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Topic: Gender (grammar)

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	gender definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		grammar category of noun: any one of the categories into which nouns and pronouns are divided in languages that have gender, e.g.
		Traditionally, gender has referred to grammatical classifications in languages, and sex has referred to the biological classifications to which gender is analogous.
		Gender has become the preferred form in the 21st century, as in Gender is an important factor to consider when hiring new employees and in idiomatic expressions such as gender gap.
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_/gender.html (241 words)

	G
		Grammar is hence not to be understood as a pre-requisite for discourse, a prior possession attributable in identical form to both speaker and hearer.
		Grammar is now not to be seen as the only, or even the major, source of regularity, but instead grammar is what results when formulas are re-arranged, or dismantled and re-assembled, in different ways'.
		This asymmetry suggests that the notion of grammar is intrinsically unstable and indeterminate, relative to the observer, to those involved in the speech situation, and to the particular set of phenomena being focused upon.
	www.sil.org /~radneyr/humanities/G.htm (5244 words)

	Get into Uni \| Free Features - Grammar And Style - Grammar G
		It was traditionally a technical term in grammar to describe the kinds of nouns and adjectives: in most European languages, they could be masculine, feminine, or (in a few languages) neuter.
		Grammar, strictly defined, is a comparatively narrow field: most questions native speakers have about a language deal not with grammar but with usage or style.
		Grammar is the more scientific aspect of the study of a language: it's made up of morphology (the forms words take, also known as accidence) and syntax (their relation to one another).
	www.getintouni.com /Free/GrammarStyle/GrammarG (1202 words)

	A look at language and gender in Latin and English
		So, he is obviously referring the the female gender when he writes ³Me non amat², ³She does not love me.² Because Latin verbs can share genders, (Wheelock, p.2) the need for a default gender pronoun does not really arise.
		Their words are planned, and so genders are normally not ambiguous unless they are meant to be by the author.
		But, English¹s core grammar rules may be making a shift East as we invent and reinvent new ways to cope with our distinct lack of universal pronouns, and our need to remove gender words we deem derogatory from everyday speech.
	www.softassteel.com /files/bio/work/ling.html (2029 words)

	Spanish Grammar: gender of nouns part one
		The idea that nouns have gender seems perfectly natural when the noun stands for a living creature.
		One cannot predict the gender of a noun that stands for a non-living thing.
		One cannot predict the gender of a noun, except in the case of living creatures.
	www.studyspanish.com /lessons/genoun1.htm (414 words)

	Notes on Joan Scott’s essay, Gender as a Useful Category of Historical Analysis (1988) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Scott is focused on the utility of gender analysis — what comes to light when you focus on gender (not just on women but how gender systems and symbolic orders produce men and women, and masculinity and femininity, not only in the home and family but in the labor market, politics, schools, nations, etc.).
		Returning to her second proposition, she states: "Gender is a primary field within which or by means of which power is articulated." It is not the only field [or vector of power] but it is a deeply influential one.
		She is seeking to dispel the myth that gender is antithetical to the real business of politics and to counter the unwillingness of political historians who resist the inclusion of material or questions and gender and women.
	home.earthlink.net /~jenniferterry/courses/WS140w/Scottongender.html (2777 words)

	Guidelines for Gender-Fair Use of Language
		In such cases, the effects of gender labeling can be mitigated by changing the gender-laden descriptor to a noun, emphasizing the professional title, and de-emphasizing gender, i.
		Gender stereotypes limit and trivialize both females and males, presenting an inaccurate view of the world and its possibilities.
		Materials should be chosen to emphasize gender equity and to show males and females in traditional and nontraditional roles.
	www.ncte.org /about/over/positions/category/gram/107647.htm (2302 words)

	Gender
		Gender is an often misunderstood concept in language-learning.
		Gender is a vital component of a noun because all modifiers must agree in gender with the noun.
		The topic of past participles and gender is too vast to cover in this document, but keep in mind that there are several situations in which a past participle must agree in gender with either the subject or object of a sentence or clause.
	www.geocities.com /sohlhaut/gender.html (623 words)

	MarathiMitra: Grammar -> Noun -> Gender
		Gender is the class in which noun or pronoun is placed under.
		Whenever the gender of living animals is known, then all masculine living animals are classified as
		Sometimes the gender of living animals cannot be specified.
	www.marathimitra.com /showpage?pageid=mm.grmr.noun.gender (165 words)

	[No title]
		With respect to the complex of issues involving language, gender, and sexual difference, the language-as-symptom position sees language as a passive reflector of gender divisions operative in society, while the language-as-cause position credits language with a more active role in creating gender divisions and, accordingly, in being able to remedy gender-related inequalities.
		Though there is no necessary correlation between gender, as a grammatical category and sexism in language, for a variety of reasons, cultural as well as linguistic, it has been difficult for French, particularly in France (in contrast to francophone communities outside the Hexagon), to comfortably institute nonsexist usage.
		Gender in Metaphors/Idioms: Many metaphoric and idiomatic expressions make reference to gender or traditional gender roles (she wears the pants in the family), or to male or female body parts (in the bosom of the family).
	www-personal.umich.edu /~jlawler/L-G/fleischman.html (4677 words)

	German Grammar: Gender of Nouns (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		With animals, generally nouns referring to the animal as a category where no thought is given to gender, are neuter.
		Sometimes the gender may be due to the structure of the word.
		With a few nouns two (or, rarely, even all three genders) are possible without any difference in meaning.
	class.georgiasouthern.edu /german/grammar/gr-gend.htm (671 words)

	Gender-neutral pronoun - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Many languages do not have gender distinctions as an intrinsic part of the language: though it is always possible to specify whether one is talking about a male or female, the language does not force one to make that choice.
		There is a relationship between them: where a language has grammatical gender, as in French, gendered pronouns are used appropriate to the grammatical gender of the object, as il ('he') for le livre ('the book' - masculine).
		In modern Chinese, there is no gender distinction in pronouns in the spoken language: the pronoun 他 (tā) means "he" or "she".
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gender-neutral_pronoun (1628 words)

	PennTags /tag/speech
		Krolokke uses performance theory to explain gender play online such that she considers "linguistic gender" to mean performing a speech pattern that follows social and cultural expectations or stereotypes associated with the speech of that gender.
		She puts forth an interesting theory that email could be considered a "creole" language, citing linguistic evidence of "pidgins" that have a highly restricted set of communicative functions while they function as a lingua franca, which matures into a creole as a second and third generation of native speakers grow up in the linguistic community.
		She continues with a basic framework of linguistic approaches to language variation and gender and separates the feminist "folklinguistics" from actual empirical studies of language use.
	tags.library.upenn.edu /tag/speech (1348 words)

	Gender-Sensitive Language
		Another, more simple, option the gender-savvy writer can use to deal with situations in which the gender of the referent is unknown or variable is to write out both pronoun options as "she or he" or "she/he".
		Because gendered nouns are so commonly used and accepted by English writers and speakers, we often don't notice them or the implications they bring with them.
		Once you've recognized that a gender distinction is being made by such a word though, conversion of the gendered noun into a gender-savvy one is usually very simple.
	www.unc.edu /depts/wcweb/handouts/gender.html (1929 words)

	German Grammar: German Nouns & Gender, Compound Nouns - Grammatik der deutschen Sprache: Substantive, Geschlecht, ...
		The genders are indicated by the definite articles der (masculine), die (feminine), and das (neuter), which all mean the.
		However, grammatical and physical gender are not always consistent; note that the gender of the word Kind is neuter whether the child referred to is male or female.
		While the genders of many nouns are random and unpredictable, there are several categories of nouns that have tendencies to belong to a certain gender category.
	www.vistawide.com /german/grammar/german_nouns.htm (757 words)

	The Mavens' Word of the Day
		These days, the word "gender" seems preferred over the word "sex" when referring to whether someone is male or female, almost as if the word "sex" besmirches the attributes of the person described.
		Gender has also developed the nuance of 'the cultural or behavioral roles and attitudes traditionally associated with one sex'.
		Gender has been in constant use for many centuries in reference to whether creatures are male or female; this use is very common today, and it cannot be considered incorrect, though some people do object to it.
	www.randomhouse.com /wotd/index.pperl?date=19980612 (498 words)

	Grammar Resources on the Web
		The Grammar Handbook from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign is a clear, primarily text-based source organized by subject.
		Jack Lynch's Grammar and Style Notes (Rutgers) is a well-written, literate, and lively guide to a host of grammatical issues.
		For a grammar, style, and usage guide devoted specifically to the needs of business and technical writers, see Kanten's Style Guide, which covers with great flair not only standard grammatical topics such as the use of the passive voice, but document structures of special interest to technical writers, such as the proper organization of tables.
	writing-program.uchicago.edu /resources/grammar.htm (2467 words)

	Every Writer Should Choose His Pronouns Carefully
		In a business today, if one were to write, “An executive needs to examine his priorities,” one would be promptly reminded that not all executives are men and that he or she should examine his or her own priorities.
		Before concluding, it is worth noting that gender in grammar and language has a long, international tradition of being unrelated to gender (or sex) in the real world.
		In German, for example, the word for “girl” or “maiden” is neuter, the word for “dog” or “hound” (regardless of the gender of the animal) is masculine, and the word for “nose” or “snout” is feminine.
	www.grammarmudge.cityslide.com /articles/article/307084/9286.htm (918 words)

	Singular "their" in Jane Austen and elsewhere: Anti-pedantry page
		In Old English, the masculine gender was used as the "unmarked" default for some purposes, but the problem of which pronouns to use with an indefinite singular antecedent (which can refer to both men and women) did not exist in quite the same way that it does in more recent English.
		So it seems that it was only in the late 18th century or early 19th century, when prescriptive grammarians started attacking singular "their" because this didn't seem to them to accord with the "logic" of the Latin language, that it began to be more or less widely taught that the construction was bad grammar.
		But through the 19th and 20th centuries, singular "their" has still continued to be used by a number of even somewhat "literary" authors, as well as commonly in the speech of even many educated individuals.
	www.pemberley.com /janeinfo/austheir.html (2002 words)

	Anthropology Second Level Template
		This course explores the multiple ways that language -- considered both as categorial structure and form of social practice -- manifests the processes through which gender is an area of cultural conceptualization through which people experience their own and others’ senses of sexually-involved personhood.
		Gender as a grammatical category vs. gender as a sociocultural construct and personal attribute.
		Gendering through language and modalities of social stratification: Gender performed and power articulated: microcontextual and macrosociological aspects.
	www.unt.edu /anthropology/ling_syllabi/syllabi/silver3.htm (746 words)

	Chapter 2.3 Gender of German nouns - Exeter Beginners' German
		in English gender virtually always corresponds logically to the sex of the noun, this is not the case in German.
		The best way to remember German genders is to learn each noun not as a single, isolated word, but together with the word for "the" that goes with it.
		Here are the genders of some of the nouns that we have met so far together with the appropriate form of the definite article:
	www.ex.ac.uk /german/abinitio/chap2-3.html (360 words)

	TOWARDS AN OVERVIEW OF WORK ON GENDER AND LANGUAGE VARIATION - Témák - Feminizmus - HÍR-NÕK
		I have not incorporated references to gender and language in introductory linguistics textbooks, as it felt that the reader might be familiar with such comments already.
		Most work on gender and language variation now deals with sex-preferential linguistic usage, that is where men tend to speak in one way, women another, although even this is often contentious.
		Language acquisition and gender variation are relatively recent themes in the linguistic literature: Clarke-Stewart (1973) has been followed by Sears and Feldman (1973) (teacher-pupil interaction) and the work of Stacey et al (1974) on sexism in American education generally.
	faculty.ed.umuc.edu /~jmatthew/articles/overview.html (7227 words)

	Him Or Her
		Finnish lacks grammatical gender ("h�n" means either "he" or "she"), and Finland was the first country in Europe to grant women's suffrage (1906, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage).
		In German, French, Italian, Spanish, and similar languages that categorize nouns by "gender", the grammar of the language requires that a consistent "gender" also be applied to various language elements that reference nouns.
		I quote "gender" because the language scholars I know say that even the use of the term "gender" is misleading - it is really simply a structural device to join modifiers and their objects.
	c2.com /cgi/wiki?HimOrHer (1294 words)

	Russian Grammar - Nouns: Gender - Russian Language Lessons
		In the case of other objects like âpenâ, âcupâ, âhouseâ, there is no physical meaning attached to the gender.
		However you will still need to know the gender because it affects how words are formed.
		Luckily, unlike many languages, in Russian it is almost always possible to tell what the gender of a noun by itâs spelling.
	www.russianlessons.net /grammar/nouns_gender.php (277 words)

	KryssTal : Grammar
		Grammar is a study of the laws of a language that makes sense of the words.
		German, Greek, Russian, and Finnish all have noun Case in their grammar.
		In Latin, Greek, Russian and German, adjectives must agree with their noun in Gender, Number and Case.
	www.krysstal.com /grammar.html (1147 words)

	overview: about this site: overview
		Originally built for students at the University of Texas at Austin as a user-friendly guide to French grammar, this web site may be profitably used by any learner of French, provided he or she possess a sense of humor.
		Tex's French Grammar is arranged like many other traditional reference grammars with the parts of speech (nouns, verbs, etc.) used to categorize specific grammar items (gender of nouns, irregular verbs).
		Individual grammar items are carefully explained in English, then exemplified in a dialogue, and finally tested in self-correcting, fill-in-the-blank exercises.
	www.laits.utexas.edu /tex/gr/overview.html (313 words)

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