehan's site is dedicated to the language and culture of the Gaels; those goidelic celts who speak, or did speak any of the three gaelic languages: Irish, Manx, Scottish)
		Gaulish Language, An Introduction to (Gaulish history, grammar, vocabulary and inscriptions.
		Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru: Dictionary of the Welsh language (A project begun in 1921 by the Board of Celtic Studies of the University of Wales to produce the first standard historical Welsh dictionary)
	www.celticweb.com /language.html (1065 words)

	Latin language - WCD (Wiki Classical Dictionary) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-06)
		Latin is the language that was once spoken in Latium, a region in Central Italy.
		The Romans were Latins and so they spoke Latin.
		Just as Greek and Gaulish (or Celtic), Latin is an Indo-European language.
	www.ancientlibrary.com /wcd/Latin_language (83 words)

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