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Topic: Geiger Mueller tube

	Geiger-Müller tube - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		It consists of a tube filled with an inert gas such as helium, neon or argon, in some cases in a Penning mixture, and an organic vapor or a halogen.
		The walls of the tube are either metal or the inside coated with metal or graphite to form the cathode whilst the anode is a wire passing up the centre of the tube.
		However, neutron-sensitive tubes can be produced which either have the inside of the tube coated with boron or contain boron trifluoride or helium-3 gas.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geiger-Mueller_tube (685 words)

	Geiger counter - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Geiger counters can be used to detect alpha and beta radiation.
		The sensor is a Geiger-Müller tube, a gas-filled tube that briefly conducts electricity when a particle or photon of radiation briefly makes the gas (normally inert Argon gas) conductive.
		In 1928, Geiger and Walther Müller (a PhD student of Geiger) improved the counter so that it could detect all kinds of ionizing radiation.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Geiger_counter (559 words)

	Jochen's High Voltage Page : Geiger counters (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		Geiger counters are devices to detect and measure ionizing radiation, as emitted by radioactive sources.
		Geiger counter circuits can be bought complete or as kits from many electronic and surplus stores, often cheaper than a GM tube alone.
		The count rate (often in cpm = counts per minute) depends, among others, on the geiger mueller tube, the type and energy of radiation and the geometry of the measurement, and therefore is difficult to convert to dose rate (Sv/h) or activity (Bq or Ci).
	www.kronjaeger.com /hv/rad/det/geiger (471 words)

	Detecting Radiation - Build Your Own Geiger Counter page 2
		The wall of the GM tube is a thin metal (cathode) cylinder surrounding a center electrode (anode).
		The metal wall of the GM tube serves as the cathode of the GM Tube.
		In the GM tube, the electron liberated from the atom by the particle, and the positive ionized atom both move rapidly towards the high potential electrodes of the GM tube.
	www.imagesco.com /articles/geiger/02.html (392 words)

	The Islamia University Bahawalpur Pakistan [Modren Physics Lab]
		When ionizing radiation passes through the tube, a short, intense pulse of current passes from the negative electrode to the positive electrode and is measured or counted.
		A GM tube is a sealed chamber with a pair of internal electrodes and filled to low pressure with an easily ionizable gas.
		Evaluate Geiger tube by measuring the slope of plateau from the graph, it should be less than 10%.
	www.iub.edu.pk /Physics_Modren.jsp (1263 words)

	GCSE Nuclear Radiation: Detection
		Geiger-Müller tube with some form of counter attached, which usually tells us the number of particles detected per minute ("counts per minute").
		The tube is filled with Argon gas, and around +400 Volts are applied to the thin wire in the middle.
		This is amplified by a "photomultiplier tube" which results in a burst of electrons large enough to be detected.
	www.darvill.clara.net /nucrad/detect.htm (869 words)

	The Geiger-Müller Tube and Poisson Statistics
		Positive high voltage is applied to a wire along the central axis of the chamber and the conducting walls of the tube are connected to ground potential.
		A typical Geiger-Müller tube detects only 1-10% of the incident radiation from a source placed near the end-window of the tube.
		Plot your curve and designate clearly the operating voltage (center of the plateau region) to be used in the rest of the experiment.
	cat.middlebury.edu /~PHManual/geiger.html (647 words)

	Geiger-Müller Counter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The appropriate potential difference to be applied to a Geiger-Müller tube is determined by plotting a graph of "count rate" obtained when a radioactive source is placed near the tube versus the applied voltage.
		A Geiger-Müller tube consists of a glass envelope containing a low-pressure gas (usually a mixture of methane with argon and neon) and two electrodes, with a cylindrical mesh being the cathode and a fine-wire anode running through the centre of the tube.
		A potential difference of +1,000 volts relative to the tube is maintained between the electrodes, therefore creating a strong electric field near the wire.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~jrcpeng/counter.html (347 words)

	geiger-mueller (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A Geiger Counter contains a Geiger-Mueller tube sometimes referred as a G-M tube which is used to measure the radioactivity of a substance.
		The tube is in the shape of a hollow cylinder with a window on the bottom.
		The GM tube cannot distinguish between the three types of nuclear radiation however it is the most sensitive to beta radiaition.
	www.warren-wilson.edu /~bmacleod/web_project/geiger-mueller.html (715 words)

	Bias Supply Powers Low-Power Geiger-Mueller Tube - Maxim/Dallas
		One problem with Geiger-Mueller tubes, however, is their high bias voltage, which is 350V to 900V depending on the tube design and the mixture of gases used.
		Ideally, a given tube is biased to operate in the center of its 'plateau', a region of 100V to 150V in which the counting rate varies little with bias voltage (assuming a stable radiation field).
		The miniaturization of a portable radiation monitor is limited by the size of the tube which defines sensitivity, and by the amount of operating time between battery replacements or rechargings.
	www.maxim-ic.com /appnotes.cfm/appnote_number/3757 (635 words)

	[No title]
		Geiger Counters A Geiger counter (Geiger-Muller tube) is a device used for the detection and measurement of all types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma radiation.
		In order for the Geiger counter tube to restore itself quickly to its original state after radiation has entered, a gas is added to the tube.
		Some of the advantages of using a Geiger Counter are: They are relatively inexpensive They are durable and easily portable They can detect all types of radiation Some of the disadvantages of using a Geiger Counter are: They cannot differentiate which type of radiation is being detected.
	www.csupomona.edu /~pbsiegel/www/bio431/Chapter4.doc (1901 words)

	Radiation Detection - Radiation Alert - Quality Handheld Detectors from S.E. International,Inc. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		A Geiger counter senses ionizing radiation by means of a GM (Geiger Mueller) tube.
		When a ray or particle of ionizing radiation enters or passes through the tube, it is sensed electronically and displayed on the meter or LCD and by a red count light.
		The radiation from some isotopes can cause a Geiger tube to overexcite and cause an indication of a higher level of radiation than is actually there.
	www.seintl.com /spanish/basics.htm (1446 words)

	About Geigers
		Geiger counters are devices that detect radioactivity, another term for ionizing radiation, the four major types of which include Gamma, X-rays, Beta, and Alpha radiation.
		The Geiger-Mueller tube or detector is the heart of a Geiger counter.
		Geiger counters that have meter readouts in CPM, that is, Counts or Clicks per Minute, mimic the audible clicks in visual form.
	www.geigercounters.com /AboutGgr.htm (642 words)

	Gieger-Mueller Tube Interface Circuits by Joseph DiVerdi
		The maximum currrent passing through the tube must be limited to prevent a continuous flow of current which would disable and possibly damage it.
		The GM tube is shown schematically with its two electrodes, a fine wire and a cylinder, connected in series with a battery and a resistor.
		The resistor serves two functions: it limits the current flowing through the tube and provides a resistance across which a voltage is developed which is proportional to the tube current.
	www.sas.org /E-Bulletin/2002-06-21/features3/body.html (1285 words)

	GEIGER-MÜLLER COUNTER: A Skeptical Scrutiny of the Works and Theories of Wilhelm Reich
		(This tube is similar to Reich's VACOR tubes, and is in fact where Reich got his idea for VACOR tubes.) The two electrodes are wired to an adjustable high voltage source called the Geiger-Müller amplifier.
		But even within the Geiger plateau, the higher the voltage across the electrodes, the more sensitive the tube will be to lower levels of ionizing radiation, and the higher the impulse count will be for the same amount of radiation.
		The type of gas used in the tube, the length of the tube, the gas pressure in the tube, and even the temperature can affect the count rate at a particular voltage setting.
	home.netcom.com /~rogermw/Reich/geiger.html (887 words)

	Geiger counter
		The increased frequency of measured particles indicates the intensity of radiation.
		The number of particles emitted in one second by a radioactive source is known as the activity (or disintegration): 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second.
		The Geiger–Müller, Geiger–Klemperer, and Rutherford–Geiger counters are all devices often referred to loosely as Geiger counters.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016005.html (324 words)

	Ph 77 - The Geiger Counter And Counting Statistics - September 1997
		The dead time of the GM tube may be directly determined with an oscilloscope by observing the recovery envelope of the pulses.
		The GM tube output is a charge pulse whose amplitude is independent of the energy of the detected radiation.
		Estimate the efficiency of the GM tube using the attached plot of the total mass attenuation coefficient for aluminum and the energy of a
	www.kronjaeger.com /hv-old/radio/geiger/caltech/exp2.htm (2614 words)

	Geiger Counters
		The heart of a geiger counter is the Geiger-Mueller-Tube.
		Glass tubes are only suitable for beta and gamma rays, as any alphas are absorbed in the glass.
		Any good Geiger counter should be calibrated against a known radiation source.
	www.atomicrocks.com /html/geiger.html (190 words)

	A Modular Neutron Detector, Gas-Filled Radiation Detectors
		A gas-filled radiation detector is usually a glass tube that contains two concentric electrodes and a gas such as argon.
		The outer electrode is a metal tube; the inner electrode is a wire stretched between the ends of the tube along its axis.
		This tube is the heart of the Geiger counter.
	www.lanl.gov /quarterly/q_sum03/gas-filled.shtml (448 words)

	Radiochemistry: Decay of Protactinium-234m
		The Geiger tube is placed in such a way that the mica window can be positioned to the wall of the inactivated generator.
		When the layers re-establish the Geiger tube is adjusted so the mica window is at the level of the organic layer (Fig.
		Immediately after the generator had been placed in front of the Geiger tube, the sensing software was started.
	www.uni-regensburg.de /Fakultaeten/nat_Fak_IV/Organische_Chemie/Didaktik/Keusch/cassy_pa_hwz-e.htm (763 words)

	The Geiger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		The Geiger detects beta, gamma, and x radiation and is designed for educational applications.
		The Geiger is small, lightweight, and portable for easy use in the classroom or in the field.
		The special glass Geiger Mueller detector tube is visible through the translucent Lexan label on the rear panel.
	www.medcom.com /geiger.htm (239 words)

	Operation of G-M Counters
		A G-M tube is a gas-filled device with a high voltage applied to the cathode G-M tube wall and central anode wire.
		However, when the avalanche arrives at the anode, the voltage drops, and the G-M tube is not active to additional radiation detection.
		This is the "dead time." As a G-M tube ages, quench gas may become less effective, and you can have multiple pulses with a single radiation detected—not a desirable scenario.
	www.hps.org /publicinformation/ate/q2255.html (591 words)

	Lab E1: Statistics of Radioactive Decay
		In using the tube, be careful not to touch or bring anything close to the thin window at the bottom of the tube.
		You should notice that a red or orange light inside the Geiger tube is flashing.
		This indicates that the tube is detecting radioactive emissions.
	www.phy.duke.edu /~kolena/physics/labs/radstat.html (831 words)

	The Geiger Counter
		Fast electrons and ions emitted by radioactive materials do ionize atoms with which they collide, and Hans Geiger, an associate of Rutherford (ions, history) used this property to invent a sensitive detector for such particles.
		A "Geiger counter" usually contains a metal tube with a thin metal wire along its middle, the space in between them sealed off and filled with a suitable gas, and with the wire at about +1000 volts relative to the tube.
		An ion or electron penetrating the tube (or an electron knocked out of the wall by X-rays or gamma rays) tears electrons off atoms in the gas, and because of the high positive voltage of the central wire, those electrons are then attracted to it.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wgeiger.html (256 words)

	Geiger Counters how they work
		Some detected radiation by using a Geiger-Mueller tube that is filled with a gas for the detecting device.
		As radiation particles passed through the tube a voltage change would be detected and a light would flash and a clicking sound would be heard.
		This kind of detector was called a Geiger Counter and it was not very sensitive because it only reacted to less than 1% of the Gamma rays that penetrate it.
	members.aol.com /allnilo/g-count.htm (132 words)

	Geiger-Mueller (GM) Tubes - CANBERRA, An AREVA Group Company
		The CANBERRA Geiger Mueller tube has been carefully researched and developed to provide a rugged, reliable, long-lasting means of monitoring nuclear radiation levels.
		All CANBERRA Geiger Mueller tubes are guaranteed against defects in materials or workmanship for 1 year following shipment.
		As an end user of Geiger Mueller tubes for over 40 years, we have successfully bridged the gap between technical conception, detector design and field application to achieve the quality performance you demand.
	www.canberra.com /products/463.asp (316 words)

	Pioneer 4 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-31)
		It carried a payload similar to Pioneer 3: a lunar radiation environment experiment using a Geiger-Mueller tube detector and a lunar photography experiment.
		At the center of the cone was a voltage supply tube and two Geiger-Mueller tubes.
		A transmitter with a mass of 0.5 kg delivered a phase-modulated signal of 0.1 W at a frequency of 960.05 MHz.
	lunar.arc.nasa.gov /history/timeline/info/pioneer401.htm (300 words)

	What is a Geiger counter? - Answerbag.com
		Â Â Having been told that a geiger counter would probably not respond to x-rays, I've made a point of bringing mine along on those few occasions that I've had to be x-rayed.Â I can tell you, therefore, from direct experience, that my geiger counter does indeed respond to x-rays.
		A Geiger counter is a device used to detect and measure radioactivity.
		The Gieger- Muller tube is the basis for the instrument.
	www.answerbag.com /q_view.php/9323 (478 words)

	Geiger Müller Tubes
		This tube is for Gamma radiation only, with a 760 volt Geiger threshold and a 900 volt operating voltage.
		Our Geiger tubes were produced in the 1950s we believe and are very delicate.
		You can be assured they are new and never used when shipped and since Halogen quenched tubes have a virtually unlimited life, if care is taken, you should have no problem constructing your own geiger counter.
	www.surplussales.com /Tubes-Sock-Acc/geiger.html (351 words)

	Electrical Discharges
		The pressure in the tube is larger than the value giving minimum voltage to suppress sputtering of the cathode, which darkens the walls of the tubes and limits the life of the tube.
		The discharge tube is typically filled with 0.8 mmHg helium and 0.1 mmHg neon, excited by a dc discharge, an ac discharge, or radio-frequency discharge.
		The tube, which is from 5/8" to 1.5" in diameter, and 9" to 48" long, has an oxide-coated cathode with heater at each end.
	www.du.edu /~jcalvert/phys/dischg.htm (13885 words)

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