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Topic: Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft

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	Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft are sociological categories introduced by the German sociologist Ferdinand Tönnies for two normal types of human association.
		Furthermore, individuals in Gemeinschaft are regulated by common mores, or beliefs about the appropriate behavior and responsibility of members of the association, to each other and to the association at large; associations marked by "unity of will" (Tönnies, 22).
		Gemeinschafts are broadly characterized by a moderate division of labour, strong personal relationships, strong families, and relatively simple social institutions.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gemeinschaft_and_Gesellschaft (474 words)

	Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft - LearnThis.Info Enclyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gemeinschaft is an association in which individuals are oriented to the large association as much if not more than to their own self interest.
		Furthermore, individuals in Gemeinschaft are regulated by common mores, or beliefs about the appropriate behaviour and responsibility of members of the association, to each other and to the association at large; associations marked by "unity of will" (Tönnies, 22).
		Tönnies saw the family as the most perfect expression of Gemeinschaft, however he expected that Gemeinschaft could be based on shared place and shared belief as well as kinship, and he included globally dispersed religious communities as possible examples of Gemeinschaft (often translated as community).
	encyclopedia.learnthis.info /g/ge/gemeinschaft_and_gesellschaft.html (311 words)

	Ferdinand Toennies - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gemeinschaft — often translated as community — refers to groupings based on a feeling of togetherness.
		Gesellschaft — often translated as society — on the other hand, refers to groups that are sustained by an instrumental goal.
		Gemeinschaft may by exemplified by a family or a neighbourhood; Gesellschaft by a joint-stock company or a state.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Ferdinand_Toennies (737 words)

	Ferdinand Tonnies - Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gemeinschaft was exemplified by the family or neighborhood; Gesellschaft, by the city or the state.
		City life and Gesellschaft down the common people to decay and death; in vain they struggle to attain power through their own multitude, and it seems to them that they can use their power only for a revolution if they want to free themselves from their fate.
		The entire culture has been transformed into a civilization of state and Gesellschaft, and this transformation means the doom of culture itself if none of its scattered seeds remain alive and again bring forth the essence and idea of Gemeinschaft, thus secretly fostering a new culture amidst the decaying one.
	www2.pfeiffer.edu /~lridener/courses/GEMEIN.HTML (3742 words)

	Book review - The alienation of modern man: an interpretation based on Marx and Tonnies.
		Tonnies' concepts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, Pappenheim argues, are sociological concepts which focus on society as an historical process, and are thus of great value to one who wants to explain the relationship between society and the forces of alienation.
		Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft (loosely translated as "community' and "society') represent for Tonnies two polar types of social relationships, two types of social psychological texture, or two different types of condition of social life.
		Gesellschaft is thus a social unit dominated by the forces of alienation.
	es.geocities.com /sucellus23/677.htm (1331 words)

	G&G
		Gemeinschaft, normally translated as 'community', refers to the closeness of holistic social relationships said to be found in pre-industrial communities, and imputed to the community as moral worth.
		This objective society or association (Gesellschaft), where "reference is only to the objective fact of a unity based on common traits and activities and other external phenomena" (Tonnies 1925: 67) stands in contrast to community defined by shared feeling.
		Gemeinschaft type relationships may be found in modern industrial society, but they do not typify the dominant type of relationship of that society.
	www2.fhs.usyd.edu.au /arow/o/m11/g&g.htm (469 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Expressed in another way one could describe — based upon the classical concepts Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft by Tönnies — the attitude of the sceptics as being partly Gesellschaft-based and of supporters as being Gemeinschaft-orientated.
		In a Gesellschaft with a constantly increasing tempo, concentration of population density, technocracy and anonymity, the interest in recreating in local communities is enhanced.
		Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft may thus also be seen as expressions of different organisational cultures, even though a Gemeinschaft tends to presume a spontaneous organisational process.
	www.uvt.nl /kameleon/egpa2004/paper/wolven.doc (10373 words)

	Gemeinschaft and gesellschaft - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Look for Gemeinschaft and gesellschaft in Wiktionary, our sister dictionary project.
		Look for Gemeinschaft and gesellschaft in the Commons, our repository for free images, music, sound, and video.
		Check for Gemeinschaft and gesellschaft in the deletion log, or visit its deletion vote page if it exists.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/gemeinschaft_and_gesellschaft (166 words)

	UEA, EAS, Undergraduate Unit, Themes in American Studies 2003 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Gesellschaft, an aggregate by convention and law of nature, is to be understood as a multitude of natural and artificial individuals, the wills, and spheres of whom are in many relations with and to one another, and remain nevertheless independent of one another and devoid of mutual familiar relationships.
		Gesellschaft as a totality to which a system of conventional rules applies is limitless; it constantly breaks through its chance and real boundaries.
		Living together may be called the animal soul of Gemeinschaft; for it is the condition of its active life, of a shared feeling of pleasure and pain, of a shared enjoyment of the commonly possessed goods, by which one is surrounded, and by the cooperation in teamwork as well as in divided labor.
	www.uea.ac.uk /eas/people/homberger/themesinamstudies03.shtml (4495 words)

	SOCIOLOGICAL THEORY
		Gemeinschaft also exists between father and child, but this relationship is less instinctual than that of mother and child.
		Gesellschaft, 'deals with the artificial construction of an aggregate of human beings which superficially resembles the Gemeinschaft in so far as the individuals peacefully live together' (197).
		Gesellschaft consists of a group of people who are capable of promising or delivering something (an activity or object).
	ssr1.uchicago.edu /PRELIMS/Theory/thmisc1.html (9348 words)

	Investigating the Emerging Cyber-Crossroads: the Intersection between Physical and Virtual Community
		Lyon states “Gemeinschaft is characterized by a strong identification with the community, emotionalism, traditionalism, and holistic conceptions of other members of the community” (p7).
		In Gemeinschaft, people “remain essentially united in spite of all separating factors, whereas in Gesellschaft they are essentially separated in spite of all uniting factors” (Tonnies,1963: 33).
		Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft themselves were not places, but rather forms of human interaction, which certainly parallels the physical and virtual sites as locations of social integration (Bender: p33).
	www.netwomen.ca /research/community.htm (13744 words)

	Tönnies, Ferdinand (1855-1936) (by Mathieu Deflem) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Suggesting a transformation from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft, Tönnies argues that societies of the earlier form are organized around family, village, and town.
		Gesellschaft societies, on the other hand, are organized at the larger levels of metropolis and nation-state, while the economic system is based on trade and modern industry.
		When Tönnies first published Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, the work was not widely read, while later editions of the book that appeared in the early 1900s were often appropriated by a generation of young romantics that sought to intellectually ground an utopian return to Gemeinschaft.
	www.cas.sc.edu /socy/faculty/deflem/zToennies.html (1353 words)

	Community Characteristics
		Where a community has more gemeinschaft, it can be miserable to live in when everybody knows your business, where gossip is a strong force for keeping people in order, and where there is little freedom to act or dress in eccentric ways.
		In contrast, where a community has more gesellschaft, it can be miserable being anonymous and without friends, where you are ignored most of the day, where you fear strangers who may hurt or steal from you, and where you are not sure what the laws are or if you might be arrested.
		The characteristics of gemeinschaft means that the community is small enough for most members to know each other, for social control to be based on informal methods (gossip) rather than formal laws or rules, and for division of labour and roles to be less rigid and formal.
	www.scn.org /IP/cds/cmp/modules/soc-cch.htm (1795 words)

	Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft
		When discussing Toennie's models of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft it is important to keep in mind that these are only ideal models by which we can make comparison, and promote debate on the various social and political structures.
		In a perfect Gemeinschaft society this would be the end of it; but in any realistic society someone will invariably come along and try to force their beliefs on others.
		A democracy is probably the form of society closest to the middle between Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft.
	w3.gorge.net /stevewads/Steve/Masters/Philosophy/IndividSociety/GemGel/GemGel.htm (1854 words)

	Gemeinschaft or Gesellschaft? \|
		Gemeinschaft refers to community and all of the aspects that go along with the notion of community.
		To me it seems a much more freeing existence in that one is not in competition with others, but rather is willing to serve in a manner that enhances the community.
		Gesellschaft, on the other hand, is a community of the opposite.
	oghs.euhsd.k12.ca.us /staff/jaskegreen/drupal/node.php?id=180 (328 words)

	Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: A sociological view of the decay of modern society
		Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft: A sociological view of the decay of modern society.
		He did so in his theory of gemeinschaft and gesellschaft (Gemeinschaft und Gesellschaft, 1887).
		This theory revealed how early tribal or national (gemeinschaft) societies achieved harmonious collaboration and cooperation more or less automatically due to the common culture and sense of common genetic and cultural identity in which all members were raised.
	www.alphalink.com.au /~radnat/debenoist/alain6.html (2871 words)

	Dean Lee Cuba's Convocation 1999 Speech
		In Tonnies' work Gemeinschaft represented a sense of community broadly defined, a world where all relationships are governed by a high degree of personal intimacy, emotional depth, moral commitment, social cohesion, and continuity over time.
		The world of Gemeinschaft was one of taken-for-granted sameness, a world where it was difficult to mark differences among group members, a world where it was virtually impossible to conceive of oneself apart from others or a specific place.
		Gemeinschaft was the model of the virtuous life, the place where social interaction was truly meaningful, the source of attachment to something that was larger than the self.
	www.wellesley.edu /PublicAffairs/PAhomepage/convo99cuba.html (1895 words)

	Virtual Communities: Abort, Retry, Failure?
		Sennett's point is that our notion of community has evolved from one of Gemeinschaft, in which public relationships are tied to social status and a context of cultural homogeneity (essentially public community) toward one of Gesellschaft, in which relationships are individualistic, impersonal, contractual, often employing clear conceptions of rationality and efficiency (essentially private community).
		Gemeinschaft is characterized by an organic sense of community, fellowship, family, and custom, as well as a bounding together by understanding, consensus, and language.
		Gesellschaft, conversely, is characterized by a form of hyper-individualism in which relations among people become mechanical, transitory, and contractually oriented.
	www.well.com /user/hlr/texts/VCcivil.html (7700 words)

	NATO Research Fellowships 1994-1996
		To put it briefly, Gemeinschaft societies are something organic and traditional, involving bonds of common sentiment, experience and identity molded together over a long period of time.
		Gesellschaft societies are contractual and constructed, in other words, results of conscious action.
		A relative weakness of urban culture (again as compared to Europe) which could be nourishing civil institutions, has resulted in a situation when a peasant breaking out of an obschina (commune, or a German Gemeinde) and heading for the city could not be effectively socialized and was becoming a lumpen.
	www.nato.int /acad/fellow/94-96/medvedev/02.htm (2608 words)

	[No title]
		An actor sees a social group as a means to further his or her individual goals.
		Gemeinschaft exists by the subjective will of the members and is based on shared feeling.
		Gemeinschaft is an end in and of itself.
	www.unc.edu /~tpodd/documents/Handout-Tonnies.doc (136 words)

	✓ Franciscus_Suarez - Depression-Selbsthilfe.de - DepressionSelbsthilfe
		In neuerer Zeit wurde dies in den Extrempositionen von Max Stirner ("Der Einzige und sein Eigentum") und dem Nationalsozialismus ("Du bist nichts, Dein Volk ist alles") besonders deutlich.
		Interessen von einzelnen Individuen von denen einer Personenmehrheit (Gemeinschaft, Gesellschaft, Kollektiv) zu betonen.
		Er unterschied in der Gesellschaft zwischen dem Willen aller (Individuen) einerseits und dem allgemeinen Willen der Gemeinschaft.
	depression-selbsthilfe.de /index.php/Franciscus_Suarez (1291 words)

	Thomson Nelson - Online Dictionary of the Social Sciences
		A German word, translated as "community", used by sociologist Ferdinand Tonnies (1855-1936) to define an "ideal type", or model, society where social bonds are personal and direct and there are strong shared values and beliefs.
		Characteristic of small scale, localized societies, it is in contrast to Gesellschaft which refers to complex, impersonal societies.
		American sociologist Talcott Parsons (1902-1979) amplified the contrasts of Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft with his "pattern variable" value alternatives.
	socialsciencedictionary.nelson.com /ssd/SocialDict.jsp?alpha=G (375 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The distinction made by the nineteenth century German sociologist between Gemeinschaft (community) and Gesellschaft (association) is also useful in drawing distinctions between Terrian and human society, especially that represented by the Council.
		But with the onset of industrialism, the mutualism to be found in Gemeinschaft gives way to the competitiveness of Gesellschaft society in which relationships are fragmented, self-motivated and egocentric.
		Since the nineteenth century social theorists have been suggesting that the historical progression is from Gemeinschaft to Gesellschaft, which is the result and condition of modernity.
	bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu /earth2/lynx/09gemeinschaft.html (278 words)

	Mega-Urbanization in Southeast Asia
		The study of the city is strongly influenced by the use of dichotomies, such as Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft, mechanic and organic solidarity, town and countryside, centre and periphery, formal and informal sector, and globalization and localization.
		Famous examples of classic oppositions applied in urban studies are Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft by Tönnies (1887), and mechanic and organic solidarity by Durkheim (1893).
		Tönnies argued that Gemeinschaft relationships are found mostly in the countryside and are characterized among other features by mutual help and dependence, as well as communal feelings rooted in family and neighbourly relations.
	www.leidenuniv.nl /fsw/nas/pub_megaurb.htm (10957 words)

	Tonnies on Community (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Some of us see BS as a very Gemeinschaft sort of place -- or, perhaps, it's better said that we try to make it one.
		Some of us see it as a Gesellschaft sort of place and try to make it one.
		When we try to explore the question of "How we talk to each other here" we sometimes run into the trap of thinking there is only one way when, in fact, there are hundreds.
	www.adler-maps.com /Tonnies_on_Community.html (336 words)

	The Habsburg dilemma
		In the terms employed in this book, for Gesellschaft read modern universal civilization and market economies; for Gemeinschaft read the emotional complexes and intimidating coercive ties associated with the waning communal world.
		The philosophical expression of the former interest was the ideal of an Open Society, individualist and cosmopolitan, an idea elaborated and made famous by Popper.
		The latter interest expressed itself largely in the romanticism of Gemeinschaft, of a closed community suffused by intimate affective relations, and delimited by an idiosyncratic culture which sustained those relations and endowed them with rich symbolic expression.
	www.culturecult.com /culturecult/hapsburg.htm (1485 words)

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