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	HyperWar: US Army in WWII: Okinawa: The Last Battle [Chapter 4]
		The task of defending the Ryukyus was entrusted to the Japanese 32d Army, commanded by Lt. Gen.
		General Ushijima, according to the members of his staff, was a calm and very capable officer who inspired confidence among his troops.
		The general character of the final plan reflected the critical situation that faced General Ushijima with the departure of the 9th Division for Formosa and with the fading of prospects for reinforcements.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-P-Okinawa/USA-P-Okinawa-4.html (5902 words)

	194505
		05/03/1945 Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima launches an offensive on Okinawa, with amphibious landings on the island's east and west coasts and attacks on the 7th "Bayonet" and 77th "Statue of Liberty" divisions.
		Since the liberation of Manila, Gen. Walter Krueger's army has battered the Shimbu to prevent a counteroffensive against the Philippine capital and to break Japanese dominance of the city's water supply.
		Ushijima's new line is anchored by two tunnel-pierced mountains, Yoza-dake and Yaeju-dake.
	meltingpot.fortunecity.com /tenison/297/wwii/194505.htm (3568 words)

	Torii Online (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Under Buckner’s command were three Marine infantry divisions, the 1st ID, the 2nd ID, and the 6th ID. There were also four Army infantry divisions, the 7th ID, 27th ID, 77th ID and the 96th ID. Both generals were killed in the final days of the battle.
		Ushijima and his army were watching the massive metal ‘typhoon of steel’ through binoculars.
		In the museum is a flag belonging to Ushijima, dated 1944, and signed by the Japanese Minister of War, Gen. Hideki Tojo, a rank flag belonging to Rear Adm. Minoru Ota, commander, Oroku Naval Base Force and the Japanese flag that flew of the headquarters at Shuri Castle.
	www.usarj.army.mil /archives/archives/2002/mar/29/okinawa/story01.htm (1868 words)

	Okinawa-Japan.com - Okinawa During World War 2
		General Ushijima consolidated the bulk of his forces in what the Japanese termed the Shuri defensive area, where they improved on the natural defenses by constructing a network of pillboxes, tunnels, caves, and fortified burial tombs.
		Ushijima ultimately agreed with Cho, and thus on the evening of 12 April three battalions of the 62d Division and three of the 24th assembled opposite the American positions across the
		Although Ushijima did not receive the note until 17 June, it mattered little, since the testimony of survivors made it clear that the commander of the 32d Army had no intention of capitulating.
	www.okinawa-japan.com /Okinawa_During_World_War_2.html (8340 words)

	194506
		Elsewhere, a surprise night attack by the 1st Marine division overruns part of Kunishi ridge, a western bulwark of Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima'a final defense line, and the 96th division nearly reaches the summits of Yaeju-dake and Yazu-dake, twin centerpieces of Ushijima's stronghold.
		Ushijima's death three days after Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner's makes Okinawa the war's only battle in which both opposing army commanders have died.
		Among the divisions of Gen. Walter Krueger's 6th Army that MacArthur will use: the 25th, 33rd, 41st, 43rd, 77th, 81st, 98th, 11th Airborne, 1st Cavalry, and 2nd, 3rd and 5th Marine divisions.
	meltingpot.fortunecity.com /tenison/297/wwii/194506.htm (3479 words)

	Photos (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Stilwell was a harsh critic of Buckner during an inspection trip, and discussed with Gen. of the Army Douglas MacArthur removing him from command during the invasion of Japan.
		No poison gas was used on Okinawa, but Stillwell sent a memo to Gen. of the Army George C. Marshall, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, recommending its use in the invasion of Japan.
		He was the highest ranking American officer to die in the war, and with the victory in Europe, Okinawa was the focal point of the conflict.
	faculty.tamu-commerce.edu /sarantakes/Photos.html (2050 words)

	ABOUT WORLD WAR II (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In October soldiers of the Americal Division joined the battle; in November the Navy won a smashing victory in the waters offshore; and in early 1943 the Army's 25th Infantry Division was committed as well.
		Soldiers now outnumbered marines, and the ground forces were reorganized as the XIV Corps, commanded by Army Mail Gen. Alexander M. Patch.
		Mitsuru Ushijima, refused to fight on the beaches and instead withdrew into the rocky hills to force a battle of attrition.
	www.aboutww2.info /pto.html (4444 words)

	Chapter IV: Where Is The Enemy
		The combination of Ushijima's mature judgment, Cho's supple mind and aggressive energy, and the shrewd discernment of Yahara gave the 32d Army a balanced and impressively able high command 3
		Mitsuru Ushijima, (3) Lt. Gen. Isamu Cho, (4) Col. Hitoshi Kanayama, (5) Col. Kikuji Hongo, and (6) Col. Hiromichi Yahara.
		9 Acting on this assumption, General Ushijima drew his forces together into the southern part of Okinawa and, from the strongly fortified positions around Shuri, prepared to make his stand there as costly to the enemy as possible.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/books/wwii/okinawa/chapter4.htm (5180 words)

	HyperWar: The U.S. Army Campaigns of World War II: Ryukyus
		General Ushijima consolidated the bulk of his forces in what the Japanese termed the Shuri defensive area, where they improved on the natural defenses by constructing a network of pillboxes, tunnels, caves, and fortified burial tombs.
		Ushijima ultimately agreed with Cho, and thus on the evening of 12 April three battalions of the 62d Division and three of the 24th assembled opposite the American positions across the
		Although Ushijima did not receive the note until 17 June, it mattered little, since the testimony of survivors made it clear that the commander of the 32d Army had no intention of capitulating.
	www.ibiblio.org /hyperwar/USA/USA-C-Ryukyus/index.html (8340 words)

	Names
		John Hodge, he assumed command of the Tenth Army after the death of Lt. Gen.
		Kaysen and the group visited the island in late 1961, and issued a 62-page report, recommending increased levels of economic aide and greater autonomy for Okinawa.
		Ushijima Mitsuru - Commanding general of the Japanese Thirty-Second Army during the battle for Okinawa.
	www.sarantakes.com /Names.html (2778 words)

	:-==-:Okinawa Japan Virtual Ginza Your door to Okinawa Japan:-==-: (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		It was erected by the Chatan local government as an appeal for peace and to campaign against war.
		Mitsuru Ushijima were mainly based at the foot of Shuri Castle.
		Although there were no initial hostilities, the march of U.S. forces to the south and the Japanese retreat would eventually claim over 200,000 lives, more than half of them civilian.
	www.virtualginza.com /chatmem.htm (233 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		From wild, mountainous crags and razor-sharp coral ridges, to steamy agricultural flatlands, with towns and villages throughout, and the ancient Shuri Castle Citadel in the center, Okinawa was a defender's dream.
		As commander of Japan's 32nd Army, Ushijima chose not to challenge the invaders on the beaches.
		Ushijima was forced to retreat inside Hill 89, 11 miles south.
	www.chinfo.navy.mil /navpalib/news/mcnews/mcn95/mcn95013.txt (5557 words)

	World War II Book Review (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Mitsuru Ushijima, remained silent and later said a quiet prayer for his counterpart, who had died a warrior -- and whom he knew he would soon be joining.
		Indeed, on the morning of June 22, Ushijima and his chief of staff, Lt. Gen.
		Isamu Cho, marked the breakdown of organized Japanese resistance on Okinawa, and the end of their mission to delay and inflict as many casualties on the Americans as possible before the island’s fall, by committing ritual suicide.
	www.thehistorynet.com /wwii/reviews/wwiireview0805-3 (805 words)

	Order of battle of the Battle of Shanghai - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		11th Division – Gen. Peng Shan[R] 14th Division - Gen. Chen Lieh[g]
		Shanghai Expeditionary Force – Gen. Sekikon Matsui (16 Aug 1937)
		Regiment sized, was later expanded into the Formosa Mixed Brigade.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Order_of_battle_of_the_Battle_of_Shanghai_(1937) (574 words)

	Okinawa 1945:The Last Battle - by GORDON ROTTMAN
		The target of Operation Iceberg was Okinawa, the largest island in the group.
		Defending Okinawa was the Japanese 32nd army of 130,000 men under Lt.Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima.
		The final preliminary to the invasion of the Japanese mainland was possession of the Ryukyu island group, midway between Formosa and Kyushu, the southernmost island of the Japanese homeland.
	www.motorbooks.com /ProductDetails_9369.ncm (204 words)

	ww.2.history
		He left his command to Lt. Gen. Jonathan Wainwright and to Maj. Gen.
		Soldiers now outnumbered marines, and the ground forces were reorganized as the XIV Corps, commanded by Army Maj. Gen.
		Like his counterpart on Luzon, the Japanese commander on Okinawa, Lt. Gen. Mitsuru Ushijima, refused to fight on the beaches and instead withdrew into the rocky hills to force a battle of attrition.
	wmhs.k12.vt.us /WMHS/Faculty/Moriarty/ww.2.history.htm (11830 words)

	Battle of Okinawa
		A system of defense in depth, especially in the southern portion of the island, would permit the 100,000-man-strong Japanese 32nd Army under General Ushijima to fight a protracted battle that would put both the attacking amphibious forces and naval armada at risk.
		Heavy pressure on the Shuri Line finally convinced GEN Ushijima to withdraw southward to his final defensive positions on the Kiyamu Peninsula.
		General Ushijima committed ritual suicide (hara-kiri) on 16 June, convinced that he done his duty in service to the Emperor.
	www.globalsecurity.org /military/facility/okinawa-battle.htm (2047 words)

	1945: OKINAWA
		Ushijima withdrew to his final command post in a cave near the sea and conducted a fierce, last ditch defense of every yard of southern Okinawa.
		The final battle ended with the Harakiri suicide of Ushijima and his Chief of Staff at 0430 hours on 23 June 1945.
		Despite their tremendous numerical superiority, it took the Army and Marines almost three months, from 1 April to 23 June 1945, to secure the island.
	www.olive-drab.com /od_history_ww2_ops_battles_1945okinawa.php (1386 words)

	H-Net Review: Charles C. Kolb on Keystone: The American Occupation of Okinawa and U.S. Japanese ...
		This is in contrast with the defensive posture of the Japanese 32nd Army under Lt. Gen.
		Ushijima Mitsuru that had constructed elaborate defensive fortifications on the southern part of the island.
		Plans were underway for the development of forward air bases on Okinawa for Operation Olympic, the invasion of southern Japan, and the use of the island as a staging area for Tenth Army troops who would be a part of Operation Coronet.
	www.h-net.org /reviews/showrev.cgi?path=26233996691316 (2058 words)

	Osprey Campaign 96 : Okinawa 1945 : The Last Battle
		John R. Hodge and III Marine Amphibious Corps (Maj. Gen R.S. Geiger).
		Defending Okinawa was the Japanese 32nd army of 130,000 men under Lt. Gen.
		The initial landings on 1-4 April 1945 met negligible ground opposition, 60,000 men establishing a beachhead at Hagushi.
	www.militaryfocus.com /osprey/campaign/96.htm (388 words)

	Okinawa's History (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Okinawan War Memorial Day is on June 23, the day of the suicide of Lt. Gen.
		Mitsuru Ushijima, commander of the 32nd Imperial Japanese Army.
		But in December U.S. forces were stationed there and the rule of the military government began.
	rca.open.ed.jp /web_e/history/story/epoch5/haisen_2.html (235 words)

	BC-HANSON
		More than 110,000 skilled Japanese troops, commanded by the brilliant Gen. Ushijima and buttressed by another 100,000 coerced Okinawan irregulars, were ready for them.
		The commander of the operation, Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner — the highest-ranking American officer to die in the Pacific — perished.
		The notorious Isamu Cho, who had sought to overthrow the Japanese civilian government in 1931, committed suicide along with Gen. Ushijimi.
	www.tms.tribune.com /htmlmail/commentators/articles/0331hanson.htm (844 words)

	Amazon.ca: Okinawa: The Last Battle of World War II: Books (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Much of the succinct, fast-paced narrative deals with how the Army and Marine divisions cooperated as they applied the "corkscrew and blowtorch" methods necessary to dislodge the tenacious defenders of an island only 375 miles from their Japanese homeland.
		Army Gen Buckner, in charge of the Okinawa operation did not give the Marines a chance to make a behind the lines invasion that could have stopped the fighting a lot sooner.
		The Marines were not suffering the ammunition shortage the Army was, and could have done the invasion.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/067084716X (1570 words)

	Treatment: Folding Old Paper (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Then our platoon made their way to the bloody beaches of Nashirom where the Japanese were dug in.
		Ushijima Mitsuru and the other ranking officer’s dead.
		They each had committed suicide rather than to be captured alive.
	www.stackjones.com /paper.html (2800 words)

	[No title]
		The 7th Army Infantry Division was smashing through the coral outcropping towards Hill 89, near Mabuni, where Lt.
		Ushijima had established his underground headquarters upon arriving from Shuri.
		After 89 days of fierce and bitter fighting, the final stages of the campaign brought about an irrevocable collapse of all major Japanese opposition.
	www.usshadley.com /prologue.htm (986 words)

	:: Daily Mirror - Appreciations ::
		Lt. Gen. Kulatunge was the much loved youngest child of Lionel Kulatunge, a former MMC, and Leela (nee Talwatte) and beloved brother of Samantha, Indu and Lumbini.
		He was well known to the highest in the land almost from the time he started his career, but it was not of his own seeking.
		Lt. Gen. Kulatunge was an amiable giant of a man standing well over 6 foot with broad shoulders, weighing many pounds more than recommended.
	www.dailymirror.lk /inside/app/060704.asp (2096 words)

	Exploring The Darker Side Of Okinawa - New York Times
		A trail leads by a series of memorial stones and plaques and on up to a cave that was the redoubt of the commander of the Japanese Army, Lieut.
		In this cave, when it was clear that the battle was lost, General Ushijima committed seppuku -- ritual suicide by slashing his stomach with his sword.
		Just six miles from General Ushijima's cave is a hillock marked with a memorial showing where Lieut.
	query.nytimes.com /gst/fullpage.html?res=9A04EFDA1339F932A15752C0A960958260&sec=travel&pagewanted=all (2118 words)

	comment (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Lt Gen PSB (Parami) Kulatunge Deputy Chief of Staff of the Sri Lanka Army, along with his driver Sgt. Gomez and bodyguard Corporal Buddhika paid the supreme sacrifice to the Motherland on June 26, 2006 at Pannipitiya.
		Lt Gen Kulatunge was the much loved youngest child of Lionel Kulatunge, a former MMC, and Leela (nee Talwatte) and beloved brother of Samantha, Indu and Lumbini.
		Lt Gen Kulatunge was an amiable giant of a man standing well over six foot with broad shoulders, weighing many pounds more than recommended.
	www.subidcham.de /html/comment.html (3078 words)

	Marine Corps News - SUGAR LOAF HILL: REMEMBERING OKINAWA'S BLOODIEST BATTLE
		The battle of Okinawa had been raging for over a month, and on the evening of May 5, Lieutenant General Mitsuru Ushijima, commander of the Japanese Thirty-second Army, decided that the tide had turned in favor of the Americans.
		Realizing that it was not possible to win Okinawa, Ushijima placed his emphasis on a delaying action.
		General Ushijima vowed to defend each ridge tenaciously.
	www.usmc.mil /news98.nsf/78474d8d567cc4648525657d0064a54a/36f0ee64db8f9011852565950053dcb0?OpenDocument (811 words)

	Mudville Gazette (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Ushijima and buttressed by another 100,000 coerced Okinawan irregulars, were ready for them.
		The commander of the operation, Gen. Simon Bolivar Buckner Jr.--the highest-ranking American officer to die in the Pacific--was killed.
		The notorious Isamu Cho, who had sought to overthrow the Japanese civilian government in 1931, committed suicide along with Ushijima.
	www.mudvillegazette.com /archives/002511.html (792 words)

	TheHistoryNet \| World War II \| Battle of Okinawa: The Bloodiest Battle of the Pacific War
		Mitsuru Ushijima's Thirty-Second Army patiently waited in hidden bunkers and on fortified ridges for the Americans to land.
		One briefing officer told Marines, "This is expected to be the costliest amphibious campaign of the war" and added that they should count on "80 to 85 percent casualties on the beach." A pre-invasion bombardment would hopefully dampen the Japanese opposition, but assault troops entered the landing craft with ominous feelings.
		Surprisingly, Marines and GIs could have waded ashore in leisurely fashion, since Ushijima bided his time behind the devilish defense lines to the south.
	historynet.com /wwii/blokinawa (1071 words)

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