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	Human Intelligence: Cyril L. Burt
		"…[intelligence] denotes, first of all, a quality that is intellectual and not emotional or moral: in measuring it we try to rule out the effects of the child's zeal, interest, industry, and the like.
		Thirdly, intelligence is by definition an innate capacity: hence a lack of it is not necessarily proved by a lack of educational knowledge or skill" (Burt, 1957, p.
		His long research career began in 1909 with a study comparing the intelligence of boys enrolled in an elite preparatory academy with the intelligence of boys attending a regular school.* To control for environmental influences, he chose measures (such as mirror drawing) that were unlikely to have been learned during the students' lifetimes.
	www.indiana.edu /~intell/burt.shtml (1335 words)

	Upstream: Gender differences in intelligence among Chinese children (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		GENDER DIFFERENCES IN CHINA on the standardization sample of the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R, Wechsler, 1974) were compared with those obtained in the United States.
		Gender differences on the three factors were calculated from the factor scores by weighting the Ds on each test by the factor loadings.
		There was no tendency for gender differences regarding verbal ability to increase with age, but there was a striking increase in the boys' visuospatial advantage, starting from age 11.
	mugu.com /cgi-bin/Upstream/lynn-chinese-gender-iq?embedded=yes&... (979 words)

	Neuroscience Of Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The hypothesis about the hereditary nature of any trait, including intelligence, can be tested thanks to certain events that occur naturally, such as the birth of monozygotic/identical twins, that is, twins born from the same cell (ovule).
		In general, in the case of intelligence tests, it can be stated that, as indicated by several researches, genetic inheritance is responsible of about 50% of a child’s variation with respect to the average, but this value increases with age.
		Another piece of evidence in favor of hereditarian view of intelligence comes from cases where the intelligence levels of adopted children and biological sons of the same family are compared.
	www.macalester.edu /psychology/whathap/ubnrp/intelligence05/Rnature.html (1093 words)

	Sex and intelligence - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		With the development of psychology at the end of the nineteenth century, and the evolving focus on intelligence testing in the early twentieth century, further attempts were made by a variety of scientists to examine the mental differences between men and women.
		It is administered by the Educational Testing Service, which keeps track of the gender of test-takers and releases SAT scores by gender.
		Another study performed by the American Psychological Association in response to the book The Bell Curve, which investigates the difference in intelligence between different races, determined (as did the authors of the book) that the studies available in 1995 show no major difference between males and females in regard to IQ scores.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Mathematical_abilities_and_gender_issues (2052 words)

	Emotional Intelligence - Dissertation Abstract
		Gender has a powerful influence on the images and profiles of successful leadership and there are distinctly divergent paths to success for male and female leaders.
		The profile of successful female leaders includes a demonstration of a broad range of emotional intelligence competencies, although there is a negative effect upon their success when they exhibit the gender role expected competencies related to developing others.
		Men who exercise an affiliative or a democratic leadership style, styles incongruent with their expected gender role, are not successful; whereas female leaders must demonstrate a combination of gender congruent and incongruent ways of behaving, the pacesetting and coaching leadership styles, in order to be successful.
	www.eiconsortium.org /dissertation_abstracts/hopkins_m.htm (455 words)

	CiteULike: Intelligence Reframed: Multiple Intelligences for the 21st Century (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		He introduces two new intelligences, and argues that the concept of intelligence should be broadened, but not so much that it includes every human faculty and value.
		He also introduces two new intelligences (existential intelligence and naturalist intelligence) and argues that the concept of intelligence should be broadened, but not so absurdly that it includes every human virtue and value.
		In Intelligence Reframed, a revisitation and elaboration of MI theory, he details the modern history of intelligence and the development of MI, responds to the myths about multiple intelligences, and handles FAQs about the theory and its application.
	www.citeulike.org /user/A_Petra/article/437251 (1257 words)

	PopMatters \| Columns \| Sam Vaknin \| Artificial Intelligence \| Sex or Gender
		His gender identity seems to have been inborn (assuming he was not subjected to conflicting cues from his human environment).
		Gender and sex-role identities, we are taught, are fully formed in a process of socialization that ends by the third year of life.
		Gender roles are constantly redefined by tectonic shifts in the definition and functioning of basic social units, such as the nuclear family and the workplace.
	www.popmatters.com /columns/vaknin/030108.shtml (2330 words)

	Seeing Gender: Tools for Change
		Despite the considerable evidence that gender bias operates in STEM classrooms and the documented impact this bias has on girls’ interest and performance in science and mathematics (Streitmatter, 1994; Sanders, 1997; Rossiter, 1990; Willis, 1996), reform in STEM classrooms has been relatively slow.
		Engagement with gender issues is limited by the uncertainty that many pre-service and in-service teachers bring to the topic.
		As pointed out in “Gender Intelligence” (2001): “Many women at the outset of a faculty career may not perceive any disparities between their own prospects and those of their male colleagues.
	www.k-state.edu /seeinggender/need.htm (522 words)

	Intelligence May Be a Gray and White Matter
		Researchers found major differences in the amount of gray and white matter in the brains of men and women of the same intelligence, suggesting that men and women may derive their intelligence in different ways.
		However, the study also showed that in areas related to intelligence men had much more gray matter, which is typically needed for isolated tasks, such as doing a math problem.
		In particular, 84% of gray matter regions and 86% of white matter regions involved in women's intelligence were found in their frontal lobes or front portion of the brain compared with 45% and 0% for men, respectively.
	www.webmd.com /brain/news/20050121/intelligence-may-be-gray-white-matter (633 words)

	The Classic IQ Test - Inspired Inventor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The intelligence quotient (IQ) measures the ratio of a person's intellectual age to his/her chronological age.
		People who are considered to have average intelligence normally have an IQ around 100.
		This means that your intelligence is relatively higher than average.
	web.tickle.com /lovehappens/testresult.jsp?test=uiqogt&code=L&gender=F (59 words)

	Modern Tribalist: Gender and intelligence
		In general, men have approximately 6.5 times the amount of gray matter related to general intelligence than women, and women have nearly 10 times the amount of white matter related to intelligence than men.
		This, according to Rex Jung, a UNM neuropsychologist and co-author of the study, may help to explain why men tend to excel in tasks requiring more local processing (like mathematics), while women tend to excel at integrating and assimilating information from distributed gray-matter regions in the brain, such as required for language facility.
		For example, 84 percent of gray-matter regions and 86 percent of white-matter regions involved with intellectual performance in women were found in the brain's frontal lobes, compared to 45 percent and zero percent for males, respectively.
	moderntribalist.blogspot.com /2005/02/gender-and-intelligence.html (254 words)

	Intelligence in men and women is a gray and white matter
		Irvine, Calif., Jan. 20, 2005 -- While there are essentially no disparities in general intelligence between the sexes, a UC Irvine study has found significant differences in brain areas where males and females manifest their intelligence.
		For example, 84 percent of gray-matter regions and 86 percent of white-matter regions involved with intellectual performance in women were found in the brain's frontal lobes, compared to 45 percent and zero percent for males, respectively.
		According to the researchers, this more centralized intelligence processing in women is consistent with clinical findings that frontal brain injuries can be more detrimental to cognitive performance in women than men.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-01/uoc--iim012005.php (632 words)

	Talk History Forum - gender differences in intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		I don't believe that females are 'less intelligent' than males, but that they concentrate less effort on those fields which constitute IQ tests and are considered true measures of intelligence by the stuffy old system.
		In intelligence I think this is a good thing, men may come up with highly intelligent ideas, but women are the ones with the common sense intelligence that says -- "Hey,buddy I see the brilliance of your idea, but have you considered...."
		There are definitely different types of intelligence -- my father was a poor reader and discussions with him on history for instance were well, basic.
	www.talk-history.com /forum/showthread.php?p=6638 (922 words)

	0531 Theories of intelligence/Jay A (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The what and how of the concept of intelligence is currently undergoing a renaissance in what has become a heated debate in the social sciences.
		We discuss the nature of human intelligence in relation to the individual, to symbolic domains, and to social and political institutions that "legitimate" human aptitudes.
		I study the development of intellectual abilities in young children including the origins of creativity, the emergence of picturing skills, the investigation of the relation of thought to movement or “embodied cognition,” and studies of autism.
	www.york.cuny.edu /~seitz/TheorizingIntellect480.htm (1493 words)

	Gender and Emotional Intelligence
		I was reading the "Charlotte Simmons" post in another forum and it got me thinking about the concept of emotional intelligence and how it plays (in my opinion) a significant role in students' success.
		As I posted in that forum, I often ask my students to complete an EQ assessment (I teach in the psych arena), which is always an eye-opening experience for them.
		However, in the many years I have been observing their results, I cannot identify a notable difference in scores between genders.
	chronicle.com /forums/index.php?topic=28395.0 (936 words)

	Underachievement In Boys - education, gender, intelligence, school behaviour, exclusion, child development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		He pointed out that gender differences begin, fairly obviously, in the womb, although for the first weeks of development all foetuses are female.
		By sequencing a lesson starting with the descriptive, moving on to the reflective and then to the speculative, it is possible to develop both reflective thinking in boys and speculative thinking in girls, thus addressing the needs of both.
		Gender balance in classes is important if the strengths of both genders are to be exploited.
	www.practicalparent.org.uk /boys.htm (3601 words)

	GenderSmart® - Gender Communication Programs
		In addition to examining the effect of teacher gender on students' test performance, Dee also analysed teacher perceptions of a student's performance and student perceptions of the subject taught by a particular teacher.
		The elephant that looms large in the middle of the room is the importance of gender balance.
		At those colleges that have reached what the experts call a "tipping point," where 60 percent or more of their enrolled students are female, you'll hear a hint of desperation in the voices of admissions officers.
	www.janesanders.com /gendersmart (2828 words)

	Flit(tm): Safely Examining Gender Differences in Intelligence (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		While reading about Larry Summers' defenestration from Harvard it occurred to me that one of his cardinal sins, bringing up the possibility that there are gender differences in the distribution of intelligence, could have been examined safely had it been presented differently.
		The Summers proposition was that men and women had the same average intelligence overall but that men had thicker "tails", ie more genius and more idiocy resides in the male sex than in the female.
		But what if Summers had looked at why there are so many males of low intelligence or even better why so few women are extraordinarily dumb, it's hard to imagine that the same controversy would erupt.
	www.snappingturtle.net /jmc/tmblog/archives/005753.html (169 words)

	Emotional Intelligence - References
		Stubbs, E. Emotional Intelligence Competencies in the Team and Team Leader: a Multi-level Examination of the Impact of Emotional Intelligence on Group Performance.
		Williams, H. A study of the characteristics that distinguish outstanding urban principals: Emotional intelligence, problem-solving competencies, role perception and environmental adaptation.
		Budnik, M. Emotional intelligence and burnout: Influence on the intent of staff nurses to leave nursing.
	www.eiconsortium.org /reference.htm (1430 words)

	Edge: THE SCIENCE OF GENDER AND SCIENCE
		The debate at MBB, "The Gender of Gender and Science" was "on the research on mind, brain, and behavior that may be relevant to gender disparities in the sciences, including the studies of bias, discrimination and innate and acquired difference between the sexes".
		This statement would imply that the extreme nurture position on gender differences is more conclusive than, say the evidence that the sun is at the center of the solar system, for the laws of thermodynamics, for the theory of evolution, for plate tectonics, and so on.
		Both genders: they are equal in their levels of achievement, and they report being equally satisfied with the course of their lives.
	www.edge.org /3rd_culture/debate05/debate05_index.html (12347 words)

	Cosmic Log : Are men smarter?
		If one gender were truly superior to the other, only one gender would exist, and they would be able to reproduce on their own, all by themselves.
		The general intelligence factor "g" is a "construct", somewhere between a theory and a hypothesis, and not all cognitive psychologists agree it exists.
		Intelligence, I believe is the ability to conceive the correct response to a myriad of changing events that life confronts us with on a daily, moment by moment basis.
	cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com /archive/2006/09/07/3075.aspx (16113 words)

	The relation between gender and intelligence
		IQ researchers sum standardized subtest scores to calculate intelligence in general, and find that males outscore females by about 3.8 points, whereas factor analysts derive the g factor scores from intertest-correlations and find no consistent sex differences in general intelligence.
		This means that a sex difference in intelligence in general, that is IQ, may reflect a test bias or a real sex difference, but by just summing up standardized subtest scores we would never know the difference (Jensen, 1998).
		The present study used a refined analytic approach in the attempt to cut through unclear definitions and unreliable measures, and confirmed hypothesis 1 that previous disagreement was attributable to conceptual and methodological problems.
	www.nocensorship.us /gender_and_iq.html (4301 words)

	GenderLabs.com - Gender Selection - Choose The Sex Of Your Baby Naturally And Scientifically
		So you have got two boys and you are hoping your third attempt will be a girl, perhaps you have two girls and wanted a boy or maybe you just have a preference.
		In reality, a sure fix is yet to be discovered for natural gender preselection, however, you may deploy scientifically proven methodologies and technologies to influence the outcome...
		Our mission is to render advanced gender preselection solutions more accessible to all...
	www.genderlabs.com (447 words)

	Gender & Intelligence - Sept. 14, 2006 - HealthWatch News Story - WMAQ \| Chicago
		Gender and Intelligence - Sept. 14, 2006 - HealthWatch News Story - WMAQ
		He previously created a furor by suggesting intelligence is influenced by race.
		Rushton says the "glass ceiling" phenomenon is probably due to inferior intelligence rather than discrimination and he links the differences to brain size.
	www.nbc5.com /health/9851922/detail.html (265 words)

	Male Versus Female Intelligence: Does Gender Matter? - NYU Medical Center, NYU Hospital, New York, NY
		But just when you think you’re born with all the innate ability you’ll ever have, regardless of gender, researchers point out that there is some evidence that the volume of the brain's gray matter can increase with learning, and therefore may be influenced by other factors aside from biology.
		And the gender differences in the brain may literally be hard-wired from the beginning in our genes.
		Moreover, it seems that gender affects emotional intelligence as well, as women tend to be more empathetic, but men on the other hand manage their moods better.
	www.med.nyu.edu /patientcare/library/article.html?ChunkIID=92578 (1100 words)

	Wealthy Foreigners Come to U.S. to Pick Baby's Gender \| Asian American Daily \| GoldSea
		Foes call it ``consumer eugenics'' and say it opens the door to a future where parents will choose their babies' hair color, eye color and potential to grow tall enough to play basketball.
		U.S. doctors are catering to the same gender bias that has led to female infanticide in China and India, opponents said.
		If it's the preferred gender, it will be implanted in the client's womb along with one or two other embryos, all selected for gender, to increase chances of a successful pregnancy.
	goldsea.com /Asiagate/606/14gender.html (1112 words)

	Male Versus Female Intelligence: Does Gender Matter? - Swedish MC, Seattle, Washington, WA
		But just when you think youre born with all the innate ability youll ever have, regardless of gender, researchers point out that there is some evidence that the volume of the brain's gray matter can increase with learning, and therefore may be influenced by other factors aside from biology.
		And the gender differences in the brain may literally be hard-wired from the beginning in our genes.
		Studies in mice embryos have shown a subset of 50 genes to be differentially active in the brains of males and females even before the sex organs develop.
	www.swedish.org /111149.cfm (1007 words)

	Prabhupada's Views on Women
		The duties according to the body and mind, which should be dovetailed in the Lord's service, will, indeed, vary according to age, gender, inclination, intelligence, talent, cultural situation, and so forth.
		For example, a brahmana woman is certainly superior to a sudra man in terms of intelligence, freedom from lust, etc. I've written a lengthy article on this subject, with full scriptural references, if one wants more details.
		The "less intelligence" of women doesn't refer to IQ or talent, but the facts that women are more inclined to mundane enjoyment and are more under the control of passion and ignorance.
	www.chakra.org /discussions/WomenNov29_02.html (802 words)

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