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	Ontological argument - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		One of the earliest recorded objections to Anselm's argument was raised by one of Anselm's contemporaries, Gaunilo.
		Gaunilo invited his readers to think of the greatest, or most perfect, conceivable island.
		Gaunilo might have added that he means to refer to an island that is perfect in itself, without reference to us.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ontological_argument (4338 words)

	Objections to the Ontological Argument
		The earliest critic of the ontological argument was a contemporary of Anselm’s, the monk Gaunilo of Marmoutier.
		Gaunilo did not identify any specific fault with the argument, but argued that there must be something wrong with it, because if there is not then we can use its logic to prove things that we have no reason to believe to be true.
		There is, then, a difference between Gaunilo’s argument for the existence of the perfect island and Anselm’s argument for the existence of God that advocates of the ontological argument can cite as a reason for rejecting the former without committing themselves to also rejecting the latter.
	www.existence-of-god.com /ontological-objections.html (1274 words)

	Gaunilo's Critique of Anselm's Arg. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gaunilo incorrectly assumes that the causal connection that is inherent in the relationship between t
		(e) For Gaunilo, there is a lack of strong proof for the validity of Anselm’s inferential move from understanding the concept “God” (the concept “God” as existing in the understanding) to understanding that such a being exists in reality.
		For Gaunilo, if one can make such an inferential connection, then one can also infer that once he or she understands what is meant by the term “unicorn” or “mermaid” (i.e.
	cal.csusb.edu /Depts/Philosophy/Arnecillo/gaunilo_crit_anselm.htm (1204 words)

	Understanding the Ontological Argument
		Gaunilo (who was a monk of Marmoutier and a contemporary of Anselm’s) criticized Anselm’s argument saying that one could apply the statement to a lot of things, the most famous example he used was, “the greatest conceivable island” and prove the existence of the island using parallel reasoning of Anselm’s ontological argument.
		Since Gaunilo’s Island is that which no island is greater (from 1), then it is possible for an island to be greater than that which no island is greater (from 6).
		Gaunilo’s criticism, however compelling it may be, doesn’t give us a modicum of explanation as to why the ontological argument fails.
	www.angelfire.com /mn2/tisthammerw/rlgnphil/ontological.html (6692 words)

	Saint Anselm
		A monk named Gaunilo wrote a "Reply on Behalf of the Fool," contending that Anselm's argument gave the Psalmist's fool no good reason at all to believe that that than which nothing greater can be thought exists in reality.
		Gaunilo's most famous objection is an argument intended to be exactly parallel to Anselm's that generates an obviously absurd conclusion.
		Gaunilo proposes that instead of "that than which nothing greater can be thought" we consider "that island than which no greater can be thought." We understand what that expression means, so (following Anselm's reasoning) the greatest conceivable island exists in our understanding.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/anselm (5462 words)

	Free-Essays.us - Anselm
		This is the idea that Gaunilo had in mind when he wrote his criticism to St. Anselm’s Ontological Argument which states that if something greater than anything else that could be thought of is conceived in the understanding then it must exist.
		Gaunilo says it is foolish to believe in the existence of something just because it is understood.
		Gaunilo says that if a person told him this, he can understand their words because it is easy to imagine this place.
	www.free-essays.us /dbase/d1/nyv42.shtml (1508 words)

	TermPapers-TermPapers.com - Anselm's Ontological Argument
		However, Gaunilo, a contemporary of Anselm and a fellow Catholic, argued that Anselm's ontological argument is invalid, because an argument of the same form could have true premises and a false conclusion therefore, he introduced perfect island argument which is perfectly parallel to ontological argument.
		Sober mentioned on page 86 that Gaunilo is informing that there is mistake in Anselm's argument however, he does not point out that where mistake really occurs and same in Anselm's reply he fail to point out the mistake in Gaunilo's p-island argument.
		Than later Gaunilo replies to Anselm, It should be proved by some most certain argument that some superior reality, that is, a nature which is greater and better than everything that is, a nature which is greater and better than everything that is, actually exits.
	www.termpapers-termpapers.com /dbs/d4/prz42.shtml (1178 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Gaunilo: In Behalf of the Fool, and Anselm (1033-1109): Reply
		The example of the picture, treated in Gaunilo's third chapter, is examined.
		A criticism of Gaunilo's example, in which he tries to show that in this way the real existence of a lost island might be inferred from the fact of its being conceived.
		A discussion of Gaunilo's argument in his second chapter: that any unreal beings can be understood in the same way, and would, to that extent, exist.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/basis/anselm-gaunilo.html (6517 words)

	Gaunilo of Marmoutiers
		Gaunilo was a contemporary of St Anselm, and, though a monk, is best remembered for his criticism of the ontological argument for God’s existence.
		Gaunilo’s objection thus attempts to show that there is something wrong with the ontological argument, without specifying precisely what it is.
		Gaunilo’s rebuttal of Anselm’s argument On Behalf of the Fool, gets its name from the fools of Psalm 14:1 and Psalm 53:1 who say in their hearts that there is no God, to whom Anselm refers as he develops the argument in his Proslogium.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /gaunilo.html (150 words)

	Ontological Arguments for the Existence of God
		Gaunilo wrote "On Behalf of the Fool," (since Anselm was fond of quoting Psalm 14:1: "The fool has said in his heart there is no God") as a reply to Anselm's ontological argument.
		Gaunilo tries to show that Anselm's argument fails, because it could be used to demonstrate that any perfect being exists.
		While it is not clear which premise of Anselm's argument Gaunilo intends to undermine with this counterexample, it is clear that Gaunilo believes he has found a counterexample to Anselm's argument.
	apologetics.johndepoe.com /onto.html (3402 words)

	PHIL 251: Handout on Gaunilo's objection to Anselm's ontological argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Anselm must believe that premise #3 of Gaunilo’s argument is true, since it is precisely the same principle that Anselm endorses in premise #3 of his argument.
		And presumably Anselm believes that premise #1 of Gaunilo’s argument is true, since “exists in the understanding” just means “exists as an idea,” and as soon as Gaunilo dreams up the idea of “the island than which none greater can be conceived” it exists as an idea.
		This is how Gaunilo tried to prove to Anselm that his ontological argument was invalid in form.
	www-phil.tamu.edu /~gary/intro/handout.gaunilo.html (460 words)

	Ontological Argument Revisited by Two Ottoman Muslim Scholars
		If taken literally, St. Anselm's answer looks as if he admits his critic's argument because he talks about the imperfect pointing to the perfect as this would mean to hint God's existence through the creation, instead of proving it through the reason only as the ontological argument was supposed to do.
		Gaunilo's objective was not to deny God's existence anyway, but to show the incorrectness of the argument.
		Then, Gaunilo's island objection can be eliminated because that island could be a part of existence or it could be a part of non-existence.
	www.muslimphilosophy.com /ip/Ontol101.htm (2912 words)

	Anselm and Gaunilo
		His first major critic was Gaunilo, a monk in the abbey of Marmoutier.
		Gaunilo's reply is the only bit of writing we possess by him, which is a shame, because in it we encounter a very perceptive mind, although a radically different one than Anselm's.
		Thus what is greater than all else must necessarily exist, not only in the mind (which has already been acknowledge to be the case), in reality as well, or else it could not be greater than all else.
	history.hanover.edu /courses/excerpts/344ans.html (5030 words)

	The Ontological Argument (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gaunilo points out that Anselm's argument is too strong.
		Gaunilo objects to the validity of Anselm's argument, but he does so in a very particular way.
		Gaunilo’s objection, even if successful, only shows us that something must be wrong with Anselm’s argument, but it doesn’t show us exactly where the error lies.
	www.unc.edu /courses/2002fall/phil/032/001/ontological.html (1418 words)

	Ontological Argument [Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy]
		Gaunilo of Marmoutier, a monk and contemporary of Anselm's, is responsible for one of the most important criticisms of Anselm's argument.
		Gaunilo shared this worry, believing that one could use Anselm's argument to show the existence of all kinds of non-existent things:
		Gaunilo's argument, thus, proceeds by attempting to use Anselm's strategy to deduce the existence of a perfect island, which Gaunilo rightly views as a counterexample to the argument form.
	www.iep.utm.edu /o/ont-arg.htm (6211 words)

	AnalPhilosopher Gaunilo’s Criticism of Anselm’s Ontological Argument
		Anselm thinks the false premise is 2, from which he infers that God exists in reality as well as in the mind.
		Gaunilo, a contemporary of Anselm and a fellow monk, thought that Anselm’s reasoning could be used to prove the existence of objects, such as the greatest conceivable island, that we know do not exist.
		To see whether Gaunilo is correct, let us substitute “Lost Island” for “God” throughout the argument.
	www.analphilosopher.com /posts/1110995668.shtml (1062 words)

	Philosophy Now
		The earliest objection to Anselm’s argument, “On Behalf of the Fool,” came from the monk Gaunilo of Marmoutier, and it was included in some manuscripts of the Proslogion, along with Anselm’s reply.
		It seems strange, then, that Gaunilo simply replaces Anselm’s description with “a being greater than all others,” and Alvin Plantinga, with “the greatest possible being,” particularly since Anselm’s version is more interesting and ‘informative’ than theirs.
		The difference between Berkeley and Gaunilo is that Berkeley’s denial is quasi-apophatic and categorical, whereas Gaunilo speaks, more modestly, only for himself.
	www.philosophynow.org /issue53/53carey.htm (2404 words)

	The Ecole Glossary (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		XI Century) is known for his Liber pro insipiente, which argues against Anselm's ontological proof of the existence of God.
		Taking the role of the fool who argues in his heart that there is no God, Gaunilo argues that the possession of a concept implies neither reference nor existence outside the mind.
		Thomas Aquinas approved of Gaunilo's refutation of Anselm; Gaunilo was the first to formulate the standard argument against Anselm's proof.
	www2.evansville.edu /ecoleweb/glossary/gaunilo.html (122 words)

	Medieval Sourcebook: Anselm (1033-1109): Introduction to His Writings
		Monologium, (3) the Cur Deus Homo, and (4) by way of historical complement, an Appendix to the Monologium entitled In Behalf of the Fool by Gaunilo, a monk of Marmoutiers.
		The Proslogium (which, though subsequent in point of time to the Monologium, is here placed first, as containing the famous ontological argument), the Monologium and the Appendix thereto were translated by Mr.
		Gaunilo emphasises the difference between thought and being, and points out the fact that we may conceive and imagine a being, and yet that being may not exist.
	www.fordham.edu /halsall/basis/anselm-intro.html (2723 words)

	The Ontological Argument (Part 2): Gaunilo v Anselm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		As a Catholic monk, Gaunilo might have been said to be largely sympathetic and in agreement with Anselm’s basic premise (that the idea of God is indicative of the existence of God).
		Although Anselm attempts to respond to Gaunilo’s criticisms, one cannot help but feel the latter has struck a devastating blow to many of the former’s key arguments.
		In fact, it seems all Anselm can do to counter many of these criticisms, is to appeal to the faith of Gaunilo as evidence that what he has set out as a ‘proof’ of God’s existence is valid.
	www.faithnet.org.uk /Lessons/Ontological_2.htm (334 words)

	ass3 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Read the Chapter 2 of the Proslogion by St. Anselm, the extract from the 'Reply on Behalf of the Fool' by Gaunilo, and the extract from Anselm's respone to Gaunilo.
		Or: If Anselm's argument is valid, defend it against objections, and explain exactly what is wrong with Gaunilo's island argument.
		Or: If Anselm's argument for God and Gaunilo's argument for the Island are both sound, provide me with precise details of how to locate the island, and overwhelming evidence of its perfection.
	mailer.fsu.edu /~bmurphy/ass3.html (189 words)

	Find in a Library: Gaunilo, in behalf of the fool, and Anselm, reply
		Find in a Library: Gaunilo, in behalf of the fool, and Anselm, reply
		Gaunilo, in behalf of the fool, and Anselm, reply
		WorldCat is provided by OCLC Online Computer Library Center, Inc. on behalf of its member libraries.
	worldcatlibraries.org /wcpa/ow/877d0391d25d9d61a19afeb4da09e526.html (81 words)

	Gaunilo's Problems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		So logically, that than which a greater cannot be thought cannot exist in the mind alone.
		Gaunilo phrases it positively—just because I think of (imagine) x, I can’t say that x exists in reality; Anselm say that if I can think of that than which a greater cannot be thought, I cannot say that it only exists in my mind!
		We may be able to understand the description of the most excellent island.
	www.carroll.edu /~msmillie/philomed/gaunilo.htm (350 words)

	Gaunilo's Perfect Island
		Parallel arguments purporting to prove the existence of any perfect thing at all can be constructed.
		This objection was first raised by one of Anselm’s contemporaries, the monk Gaunilo of Marmoutiers, who constructed an ontological argument for the existence of the perfect island in his On Behalf of the Fool.
		The perfect island, this argument goes, is the island than which no greater can be conceived.
	www.philosophyofreligion.info /perfectisland.html (373 words)

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		St. Anselm, Archbishop of Canterbury, philosopher, father of scholastism, and doctor of the highly-esteemed Ontological Argument has in this work (Proslogium, Monologium, Cur Deus Homo, and Reply to Gaunilo)decribed and defended the nature of the most Trascendent Being in a profound yet simplistic manner.
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