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Topic: Gelisols

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	Gelisols - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The word "Gelisol" comes from the Latin gelare meaning "to freeze", a reference to the process of cryoturbation that occurs from the alternating thawing and freezing characteristic of Gelisols.
		Because soil organic matter accumulates in the upper layer, most Gelisols are fl or dark brown in soil color, followed by a shallow mineral layer.
		Gelisols are found chiefly in Siberia, Alaska and Canada.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gelisols (469 words)

	Gelisols \| NRCS Soils
		The central concept of Gelisols is that of soils that have permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface and/or have gelic materials within 100 cm of the soil surface and have permafrost within 200 cm.
		Gelic materials are mineral or organic soil materials that have evidence of cryoturbation (frost churning) and/or ice segeration in the active layer (seasonal thaw layer) and/or the upper part of the permafrost.
		Turbels are the Gelisols show cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, an accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, or oriented rock fragments.
	soils.usda.gov /technical/classification/orders/gelisols.html (273 words)

	Cryoturbation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In Gelisols, cryoturbation refers to the mixing of materials from various horizons of the soil right down to the parent rock.
		The cause of crytoturbation lies in the way in which the repeated freezing of the soil during autumn causes the formation of ice wedges at the most easily erodible parts of the parent rock.
		The extent of cryoturbation in Gelisols varies considerably: it occurs much more on exposed sites (where turbels dominate everywhere) than in sheltered sites such as valleys (where orthels not significantly affected by cryoturbation form).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Cryoturbation (278 words)

	Sabine Grunwald
		Gelisols developed in sandy parent material are designated by the term 'Psammentic' (e.g.
		Gelisols formed in dry permafrost regions are classified as 'Anhy' (e.g.
		Gelisols and Histosols show high organic matter contents, whereas Gelisols are limited to cold climate.
	grunwald.ifas.ufl.edu /Nat_resources/soil_orders/gelisols.htm (1459 words)

	AWI: Periglacial Dynamics - Carbon and Microbial Communities - Permafrost Soils
		Gelisols are characterized by gelic material that have the evidence of cryoturbation and ice segregation.
		As a result of cryopedogenesis many Gelisols are influenced by a strong micro-relief (patterned ground).
		Ice wedge polygons for example of the Siberian lowlands, which are typical for high arctic, are characterized by two different soil conditions: The Gelisols of the polygone center (Historthels) are water saturated and have a large amount of organic matter due to the accumulation under anaerobic conditions.
	www.awi-bremerhaven.de /www-pot/geo/soils.html (354 words)

	NationMaster - Encyclopedia: Gelisols (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Headquartered in Rome, Italy, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations programs seek to raise levels of nutrition and standards of living; to improve the production, processing, marketing, and distribution of food and agricultural products; to promote rural development; and, by these means, to eliminate hunger.
		In USA soil taxonomy, Gelisols are subdivided into: Soil taxonomy provided by United States Department of Agriculture / Natural Resources Conservation Centre provides an elaborate classification of soil types according to several parameters and in several levels: Order, Suborder, Great Group, Subgroup, Family, and Series.
		Soil classification is the branch of soil science which deals with the systematic categorization of soils based on distinguishing characteristics developed during soil formation as well as criteria that dictate choices in land use and soil management.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/Gelisols (1196 words)

	Histosol - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		This occurs because of restricted drainage precluding decomposition, and the remains of plants and animals remain within the soil.
		Thus, Histosols are very important ecologically because they, and Gelisols, store large quantities of organic carbon.
		Like Gelisols, Histosols have greatly restricted use for engineering purposes because structures tend to subside in the wet soil.
	www.gogog.com /project/wikipedia/index.php/Histosols (445 words)

	Gelisols home
		These soils are limited geographically to the high-latitude polar regions and localized areas at high mountain elevations.
		Because of the extreme environment in which they are found, Gelisols support only ~0.4% of the world's population - the lowest percentage of any of the soil orders.
		Gelisols are estimated to occupy ~9.1% of the Earth's ice-free land area and ~8.7% of the US.
	soils.ag.uidaho.edu /soilorders/gelisols.htm (170 words)

	Online Encyclopedia and Dictionary - Gelisols
		Because organic matter accumulates in the upper layer, most Gelisols are fl or dark brown in colour, followed by a shallow mineral layer.
		In USA soil taxonomy, Gelisols are subdivided into:
		Histels: organic soils similar to Histosols exept that they have permafrost within 2 meters below ground surface.
	www.fact-archive.com /encyclopedia/Gelisols (459 words)

	Keys to Soil Taxonomy: Suborders
		Gelisols that have organic soil materials that meet one or more of the following:
		Are saturated with water for 30 or more cumulative days during normal years (or are artificially drained) and have 80 percent or more, by volume, organic soil materials from the soil surface to a depth of 50 cm or to a glacic layer or a densic, lithic, or paralithic contact, whichever is shallowest.
		Other Gelisols that have one or more horizons showing cryoturbation in the form of irregular, broken, or distorted horizon boundaries, involutions, the accumulation of organic matter on top of the permafrost, ice or sand wedges, and oriented rock fragments.
	www.pedosphere.com /resources/sg_usa/suborders.cfm?Order_ID=A (164 words)

	[No title]
		They are entisols, histosols, vertisols, inceptisols, gelisols, andisols, aridisols, mollisols, alfisols, spodosols, ultisols, and oxisols.
		A soil order is a general grouping of soils with broadly similar compositions, the presence or absence of specific diagnostic horizons, and similar degrees of horizon development, weathering, and leaching.
		Gelisol The newest of the 11 Soil Orders of the Soil Taxonomy, added in 1998, defined as high-latitude or high-altitude soils that have permafrost within 100 cm of the soil surface, or gelic materials within 100 cm of the surface and permafrost within 200 cm.
	www.oup.com /word/ca/dbsg3.doc (8522 words)

	Dr. Samuel Faulkner : Non-MS S.O.
		Gelisols are soils of very cold climates that contain permafrost within 2 meters of the surface.
		Gelisols are estimated to occupy ~8.6% of the Earth's ice-free land area and ~8.7% of the US.
		The carbon contents of these soils are surpassed only by the histosols of swamp and marsh ecosystems.
	www.marshdoc.com /soil/soil6/soil6c/soil6c.html (433 words)

	International Committee on Soil Moisture and Temperature Regimes (Icommotr): a Review.
		Two soil orders are defined based upon their soil moisture (Aridisols) and soil temperature (Gelisols).
		Gelisols require permafrost within two meters of the soil surface, which implies that water, even though frozen is incorporated into the definition.
		Of the remaining orders, all suborders are based upon soil moisture and soil moisture is used to define some subgroup intergrades.
	www.ldd.go.th /18wcss/techprogram/P16981.HTM (581 words)

	Percent of Land Area in Gelisols \| Analysis Products \| State of the Land \| NRCS
		This polygon map shows the percent of land in the Gelisols soil order in each STATSGO map unit.
		A group of soils in the broadest category of the the USDA "Soil Taxonomy." The Soil Taxonomy is a basic system of soil classification for making and interpreting soil surveys.
		There are 12 orders, differentiated by the presence or absence of diagnostic horizons: Alfisols, Andisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Gelisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, and Vertisols.
	www.nrcs.usda.gov /technical/land/meta/m4679.html (248 words)

	Guidance for Determining the Acceptability of Environmental Fate Studies Conducted with Foreign Soils \| Pesticides: ...
		Because of the extreme environment in which they are found, Gelisols support only ˜0.4% of the world's population -- the lowest percentage of any of the soil orders.
		Gelisols are estimated to occupy ˜8.6% of the Earth's ice-free land area and ˜8.7% of the U.S. Low soil temperatures cause soil-forming processes such as decomposition of organic materials to proceed very slowly.
		The organic matter content of these soils is surpassed only by that of swamp and marsh ecosystems.
	www.epa.gov /oppefed1/ecorisk_ders/soils_foreign.htm (2756 words)

	Soil Organic Carbon in the Northern Circumpolar Permafrost Regions. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Special attention will be paid to peatlands (organic soils), which are widespread in the area and contain large amounts of organic carbon that is sensitive to climate change and anthropogenic impacts.
		Preliminary estimates indicate that the soil area of the northern circumpolar permafrost region is 18.3 million square kilometers and that Gelisols cover approximately 42% of this soil area.
		The soil organic carbon mass contained in the 0—100 cm depth of this area is approximately 455 Gt (about 20% of the total global soil carbon), with Gelisols containing about 60% of the carbon mass in these northern regions.
	www.ldd.go.th /18wcss/techprogram/P14080.HTM (456 words)

	Upland Tundra \| Alaska Rangelands
		They are generally shallow, not well developed, and consist of bedrocks interspersed between the bare rocks and rubbles.
		Gelisols is derived from the Greek word gelid which means very cold.
		(Brady and Weil 2004) Gelisols have permafrost with in two meters of the surface (University of Idaho (a)) and consist of three suborders.
	www.uaf.edu /snras/AGNIC_web/Upland_Tundra.html (1729 words)

	Soil - MSN Encarta
		This system has classified more than 17,000 types of soil in the United States.
		The top level of the system consists of 12 orders: alfisols, andisols, aridisols, entisols, gelisols, histosols, inceptisols, mollisols, oxisols, spodosols, ultisols, and vertisols.
		Each term employs a Latin or Greek word root to describe a range of soil characteristics.
	ca.encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761576446_5/Soil.html (1010 words)

	#7-Thermokarst
		Thermokarst refers to a pitted land surface that forms as permafrost melts.This typically occurs following removal of vegetation, which serves as an important insulator.
		This example shows poorly planned highway construction on a Gelisol in Alaska.
		A large block of ice melted as heat was transferred from the road bed.
	soils.ag.uidaho.edu /soilorders/gelisols_07.htm (79 words)

	soilorders
		The soil moisture is not high enough to accumulate organic matter to form Histosols.
		A pergelic soil temperature regime would develop Gelisols.
		Cryosols: the effects of cryogenesis on the processes and pecularities of soil formation.
	www.soils.wisc.edu /courses/SS325/soilorders.htm (15693 words)

	New Page 21
		GELISOLS ARE SOILS WITH PERMAFROST AND FROST CHURNING.
		BECAUSE GELISOLS OCCUPY COLD ENVIRONMENTS, THEY ARE USUALLY SPARSELY POPULATED AND MINIMALLY MANAGED.
		ON MOST GELISOLS THE LAND COVER CONSISTS OF ANNUAL GRASSES, LICHENS, AND LOW SHRUBS.
	coss.stcloudstate.edu /brichason/new_page_21.htm (281 words)

	kimble (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Gelisols: a new proposed order for permafrost-affected soils.
		In Proceedings of the Meeting on Soil Clasification, Correlation, and Management of Permafrost-Affected Soils.
		The Concept of Gelic Materials in the New Gelisol Order for Permafrost-Affected Soils.
	igras.geonet.ru /cwg/members/kimble.html (651 words)

	NPS: Nature & Science » Networks: Central Alaska Network » Inventories
		Soils with permafrost (gelisols) occupy most lowlands, formed in loamy loess, colluvium, drift or alluvium; and have dwarf needle-leaf woodlands.
		Inceptisols are found in mountains, formed in colluvium, and have scrub and dwarf scrub types.
		Reaction in mountain soils depends on parent material rock type with calcareous soils on shale and limestone and acidic soils on diorite and schist.
	www.nature.nps.gov /im/units/cakn/DENASoils.cfm (349 words)

	Ornithogenic Gelisols (Cryosols) from Maritime Antarctica: Pedogenesis, Vegetation, and Carbon Studies -- Michel et al. ...
		Ornithogenic Gelisols (Cryosols) from Maritime Antarctica: Pedogenesis, Vegetation, and Carbon Studies -- Michel et al.
		Gelisols order of Soil Taxonomy does not consider the influence
		Copyright © 2006 by the Soil Science Society of America.
	soil.scijournals.org /cgi/content/abstract/70/4/1370 (271 words)

	Gelisols suborders
		Histels - Gelisols that have large quantities of organic matter
		Turbels - Gelisols that have evidence of extensive mixing by frost action (cryoturbation)
		Orthels - common Gelisols that don't meet criteria of the other suborders
	soils.ag.uidaho.edu /soilorders/gelisols%20suborders.htm (50 words)

	Teachers' Domain: How to Build A Road
		For example, some newer buildings have piling systems that use convection to siphon heat away from the ground.
		To learn more about frozen soils, called gelisols, including how widely they are distributed over Earth's surface, check out Soils Around the World.
		To learn more about the plants and animals that live in the frozen tundra biome, check out Biomes.
	www.teachersdomain.org /9-12/sci/ess/earthsys/road/printer_friendly.html (647 words)

	Lecture 18 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		A student would be wise to review Detail 7-1 in the textbook for a brief review of each order.
		The syllable indicated Gelisols in the taxonomy name is "el".
		These soils have permafrost, and are found in Canada, Alaska, and Siberia.
	jan.ucc.nau.edu /~doetqp-p/courses/env320/lec18/Lec18.html (947 words)

	Soils q1
		A more complex form of soil classification is the USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture) Soil Taxonomy, a system of soil classification with 12 orders.
		The orders are Alfisols, Andisols, Aridisols, Entisols, Gelisols, Histosols, Inceptisols, Mollisols, Oxisols, Spodosols, Ultisols, and Vertisols.
		Orders are differentiated on the physical properties of the soils and some have little direct relationship with climate.
	www.mhhe.com /earthsci/geology/mcconnell/weathering/soilq1.htm (239 words)

	b72d in fm02
		The dynamics of microbial carbon turnover in permafrost soils (Gelisols) and the interactions between temperature and moisture regime of Gelisols are not completely understood by now.
		In the top layers of Gelisols methane-oxidising bacteria oxidise up to 70% of the formed CH4 into CO2.
		Own investigations in Siberia show that Gelisols (3-80 mg m-2 d-1) and lake sediments (2-300 mg m-2 d-1) are important CH4 sources in the Lena Delta.
	www.agu.org /cgi-bin/SFgate/SFgate?&listenv=table&multiple=1&range=1&directget=1&application=fm02&database=/data/epubs/wais/indexes/fm02/fm02&maxhits=200&="B72D" (2502 words)

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