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Topic: Geiger counter

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	Build a Geiger Counter: for Lesson Plans & Science Fair Projects
		Geiger counters are used to detect radiation, usually alpha and beta radiation, but also other types of radiation as well.
		A variation of the Geiger tube is used to measure neutrons, where the gas used is Boron Trifluoride and a plastic moderator is used to slow the neutrons.
		The Geiger counter is sometimes used as a hardware random number generator.
	www.juliantrubin.com /encyclopedia/electronics/geiger_counter.html (1356 words)

	Geiger Counter
		Geiger counters are devices to detect and measure ionizing (nuclear) radiation.
		The geiger counter tube on the left is an end window tube, the one on the right is a pancake tube, with a much large mica window, giving much better sensitivity to alpha and beta radiation.
		Geiger counters are also typically much smaller, as ionization chambers need to be quite large, due to their low efficiency in detecting radiation.
	www.blackcatsystems.com /GM/geiger_counters.html (640 words)

	Geiger, Hans Wilhelm
		Geiger researched the detection of alpha particles (nuclear particles consisting of two neutrons and two protons), ionization (the formation of electrically charged atoms or molecules), and radioactivity (the emission of nuclear particles, such as alpha particles, or energy by atoms).
		When the Geiger counter is on, the difference in electric voltage between the positively charged electrode and the negatively charged walls of the tube is about 1000 volts.
		Geiger was awarded the Ph.D. by the University of Erlangen in 1906 and shortly thereafter joined the staff of the University of Manchester, where he became one of the most valuable collaborators of Ernest Rutherford.
	www.crownedanarchist.com /emc2/hans_wilhelm_geiger.htm (1315 words)

	Geiger counter - HighBeam Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: )
		Geiger counter or Geiger-Müller (G-M) counter, instrument for the detection and quantitative determination of ionizing radiation such as the alpha and beta rays given off by radioactive minerals and cosmic rays.
		Counters enable radioactive tracers to be followed as they make their way through complex organisms such as the human body; in medicine Geiger counters have found several successful uses in the location of malignancies.
		Fat man's legacy, little boy's ghost: Geiger counters, screaming fans, and a question-mark-shaped cloud on the horizon; Stewart Steinhauer reflects on his own brush with uranium mining and the resurgence of nuclear power at the crest of Hubbert's Peak.
	www.encyclopedia.com /doc/1E1-Geigerco.html (634 words)

	Jochen's High Voltage Page : Geiger counters
		Geiger counters are devices to detect and measure ionizing radiation, as emitted by radioactive sources.
		Geiger counter circuits can be bought complete or as kits from many electronic and surplus stores, often cheaper than a GM tube alone.
		The electronic circuit of a geiger counter (hv generation and amplifier) is fairly easy to build, and there are many more or less detailed plans around.
	www.kronjaeger.com /hv/rad/det/geiger/index.html (471 words)

	Counting on the Geiger Counter
		Geiger counters are good for measuring most forms of nuclear radiation, but not all. Nuclear radiation comes in four major varieties.
		At these lower gamma energies, the Geiger counter response relative to the response that it yields for the same radiation exposure rate from Cs-137 is higher.
		Most manufacturers of Geiger counters know how large this over response is and can provide such information. It should be pointed out that the response of the Geiger counter is accurate over a large range of gamma-energies that should make the over-response problem a rare event.
	www.fireworld.com /ifw_articles/geiger_0108.php (2296 words)

	energy and matter aim 1
		Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882-1945) was a German physicist who invented the Geiger counter for detecting radioactivity.
		With this counter, Geiger was able to show that approximately 3.4 x 10(to the power of 10) alpha particles are emitted per second by a gram of radium, and that each alpha particle has a double charge.
		Geiger's contribution to science in discovering a simple and reliable way of detecting radiation not only enabled discoveries to be made in nuclear physics, but also afforded an instant method of checking radiation levels and finding radioactive minerals.
	www.chemcool.com /biography/geiger.htm (779 words)

	Inventor of the Week: Archive
		Nuclear physicist Hans Geiger, whose surname is known the world over for his invention of the radioactivity measuring device known as the Geiger counter, was born Johannes Wilhelm Geiger in Neustadt-an-der-Haardt, Germany, on September 30, 1882.
		Geiger studied physics at the University of Munich and went on to complete his doctoral degree in the subject at the University of Erlangen in 1906.
		Geiger was also involved in a number of experiments that would lead to Rutherford’s breakthrough theory of the atom, which declared that the nucleus occupies a very small volume at the center of every atom.
	web.mit.edu /invent/iow/geiger.html (602 words)

	Geiger counter. The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001-07
		The gas becomes ionized whenever the counter is brought near radioactive substances, however little the quantity and however faint the emanations.
		The Geiger counter is used in the detection of cosmic rays and for locating radioactive minerals.
		Counters enable radioactive tracers to be followed as they make their way through complex organisms such as the human body; in medicine Geiger counters have found several successful uses in the location of malignancies.
	www.bartleby.com /65/ge/Geigerco.html (359 words)

	RTFTechnologies Geiger Counter
		The geiger tube was salved from a broken CDV-700 geiger counter ($10 on e-bay).
		The discharge causes the neon light in series with the tube to blink, as well as causing a voltage spike from the capacitor in parallel with the tube.
		Geiger tube is a Victoreen 6993 from a CDV-700 geiger counter.
	www.rtftechnologies.org /electronics/geiger.htm (503 words)

	GEIGER-MÜLLER COUNTER: A Skeptical Scrutiny of the Works and Theories of Wilhelm Reich
		A Geiger-Müller counter, sometimes simply called a Geiger counter or a GM counter, was invented in its modern form by Johannes Wilhelm "Hans" Geiger and Walther Müller in 1925.
		But even within the Geiger plateau, the higher the voltage across the electrodes, the more sensitive the tube will be to lower levels of ionizing radiation, and the higher the impulse count will be for the same amount of radiation.
		Reich had more than one G-M counter, and each counter was probably calibrated differently, yet in his writings he did not specify whether the same or a different counter was used for different measurements.
	home.netcom.com /~rogermw/Reich/geiger.html (887 words)

	CDV700 Geiger Counter Probe Rebuilding
		The geiger tube should be connected to the bottom of the probe assembly at this point.
		Plug the geiger tube into the socket and test the counter to verify that it is wired correctly.
		A BNC probe connector is a useful addition to the CDV700 geiger counter, it allows multiple probes to be used, and allows the probe wire to be repaired without opening up the counter.
	www.technick.net /public/code/cp_dpage.php?aiocp_dp=cir_solorb_geigerprobe (1379 words)

	Geiger Counter - Search Results - MSN Encarta
		Geiger Counter, device that detects and records information about subatomic particles emitted by radioactive substances.
		Geiger, Hans Wilhelm (1882-1945), German physicist and inventor of the Geiger counter, a type of particle detector.
		altimeter, barometer, calipers, clock, compass, dipstick, dividers, gauge, Geiger counter, level, meter, micrometer, mileometer, odometer,...
	encarta.msn.com /Geiger_Counter.html (142 words)

	Geiger Counter - Picture and Sound Clip - MSN Encarta
		A Geiger counter is a device used by scientists and surveyors for detecting the presence and intensity of radiation.
		The tube is filled with low-pressure gas and acts as an ionizing chamber.
		When radiation is detected, the Geiger counter produces a clicking, staticlike sound.
	encarta.msn.com /media_461536698/Geiger_Counter.html (126 words)

	Bargraph Geiger Counter
		The geiger tube is usually a cylinder made from a thin walled metal such as bismuth (as an alloy) which is filled with a mixture of Helium, Neon and bromine or chlorine at a low pressure with an electrode wire axially located down its length and insulated from the outer cylinder wall.
		The geiger tube's functioning is such that at reasonable radiation levels up to a few tenths of a Rad they are quite useful, however, if the level is high enough to cause immediate danger to life such as on the nuclear battlefield the tube will saturate and all output signal will cease.
		However, the geiger counter is a very sensitive and useful instrument for the levels of radiation that the average electronics hacker will ever be (or should be) exposed to.
	www.cbtricks.com /~ab7if/bgc/bgc.htm (3358 words)

	Geiger Counter \| World of Invention
		Geiger constructed the earliest form of his radiation counter in 1908.
		Because of this avalanche effect, the number of ions and electrons reaching the outside circuit was sufficient to initiate an electric current that could be recorded as a sound or observed as a flash of light.
		Geiger continued to work on the design of his counter over the next two decades.
	www.bookrags.com /research/geiger-counter-woi (564 words)

	The Geiger Counter
		A "Geiger counter" usually contains a metal tube with a thin metal wire along its middle, the space in between them sealed off and filled with a suitable gas, and with the wire at about +1000 volts relative to the tube.
		The instrument was called a "counter" because every particle passing it produced an identical pulse, allowing particles to be counted (usually electronically) but not telling anything about their identity or energy (except that they must have sufficient energy to penetrate the walls of the counter).
		Van Allen's counters were made of thin metal, with insulating plugs at the ends.
	www-istp.gsfc.nasa.gov /Education/wgeiger.html (256 words)

	Geiger Counter Project
		This is a simple Geiger counter that uses a small 500 Volt Geiger-Mueller tube and is powered by a 9V battery.
		The counter produces audible clicks through a small speaker that represent ionizing radiation passing through the Geiger-Mueller tube.
		When the Geiger counter presented in this project is operated under normal background radiation conditions, an occasional click is heard, every 5 to 10 seconds or so.
	www.galacticelectronics.com /GeigerCounter.HTML (1263 words)

	Tiny wireless Geiger counter detects radiation
		A postage stamp-sized Geiger counter placed unobtrusively in stadiums, subways, malls and other large public spaces could detect radiation and determine whether it's a harmful source, like a dirty bomb.
		Yogesh Gianchandani, professor of electrical engineering and computer science and also mechanical engineering, said the tiny Geiger counter is wireless, so that many can be used in a network to blanket large spaces and communicate information to a central monitoring source.
		Geiger counters rely on electrical discharges that happen when gas sealed inside the device comes in contact with radiation, which creates electrons and ions that break down the gas to produce a signal that the Geiger can read.
	www.physorg.com /news68824693.html (657 words)

	Geiger Counter Circuits
		Geiger tubes draw about 100 uA when they pulse but the pulses are very short and relatively far apart (hopefully).
		The circuit shows the power supply in a typical Geiger counter circuit but it may be desirable to use a larger resistor from the high voltage to the tube - see the manufacturer's recommendations.
		This is a sensitive counter and is easily "pegged" with an ordinary test radiation source or even a Coleman lantern mantle.
	www.techlib.com /science/geiger.html (2149 words)

	What is a Geiger Counter?
		The initial groundwork for the Geiger counter was laid in 1908, when a German physicist named Hans Geiger developed an early version of the device.
		The core of a Geiger counter is a Geiger tube, a glass cylinder filled with a gas such as helium, neon, or argon.
		The Geiger counter is highly sensitive because the gas loses its charge quickly after each collision, allowing a scientist to get a precise measurement of how much radiation is active in the area being covered by the Geiger counter.
	www.wisegeek.com /what-is-a-geiger-counter.htm (445 words)

	Build a Geiger Counter and Ratemeter
		The Geiger counter described here can be made for under £100 and gives an audible output, a meter dose rate reading, and counts detected pulses so that small increases in radiation can be detected.
		The use of a ground plane is highly recommended for the main Geiger counter board, because this helps to isolate the HT supply pulses from the GM tube pulse amplifier and also reduces radiation of RF interference from the HT supply, and helps to reduce sensitivity to spurious pickup from mobile radio transmitters.
		The Geiger counter board should be fibreglass, as any leakage current is liable to excessively load the HT supply.
	www.cjseymour.plus.com /geiger/geiger.htm (5830 words)

	Geiger-Müller Counter
		Ionisation in the gas is caused by the entry of photon or a particulate radiation.
		Therefore a Geiger counter is able to detect low-energy radiation because even one ionised particle produces a full pulse on the central wire.
		The appropriate potential difference to be applied to a Geiger-Müller tube is determined by plotting a graph of "count rate" obtained when a radioactive source is placed near the tube versus the applied voltage.
	homepages.ihug.co.nz /~jrcpeng/counter.html (347 words)

	Geiger counter
		The increased frequency of measured particles indicates the intensity of radiation.
		The number of particles emitted in one second by a radioactive source is known as the activity (or disintegration): 1 Bq = 1 disintegration per second.
		The Geiger–Müller, Geiger–Klemperer, and Rutherford–Geiger counters are all devices often referred to loosely as Geiger counters.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /reference/encyclopaedia/hutchinson/m0016005.html (249 words)

	Geiger Muller Counter - Radiation Detector Kit K2645
		Widely known as a "Geiger Counter", this device is used for the detection of nuclear radioactivity.
		By moving the Geiger counter detector closer to items or areas emitting atomic radiation, the Geiger counter will alert you with an increasing frequency of clicks.
		The Geiger counter assembly is compact and may be mounted into a small box, together with the 9V-battery.
	www.apogeekits.com /geiger_counter.htm (369 words)

	HDR Movie with Geiger Counter (Site not responding. Last check: )
		A Hyper-Dimensional Resonator, a radionics machine, is used with a geiger counter to measure background cosmic radiation.
		People had asked me to utilize a geiger counter to see if it would be affected by the magnetic field of the HDR.
		Here are schematics of a geiger counter so that you can see how it would interact with the strong magnetic field generated by Steven Gibbs Hyper Dimensional Resonator (HDR).
	www.hdrusers.com /hdr-movie-geiger-counter.htm (236 words)

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