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Topic: Gender differences in spoken Japanese

	Japanese-Americans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Japanese citizenship is not readily obtained, and foreign residents in Japan are required to register as aliens.
		Japanese is the language of Japan with the exception of the indigenous language of the Ainu.
		Japanese residents seeking health care in North America may be surprised by the assertiveness and autonomy of nonphysician professionals, and an overview of what their care will require and who will be doing various aspects of that care can be helpful.
	www-unix.oit.umass.edu /~efhayes/japan.htm (13217 words)

	Ten Differences Between Japanese and English
		In Japanese, the one word desu is used in all three instances.
		Once you become familiar with the structural particle patterns of Japanese, this difference in word order will seem natural, since the structural particles define the function of each part of a sentence as it is spoken, and you will usually anticipate what the verb at the end of a sentence, clause, or utterance will be.
		But since the Japanese verb comes at the end of a "sentence", the verb can't help us in anticipating what a person is going to say next.
	home.inter.net /kenbutler/tendifferences.html (1408 words)

	Japanese_language - The real meaning from Timesharetalk wikipedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Japanese emigrant communities (the largest of which are to be found in Brazil) frequently employ Japanese as their primary language.
		Japanese is a pro-drop language, meaning that the subject or object of a sentence need not be stated if it is obvious from context.
		Modern Japanese is written in a mixture of three main systems: kanji, characters of Chinese origin used to represent both Chinese loanwords into Japanese and a number of native Japanese morphemes; and two syllabaries: hiragana and katakana.
	www.timesharetalk.co.uk /information.asp?k=Japanese_language (4990 words)

	HLW: Word Meanings:Lexical Differences Among Languages (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		We have already seen how they differ with respect to person: I and we are first person; you and you guys are second person; she, he, it, and they are third person.
		Lingala speakers use different words for siblings that are older or younger than ego and for aunts and uncles that are older or younger than their parents, but they don't normally distinguish siblings or aunts and uncles by gender.
		Differences in kinship terms are more likely to be related to culture than differences in personal pronouns.
	www.indiana.edu /~hlw/Meaning/differences.html (2713 words)

	Translate English to Japanese
		Japanese language compounds words, for example compounding consists of combining two or more words or word elements having their own lexical meaning (having a substantial meaning of their own) to produce a new unit that functions as a single word.
		Japanese sentences are structured differently than English, you will find the word order different, for example verbs are usually at the end of a sentence.
		Due to the large number of Japanese speakers and the high level of cultural, economic, and political development of the Japanese people, Japanese is now one of the leading languages of the world.
	imagiforce.com /japanese-translation.htm (732 words)

	Gender Differences and VR
		Gender Differences and VR Gender Differences and VR:
		As another way of addressing gender differences in desire for different kinds of hypothetical VR experiences, our nonuser survey asked respondents to rate how much they thought they would enjoy different genres of virtual entertainment experiences.
		One significant gender difference emerged in reactions to the interface: females liked the use of narrative story for instructions better than males did.
	commtechlab.msu.edu /randd/research/gender.html (4415 words)

	Marjorie K.M. Chan: "Gender Differences in the Chinese Language"
		Shen conducts a systematic, quantitative study of gender differences and analyzes such discourse variables as amount of speech, turn-taking and floors, interruptions (dominant vs. supportive), and functions of utterances (assertive vs. supportive).
		Statistically significant differences are found in the distribution of amount of talk by gender based on topic.
		Gender differences in attitudes toward Putonghua in Hong Kong.
	people.cohums.ohio-state.edu /chan9/articles/naccl9-c.htm (1105 words)

	Rubicon: Gender
		It's the difference between a pat on the head and a paddle to the rear, and it stems from an essential disagreement about whether little humans are principally composed of sweetness and light that should be nourished—or of naughtiness and sin that should be rooted out.
		There are innate intellectual differences between men and women—perhaps not when measuring the mean, but in terms of variability and standard deviation—such that there exist more extraordinary men than extraordinary women in the capabilities to succeed in science and engineering.
		We have all spoken today of her warmth, her love, her interest in other human beings and her acceptance of them—the fact that her Christianity was the generous and compassionate Christianity of the Sermon on the Mount.
	www.robertsilvey.com /notes/gender (7872 words)

	Reading Japanese, Redux - Twin Moons Anime Forums
		Spoken Japanese is much easier to master as the pronunciation of all vowel sounds is never changes, but written Japanese uses two syllabaries and a smattering of kanji (imported Chinese characters with sounds somewhat modified to fit into the Japanese pronunciation).
		Prior to learning Japanese, I had only dealt with languages that used the Roman alphabet, and I was genuinely frightened when sensei put a worksheet for kanji in front of me. With perseverance, it all becomes clear.
		This one uses Romaji (Japanese to English transliterations, that is, Japanese expressed in the Roman alphabet), so if you don’t know any of the Kana, this is the way to go.
	www.tmpforums.com /index.php?showtopic=2651 (892 words)

	gender
		An example of such a form would be the first person pronouns in Japanese: boku is a word meaning 'I' that is used exclusively by males, while atashi is used exclusively by females.
		The Japanese use of the honorific prefix -o on words for common objects and human actions is an example of a gender-preferential expression, since it is used more by women than by men, but it may be used by both.
		The most celebrated discussion of gender-preferential differences in English came in a book published by a linguist named Robin Lakoff (Lakoff 1975), called "Language and Woman's Place." She argued that there are several very visible areas of English grammar and usage which are gender-marked.
	www.hamline.edu /personal/aschramm/linguistics2001/gender.html (637 words)

	Japanese 496: Introduction to the Structure of Japanese (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		Japanese 496: Introduction to the Structure of Japanese
		This course is an introduction to major areas of linguistic description (phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics) of the Japanese language, and to the use and functions of the language in relation to the social structures and interpersonal relationships.
		Following a brief survey of basic linguistic concepts, the discussion will be focused on the structure of Japanese, in comparison with English and other languages, and will be extended to major sociolinguistic issues.
	wings.buffalo.edu /soc-sci/linguistics/japanese/course/411/syllabus.htm (657 words)

	Intersections: 'I'm Your Venus'/'You're a Rake': Gender and the Grand Narrative in Japanese Television Advertising
		Yet, a study of Japanese television ads demonstrates that, at least as far as this particular medium in this particular cultural context goes, fraying of the unity in the gender narrative is far from the case.
		Goffman demonstrated that differences could be discerned between men and women depending upon a number of analytical categories, among them: relative size, ritualised subordination, functional ranking, licensed withdrawal, touch, and the family.
		In short, gender in Japanese ads may not be the same grand narrative as it was in Goffman's American survey; nor may it even be the same all-pervading, hegemonic discourse it once was - either here (in Japan) or there (in America - indeed, throughout the world).
	wwwsshe.murdoch.edu.au /intersections/issue3/holden_paper.html (8406 words)

	The Anime Encyclopædia - anime, animé, Japanimation
		The term anime refers to a distinctive tradition of Japanese animation that is almost immediately recognizable by its superior artistic quality as well as by the somewhat mannered artistic conventions anime artists employ, such as the preference for child-like, large eyes.
		Japanese smile wryly when they refer disparagingly of otaku, over-the-top manga fans whose filthy, cluttered homes are stacked to the rooftop with manga.
		Many quite innocent anime videos, designed for broadcast on Japanese TV, contain brief nudity in non-sexual situations (for example, in public baths, which are very much part of traditional Japanese culture).
	www.abcb.com /ency/a/anime.htm (1256 words)

	Similarities & Differences Between Canada & The United States
		As with life expectancy and religious affiliation, these are less to do with national differences and have more to do with regional differences.
		The difference in religious beliefs is mainly due to high proportion of French-Canadian Catholics located primarily in the Province of Quebec.
		The United Nations is an organization which has very noble humanitarian causes, such as "ending world hunger", "eliminating racial and gender inequalities", "reducing the economical gap between the rich and poor" as well as others.
	www.unitednorthamerica.org /simdiff.htm (1584 words)

	Intelligence: Diversity
		The nearly universal assumption that intelligence is not different are based on the central claim that all IQ tests are invalid.
		Similar 15 PT IQ differences could be found between various culturally isolated white communities and the general society, both in the United States and in Britain.
		Charles Murray %%Gender GENDER DIFFERENCE OF.25 SD ON AFQT z54\doc\web\2002\01\afqt.txt Patricia Hausman 1/2002: In the case of the Armed Forces test, the mean difference between males and females on arithmetic reasoning, (.25 standard deviation) is apparently high enough that even with greater variability males are not overrepresented at the bottom of the curve.
	www.arthurhu.com /index/aintell.htm (7831 words)

	Gender and Language
		Palmer, Bryan D. "Gender." Descent into Discourse: The Reification of Language and the Writing of Social History.
		"Gender Differences in Conversatioal Coherence: Physical Alignment and Topical Cohesion." Conversational Coherence and Its Development.
		Language, Gender, and Professional Writing: Theoretical Approaches and Guidelines for Nonsexist Usage.
	ccat.sas.upenn.edu /~haroldfs/popcult/bibliogs/gender/gendlang.htm (1213 words)

	Teaching Guide for Japan Pop! Inside the World of Japanese Popular Culture
		Selected chapters are also appropriate for courses on Japanese music and visual arts (manga, anime, TV and film), and courses which deal with the export and globalization of popular culture.
		Japanese find the book very interesting; they easily relate to the content and are fascinated to learn how scholars (mainly non-Japanese) view their national pop culture.
		Osamu Tezuka is a giant in the history of Japanese manga (comics), and is responsible for the development of the "story manga" (the predominant form in Japanese comics) and many of the characteristic stylistic features of Japanese comics.
	www.mesharpe.com /pop_guide.htm (3553 words)

	JAPANESE
		Development of further skills in the spoken and written languages.
		Survey of the nature and structure of the Japanese language, covering genetic and typological affiliations, writing systems, lexicon, and features of Japanese sentence structures.
		Reading and discussion of texts in Japanese on various aspects of Japanese culture, such as film, anime, art, and other socio-cultural phenomena.
	www.washington.edu /students/crscat/japanese.html (1289 words)

	Fluent French
		To the native speaker different meanings of a word are perceived almost as different words.
		The different forms of the verb to be came from different places: am/is from es (meaning be), was/were from wes (meaning remain), and be from bheu (meaning become).
		The gender of an acronym is the same as the gender of whatever it is derived from-assuming you know that.
	www.signiform.com /french/ff.htm#ff14 (16103 words)

	Japanese and Related Courses
		Elementary Japanese Ia (3 cr, F) Elementary Japanese Ib (3 cr, SS)
		Outline of the Japanese language and culture, and intermediate-level grammar, expressions and pragmatics.
		Exclusive use of original technical and non-technical materials, both spoken and written.
	www.msu.edu /~endo/JPN/JPNcourses.html (539 words)

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