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Topic: Gbe languages

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Gur languages

Ewe language

Kwa languages

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	Gbe languages - Information at Halfvalue.com
		The Gbe language area is bordered to the west and east by the Volta river in Ghana and the Weme river in Nigeria.
		The Bight of Benin, which is precisely the area where the Gbe languages are spoken, was one of the centers of the slave trade at the turn of the eighteenth century.
		The tones of Gbe nouns are often affected by the consonant of the noun stem.
	www.halfvalue.com /wiki.jsp?topic=Gbe_languages (3880 words)

	Gbe languages - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Gbe language area is bordered to the west and east by the Volta river in Ghana and the Weme river in Nigeria.
		The Bight of Benin, which is precisely the area where the Gbe languages are spoken, was one of the centers of the slave trade at the turn of the 18th century.
		The tones of Gbe nouns are often affected by the consonant of the noun stem.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gbe_languages (3689 words)

	Gbe - PanAfriL10n
		Gbe, Ci (Ci is very close linguistically to Fon and is considered to be the same by Ci speakers.
		Gen is one of the languages used for adult literacy by the Benin government and one of the six with government post-literacy programs.
		Ewe is a tonal language with four tones: a rising tone marked by an acute accent (é), a falling tone marked by a grave accent (è), a falling-rising tone marked by a caron accent (ě), and a rising-falling accent marked by circumflex accent (ê).
	www.panafril10n.org /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Gbe (1347 words)

	Atlas of the Languages of Suriname, Reviewed for Kacike by Janette Bulkan Forte
		The Arawak language, which was attested early on in the conquest is among the few survivors of the indigenous languages of the Caribbean area.
		The various creole languages of Suriname are assumed to have a common origin in a contact language in use on the plantations in the coastal area of Suriname in the latter half of the 17
		Language, too, participates in this religious division: while the reformist mosques emphasize the use of Arabic in prayer, the conservative, west-facing mosques pray using an old-fashioned, literary Javanese, almost as impenetrable to the congregation as Arabic would be.
	www.kacike.org /ForteAtlas.htm (6486 words)

	SCL Presenters and Biodata
		Otelemate Harry is a Lecturer in Linguistics in the Department of Language, Linguistics and Philosophy, The University of the West Indies, Mona.
		Dhanis Jaganauth is a Lecturer in Linguistics in the Department of Language, Linguistics and Philosophy, The University of the West Indies, Mona.
		Samuel Furé Davis is a Professor of English Language and Anglo-Caribbean Literature in the Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Havana, Cuba.
	www.scl-online.net /scl_bioweb.html (4869 words)

	PanAfrLoc \| PanAfrLoc / Gbe (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		Gbe, Ci (Ci is very close linguistically to Fon and is considered to be the same by Ci speakers.
		Gbe, Tofin (Lexical similarity 88% with Gun, 87% with Fon, 82% with Eastern Xwla, 75% with Ayizo, 66% with Gen)
		Gbe, Western Xwla (Lexical similarity 86% with Gun, 84% with Fon, 73% with Gen, 68% with Aja, 90% with Xwela, 88% with Saxwe)
	www.bisharat.net /wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Gbe (871 words)

	Ashoka Fellow Profile - Kwesi Prah
		For example, speakers of Gbe, a common root language in West Africa, would be able to communicate in writing with other native speakers in Nigeria, Benin, and Togo.
		Kwesi asserts that the eleven languages are in fact dialects of four root languages.
		By creating a written form of Nguni, all these communities will have access to materials in their own language that is also culturally sensitive.The impact of this unification has huge implications given the history of division between, for example, South Africa's Zulu and the Xhosa speaking people.
	www.ashoka.org /fellows/viewprofile3.cfm?reid=96505 (743 words)

	Language information - The world speaks Pro-Tran
		It is intended to assist you in deciding which languages to use for your website translation.
		The result is around 4500 languages, which we separate into "primary" and "secondary".
		Languages are classified as "primary" if they are spoken by more than one million persons.
	www.pro-tran.com /en/Sprachen-Informationen/Sprachen-Informationen.html (146 words)

	Foundation For Endangered Languages. Newsletter 15
		Minority languages and linguistic and cultural diversity: In addition to their relevance in the definition of human rights and minority rights standards, regional or minority languages should be explicitly recognised as essential elements of linguistic and cultural diversity as well as an important aspect of the identity of users of the regional or minority languages.
		The recognition of the duty of the individual states to retain languages still spoken in their territories in addition to the national language or languages is one of the foundations of Europe which will continue to excel by its variety of languages and cultures.
		Language descriptions in general, and descriptions of sofar undescribed unclassified languages in particular, may be a way to offer some answers to linguistic, ethno-historical, and cultural issues.
	www.ogmios.org /155.htm (7028 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		In the case of creole languages, however, the interpretation of phenomena as grammaticalization in this sense may be problematic, an important complicating factor being the possibility of influence from other languages present in the contact situation in which a creole develops.
		The grammaticalization chain in the Gbe languages - which itself may be assumed to have arisen by ordinary grammaticalization - has served as a channel for the transfer of that pattern into Sranan.
		On the basis of interlingual identification, items in the creole language assumed functions that are performed by corresponding items in the native languages.
	www.let.leidenuniv.nl /ulcl/events/seminar/2002spring/bruyn.txt (358 words)

	SYNTACTIC FUNCTIONS - FOCUS ON THE PERIPHERY
		In this regard, the Gbe languages display discrete free morphemes that mark topicalized and focused constituents and could be thought as the manifestations of such slots (1).
		From the Syntax of Gungbe to the Grammar of Gbe.
		In verb-second languages like German and Dutch, structures like (2) are unusual because the preposed adverbial clause is part of the syntactic periphery, whereas it ought normally to function as a consti-tuent filling the "forefield" of the main clause verb.
	www.ling.helsinki.fi /sky/tapahtumat/synfunct/synfunctabstr.htm (10418 words)

	GBE - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Gbe, GBE, or GbE can mean: Gbe languages, a group of languages in West Africa; Knight or Dame Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire, part of the British honours system...
		The Gbe languages (pronounced [g͡be]) form a cluster of about twenty related languages stretching across the area between eastern Ghana and western Nigeria
		Get detailed information on GRUBB (GBE) including quote performance, Real-Time ECN, technical chart analysis, key stats, insider transactions, and the latest company headlines.
	encarta.msn.com /GBE.html (109 words)

	Linguistics Program - University of Florida
		Helene Blondeau (Ph.D. Montreal) is a linguist in the Romance Languages and Literatures department.
		Andrea Pham (Ph.D. University of Toronto) is a linguist in the department of African and Asian Languages and Literatures.
		Her current interests involve Japanese language and culture, the history of linguistics, language in Japanese society, and the origins of linguistics in Japan.
	web.lin.ufl.edu /faculty.html (1002 words)

	[No title]
		The main objective of the proposed research is to investigate the role of influence from West African (specifically Gbe) languages in shaping the TMA system of the early creole that emerged on the plantations of Suriname roughly between 1680 and 1720.
		The communities chosen for fieldwork in Benin are the modern counterparts of the Gbe groups who were involved in the slave trade to Suriname either as slaves or traders.
		Our main objective is to determine the extent to which Gbe TMA categories match those of the Surinamese creoles, and hence the degree to which Gbe (and other West African) languages might have influenced the emergence of the early Surinamese TMA system.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /~dwinford/nsf_project_summary.doc (621 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Diedrich Hermann Westermann
		His linguistic publications cover a wide range of African languages, including the Gbe languages, Nuer, Kpelle, Shilluk, Hausa, and Guang.
		In 1927 Westermann published a Practical Orthography of African Languages which became later known as the Westermann script.
		Westermann, Diedrich H. Die Sudansprachen Languages of the Sudan.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Diedrich_Hermann_Westermann (266 words)

	SOCIETY FOR PIDGIN AND CREOLE LINGUISTICS
		Although this language has been claimed to be Arawakan (Taylor 1956), its actual linguistic status is in doubt in view of the multiple influences that its speakers were subjected to in the course of their diaspora from South America to Central America.
		The language is now subjected to the dominance of Belizean Creole (in Belize) and Spanish (in Honduras) to the extent that younger generations have in the majority of cases stopped learning it.
		In sum, this research critically examines the notion of language loss and language learning from a traditional SLA perspective while considering, instead, the process of pidginization in examining the language that these children are acquiring in school.
	www.fiu.edu /~creowksh/SPCL_2002AnnualMeeting_San_Francisco.htm (10817 words)

	2005 LSA Institute - People - Aboh
		Enoch Aboh is a researcher at the University of Amsterdam with appointments in the Department of Linguistics and the Amsterdam Center for Language and Communication.
		His research interests include the (micro)comparative syntax of Kwa languages and the Atlantic creoles, in parallel with the (macro)comparative syntax of Kwa, Germanic, and Romance.
		The structural relationship between the Gbe-languages of West Africa and the Suriname Creole languages," which aimed to identify and account for potential structural relationships between the Surinamese Creoles and the Gbe languages (Kwa).
	web.mit.edu /lsa2005/people/bios/aboh.html (234 words)

	Web resources for Kwa languages
		Note that a number of languages that used to be classified as Kwa languages, e.g.
		Rhythm in West African tone languages: a study of Ibibio, Anyi and Ega (PDF).
		A synchronic lexical study of Gbe language varieties: the effects of different similarity judgment criteria (HTML+PDF).
	goto.glocalnet.net /maho/webresources/kwa.html (853 words)

	Ethnologue report for Benin
		There are Aja people living in villages mixed with other language groups in the Zou Province, Djidja and Agbangnizoun subprefectures.
		Dialects: A member of the Gbe language cluster.
		Lexical similarity 82% with Gbe Ayizo, 81% with Fon, 69% with Gen, 65% with Aja.
	www.ethnologue.com /show_country.asp?name=BJ (1886 words)

	CNWS Newsletter June 2003 - News from the departments
		The structural relationships between the Gbe languages of West-Africa and the Surinamese Creole Languages’ which is sponsored by the Dutch Research Council (NOW), The Spinoza Programme (Pieter Muysken), and the Arts Faculty, University of Amsterdam.
		The aim of the project is to document the Logba and Nyagbo-Tafi languages which, together with the better described Avatime, form the southernmost cluster of the Ghana-Togo Mountain languages (GTM languages).
		Logba and Nyagbo-Tafi are among the least studied languages of Ghana and both languages are threatened by Ewe, the regional language that surrounds them and to which both adults and children are shifting.
	www.cnws.leidenuniv.nl /index.php3?m=48&c=60 (2239 words)

	LSA.132 \| The Syntax of Edges
		Several facts about languages (e.g., dislocations, object shift, demonstrative reinforcement, DP-internal topic) suggest that certain generalizations that have been made for the C-system should extend to other peripheral domains, such as the NP-periphery (or the D-system) and the VP-periphery.
		The empirical focus of the class will be on aspects of the syntax of Gbe (Kwa) languages.
		After a brief introduction to the general aspects of Gbe syntax, we will turn to certain structures (e.g., OV constructions, complex predicates, noun phrases), which point to a strong correlation between the C-system, the D-system, and the VP-periphery.
	web.mit.edu /lsa2005/courses/descriptions/132.html (160 words)

	Haitian Creole Article, HaitianCreole Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-28)
		It is spoken in Haiti by about 7.5 million people (as of 1998), which isnearly the whole population.
		There are linguistic influences from several West African languages, namely from Wolof, andsome Gbe languages, notably Fon and Ewe / Anlo-Ewe.
		It is not to be confused with Haitian Vodoun Culture Language.
	www.anoca.org /language/french/haitian_creole.html (223 words)

	Africa - Cartes linguistiques / Linguistic maps
		LANGUAGES IN CENTRAL AND SOUTH OF AFRICA AND MADAGASCAR
		LANGUAGES IN NORTH, EAST AND CENTRAL OF AFRICA
		Extinct languages : Baygo, Berti, Birked, Gule, Homa, Mittu, Togoyo, Torona
	www.muturzikin.com /carteafrique.htm (1154 words)

	Fon language resources
		Ewe is one of the better documented languages of Africa, partly due to the...
		...have their own languages, although French is the official language, which is spoken mostly in the cities.
		Of the indigenous languages, the Fon and Yoruba languages are most common.
	www.mongabay.com /indigenous_ethnicities/languages/languages/Fon.html (1376 words)

	Using and Porting GNU Fortran
		While the code that implements the GBE is written in a combination of languages, the GBE itself is, to the front end for a language like Fortran, best viewed as a compiler that compiles its own, unique, language.
		The GBE's "source", then, is written in this language, which consists primarily of a combination of calls to GBE functions and tree nodes (which are, themselves, created by calling GBE functions).
		GBEL is an evolving language, not fully specified in any published form as of this writing.
	www.delorie.com /gnu/docs/gcc/g77_684.html (798 words)

	UF Department of African and Asian Languages and Literature
		I am interested in descriptive, documentary and theoretical linguistics, especially in the domain of syntax, semantics and pragmatics; contact linguistics; language and culture; Kwa languages of West Africa, especially Gbe (i.e.
		Ewe, Gen, Aja and Fon), Akan, and Ghana-Togo Mountain languages, and creole studies.
		Lately, I have been working on the influence of the Gbe languages on Suriname creoles, and, more recently, the description and documentation of Nyangbo, one of the Ghana-Togo Mountain languages.
	www.aall.ufl.edu /faculty/bios/essegbey.htm (139 words)

	g77 : Front End
		The `gcc' back end (GBE) is a large, complex labyrinth of intricate code written in a combination of the C language and specialized languages internal to `gcc'.
		While the _code_ that implements the GBE is written in a combination of languages, the GBE itself is, to the front end for a language like Fortran, best viewed as a _compiler_ that compiles its own, unique, language.
		Because the GBE's original, and still primary, goal was to directly support the GNU C language, the GBEL, and the GBE itself, requires more complexity on the part of most front ends than it requires of `gcc''s.
	techpubs.sgi.com /library/dynaweb_docs/fw/usr/freeware/info_tpl/g77/g77_24.html (7641 words)

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