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	1421 - The Book - The Author
		Gavin Menzies (Royal Navy Submarine Commanding Officer, retired) first went to China in 1937, where he spent the first two years of his life.
		He joined the Royal Navy in 1953 and served in submarines from 1959 to 1970.
		Since leaving the Royal Navy, he has returned to China and the Far East many times, and in the course of researching 1421 he has visited 120 countries, over 900 museums and libraries and every major seaport of the late Middle Ages.
	www.1421.tv /pages/content/index.asp?PageID=71 (134 words)

	Gavin Menzies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Menzies joined the Royal Navy in 1953 and served in submarines from 1959 to 1970.
		Menzies and one of his subordinates were found responsible in the ensuing enquiry.
		In 1996 Gavin Menzies, under his full name of Rowan Gavin Paton Menzies, was declared a vexatious litigant by HM Courts Service[1].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gavin_Menzies (338 words)

	1421 hypothesis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Menzies also believes that unexplained structures such as the Newport Tower and the Bimini Road were constructed by Zheng He's men.
		Menzies claims the Kangnido map (1402) (above) seems to describe the entirety of the Old World, from Europe and Africa in the west, to Korea and Japan in the east, with an oversized China in the middle.
		Menzies says one of the inscriptions on the Fra Mauro map (1459) relates the travels of an Asian junk deep into the Atlantic Ocean around 1420.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/1421_hypothesis (1617 words)

	Robert Finlay \| How Not to (Re)Write World History: Gavin Menzies and the Chinese Discovery of America \| Journal of ...
		According to Menzies, proof of the passage of the Ming fleets to the Americas, Australia, New Zealand, and Polynesia is overwhelming and indisputable.
		Menzies does not address the awkward question of why Ma, a stickler for detail and an aficionado of novelties, never mentions the wondrous excursion of his comrades to the Americas and Australia.
		Menzies assumes, however, that his undocumented estimate of 4.8 knots for the Indian Ocean voyages holds as well for the global cruises of the Ming fleets.
	www.historycooperative.org /journals/jwh/15.2/finlay.html (5544 words)

	Four Corners - 31/07/2006: Program Transcript
		GAVIN MENZIES, AUTHOR: Ladies and gentlemen, first may I thank Phoenix Satellite Television Holdings Ltd for so kindly inviting the 1421 organisation to join in our expedition in pursuit of my opinion that the Chinese were the first to discover the New World.
		Gavin Menzies and his agent decided that the best way to create a bidding war was for Mr Menzies to announce his historic discovery as dramatically as possible.
		GAVIN MENZIES, AUTHOR: I argued that all of the great explorers had maps, that there was a master map of the world, and that the Chinese drew it and the Chinese circumnavigated the world.
	www.abc.net.au /4corners/content/2006/s1702333.htm (6130 words)

	Savage Minds: Notes and Queries in Anthropology — A Group Blog » More on Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Menzies was in Auckland promoting his latest edition, which centres on the voyage of a fleet of Chinese ships dispatched to explore the world by China’s emperor Zhu Di in 1421.
		Menzies said his book had been well-received around the world but had drawn hostile criticism in New Zealand—because academics were government servants out to protect their pensions.
		Gavin Menzies (author of a book called 1421: The Year China Discovered The World–which I have not read) claims all sorts of interesting selective stuff about Chinese exploration of the Pacific (transcript of a speech, here) and most mindbogglingly, that the Maori were not actually Polynesians but result of "Melanesian slaves raping Chinese prostitutes".
	savageminds.org /2006/05/08/more-on-gavin-menzies (938 words)

	The Chinese discovered America! - Salon
		Menzies' book is fractured history, a mishmash of off-base conclusions drawn from amateurish research and wide-eyed "discovery" of well-known facts.
		Menzies' book is not a complete fabrication the way that the ersatz Hitler diaries were (although there is a bit of trickery behind that Royal Geographical Society presentation: Menzies was not invited to speak as an esteemed scholar, but rented the lecture hall for 1,200 pounds and invited the audience).
		Nor is Menzies' own identity subject to doubt, as are the autobiographical credentials provided by Kola Boof, author of the short story collection "Long Train to the Redeeming Sin" published in November 2001, who claims that she is the subject of a fatwa in her home country of Sudan.
	dir.salon.com /story/books/feature/2003/01/07/menzies/index.html (976 words)

	1421: The Year China Discovered America, Gavin Menzies
		Gavin Menzies creates an intriguing tale, but his methods leave the reader waiting for additional evidence as well as the opposing viewpoint before making up their mind.
		Menzies does state in his Acknowledgements that "this is a book for the general reader, not the academic", and he does offer to make his notes available as well as provide an internet site with more information.
		Menzies through the course of telling his story bombards the reader with a lot of circumstantial evidence in such a way as to make his conclusions look like the only possible explanation.
	www.marked4sale.com /product_book/1421_0060537639 (1354 words)

	CNN.com - Did the Chinese discover America? - Jan. 13, 2003
		Menzies, a former Royal Navy submarine commander, is a soft-spoken and diminutive presence, not at all the obsessive eccentric he's been painted in the press.
		According to Menzies' findings, an armada of 800 massive junks set sail in the spring to return delegates who had attended the Forbidden City's inauguration to their nations, and to explore, map and bring tribute from the uncharted reaches beyond the horizons.
		Menzies focuses on a fortuitous synchronicity: the presence of a Venetian trader named Niccolo da Conti, who met with the Chinese in the southwest Indian trading hub of Calicut.
	edition.cnn.com /2003/SHOWBIZ/books/01/13/1421 (1123 words)

	The Epoch Times \| Book Review: Reassembling History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		In “1421: The Year China Discovered America,” Gavin Menzies rewrites American and Chinese history as he assembles evidence pointing to the discovery that the first ocean navigators to reach North America and circumnavigate the world were the Ming Dynasty Chinese.
		Menzies is a former commanding naval officer in the British Royal Navy.
		Menzies brings forth European maps displayed in museums and libraries around Europe, depicting islands in the Caribbean, Antarctica and coasts of Australia that were charted decades, even centuries before historically acknowledged European discoverers such as Magellan and Cook reached those destinations.
	english.epochtimes.com /news/4-8-3/22683.html (828 words)

	1421 bunkum
		I purchased a copy of Gavin Menzies' '1421: The Year China Discovered the World', published by Transworld, on the basis that it was classified as 'History' in their catalogue.
		Menzies points to, real or imagined, can be explained through many avenues, the most likely being that Arab navigators, who had been traveling these waters for 600 years before the Chinese, had produced maps of areas they traveled to.
		Menzies claims that a number of mylodons (a type of giant sloth) had been taken from South America to New Zealand and China by the Ming ships.
	www.maritimeasia.ws /topic/1421bunkum.html (1646 words)

	Amazon.co.uk: 1421: The Year China Discovered the World: Books: Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Menzies makes a point of presenting a lot of "evidence" to support his claims, most of it being very hard for the reader to judge.
		Menzies claims that there is "almost universal agreement that the structure is man made", however he does not mention that he is not quoting the opinion of science but the opinion of people who firmly believe in psychics and aliens, i.e.
		Menzies argues that Colombus, Da Gama, Magellan, and Cook all followed in the wake of these Chinese discoveries, and in almost all cases, relied upon Chinese navigational and cartographic knowledge.
	www.amazon.co.uk /exec/obidos/ASIN/0553815229 (2178 words)

	1421: The Year China Discovered America - PowerBookSearch! (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Gavin Menzies was born in 1937 and lived in China for two years before the Second World War.
		Menzies, a former submarine commander and a full-time amateur historian, has constructed a persuasive case that Chinese exploration reached deeply into the Western Hemisphere and began more than 70 years before 1492.
		Menzies, a retired British navy commander, amasses a wealth of circumstantial evidence from early maps, folklore, the distribution of flora and fauna, shipwrecks, material artifacts, and so on in support of his thesis that Columbus and his peers actually sailed with maps that showed the New World they were credited with discovering.
	www.powerbooksearch.com /booksearch0060537639.html (1756 words)

	The myth of Menzies' "1421 " exposed
		This article critically examines the evidence and claims made by Gavin Menzies of Ming Dynasty Chinese circumnavigation of the world in 1421: the year China discovered the World.
		It concludes that the evidence presented remains highly speculative and is not sufficient to justify the conclusions Menzies draws.
		It was certainly produced by someone educated in simplified characters (meaning under the PRC in the last 50 years) and the purpose of the map is to support the Menzies thesis (and so it was produced within the last four years).
	www.1421exposed.com (592 words)

	Menzies, 1421 and Australia, by Dan Byrnes
		Gavin Menzies, a former British submariner/navigator, author of 1421: The Year That China Discovered The World, is visiting Warrnambool in September this year (2005) to test his startling theory against resolution of the mystery of The Mahogany Ship.
		Menzies writes, when the surviving ships of the 1421 fleet returned home, having exercised curiosities as they had, a regime change meant that the information gathered was suppressed, even destroyed, in the interests of Imperial reclusiveness.
		Menzies writes, the way the South Magnetic Pole varies would have given the Chinese problems with their north-pointing lodestones, However, they had determined to try to get a fix on Canopus, to at least to try to get under Crucis Alpha, the leading star of the Southern Cross.
	users.northnet.com.au /~danbyrnes/comment/menzies1421.htm (5891 words)

	Is Gavin Menzies Right or Wrong?
		Gavin Menzies, a former British Royal Navy officer, argues in the bestseller 1421: The Year China Discovered America, that squadrons from Zheng He's fleets, between 1421 and 1423, did indeed get to the Americas first--as well as to Greenland, Antarctica, Australia and New Zealand.
		Menzies has no "smoking gun" that proves his theory-- because the xenophobic Confucian officials who advised the later Ming emperors destroyed all records of these sea voyages.
		First, Menzies claims that Chinese maps from as early as 1428, allegedly showing parts of North and South America and some Atlantic islands, were used by European explorers (including Columbus) when they started their own voyages decades later.
	hnn.us /articles/1308.html (538 words)

	Gavin Menzies' Zheng He Theory - China History Forum, chinese history forum
		Aptly enough, Menzies’ book was released in the United States with the more ethnocentric title 1421: The Year China Discovered America, one calculated to further sensationalize an issue that already has Americans wondering whether they should rewrite their history books.
		Menzies stated that he was surprised to meet two professors in China who were making the same argument.
		The reason why Thomas book does not deserve to be taken seriously (unlike Menzies’, I would argue) is not his ‘X-phile’ readership, but rather the fact that he does not actually try to prove the theory that he opportunistically used as his book’s selling point right after the WTC attacks.
	www.chinahistoryforum.com /index.php?showtopic=298&st=90 (5022 words)

	sam north ::: reviews ::: 1421 - Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		As Menzies says: In 1431 Henry ordered his sea-captains to go and find the islands of Antilia shown on the 1428 chart.
		Menzies, over many years consulted with as many historians and archivists who would cooperate to prove his fantastic theory that the Chinese had literally mapped the world before anyone else.
		If you care about history and the truth, if you have even a passing interest in China (which is headed back to the position of power it held in the fourteenth and fifteenth century), then 1421 is a book you should read.
	www.samnorth.com /1421.html (943 words)

	Amazon.fr : 1421: The Year China Discovered America: Livres: Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Menzie's claims as a navigator and expert in chart-reading do bear up under scrutiny, but this does mean that his interpretations are necessarily correct.
		However, Menzies' conclusions here are based on interpretation that rests on the shifting sands of myth, legend, and documents with variable ideas of accuracy.
		Menzies is passionate in his writing, but so far has failed to be convincing.
	www.amazon.fr /exec/obidos/ASIN/0060537639 (1219 words)

	Amazon.com: 1421: The Year China Discovered America: Books: Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Menzies thesis is that the Chinese sailed around the world in 1421 and on side jaunts discovered Antarctica, the North Pole, circumnavigated Greenland (!!), and left colonies all over the Americas including building stone towers near Boston.
		Menzies believes that these maps originated in the Chinese explorations, the information passed on to foreign contacts even while it was being obliterated at home.
		Menzies' partiality towards maps and questions of navigation is undoubtedly grounded in his background as a former commander of a Royal Navy nuclear submarine.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/006054094X?v=glance (2501 words)

	SPACE.com -- EXCLUSIVE: Historian Gavin Menzies on Pre-Columbus Voyage by Chinese
		British amateur historian Gavin Menzies received a book contract Tuesday for the publication of new theory that a Chinese admiral with a fleet of 100 ships beat Columbus to America and circumnavigated the globe almost a century before Magellan.
		Menzies created a stir among historians last Friday when he presented the broad outlines of his theory, but not the fine points, during a lecture to the Royal Geographical Society in London.
		Menzie's book will be published by Transworld Publishing and is expected out in hardback in the United States and the United Kingdom in September.
	www.space.com /spacewatch/menzies_china_020321.html (1022 words)

	Book Reviews, October/November 2003: "1421" by Gavin Menzies and "The Power of Now" by Eckhart Tolle
		Menzies' passion is old maps and charts, and anomalies he found in pre-Columbian European maps sparked his research.
		Menzies says, their memory was "expunged so completely over the succeeding decades that they might never have existed" (pp.
		Menzies states, "A mountain of evidence -- wrecks, blood groups, architecture, painting, customs, linguistics, clothes, technology, artifacts, dye-stuffs, plants and animals transferred between China and South America -- points to a pervasive Chinese influence the length of the Pacific coast of Central and South America, and inland" (p.
	www.theosophy-nw.org /theosnw/world/asia/bkrv1003.htm (1052 words)

	Amazon.ca: 1421: The Year China Discovered the World: Books: Gavin Menzies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Menzies has brought a common sense (or in this case a Navigator's sense)to re-examine the widely accepted belief that Columbus discovered America.In a well reasoned and well written book, he asks questions which are pertinent to the foundations of that belief.
		Menzies may not (yet) have proven his case, but he raises questions that are not so easy to answer.
		Gavin Menzies takes what is an interesting subject - the exploration of the world prior to the age of exploration by the Europeans, and turns it into a flight of fancy.
	www.amazon.ca /1421-Year-China-Discovered-World/dp/0593050789 (2325 words)

	1421: The Year China Discovered America - HistoryWiz Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-18)
		Menzies is married, has two daughters and lives in North London.
		Menzies makes the fascinating argument that the Chinese discovered the Americas a full 70 years before Columbus.
		Menzies' enthusiasm is infectious and his energy boundless.
	books.historywiz.org /moreinfo/1421.htm (1774 words)

	Zheng He
		The following is a log of events since Gavin Menzies delivered his lecture to Royal Geographical Society in London, about evidence of Zheng He reaching the Americas 70 years before Christopher Columbus.
		The British submarine engineer and historian Gavin Menzies made an astounding seminar on March 15, 2002 to the Royal Geographical Society in London, with evidence to support his theory that Zheng He, the Chinese navigator in Ming dynasty, beat Columbus by more than 70 years in discovering America.
		Menzies indicates that he has found sunken ships of Zheng He’s fleet in the Carribeans, but he refuses to disclose the location until he publishes his book.
	www.asiawind.com /hakka/zheng_he.htm (1142 words)

	Four Corners - 31/07/2006: Junk History
		Zheng He was real and remarkable — but perhaps not as remarkable as Menzies claims, for he suggests that the fifteenth century eunuch admiral and his captains set out on an enormous undocumented voyage.
		Gavin Menzies has lectured at Melbourne University and is invited to attend conferences around the world.
		Menzies writes, amongst other things, that New Zealand Maori are not Polynesians but a cross breed of Chinese concubines and Melanesians.
	www.abc.net.au /4corners/content/2006/s1699373.htm (583 words)

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