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Topic: Gender feminism

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Equity feminism

Liberal feminism

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	Feminism - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Feminism is a diverse collection of social theories, political movements, and moral philosophies, largely motivated by or concerning the experiences of women, especially in terms of their social, political, and economic situation.
		Feminism as a philosophy and movement in the modern sense may be usefully dated to The Enlightenment with such thinkers as Lady Mary Wortley Montagu and the Marquis de Condorcet championing women's education.
		Feminism became an organized movement in the 19th century as people increasingly came to believe that women were being treated unfairly.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Feminism (4214 words)

	1FEMINIS.LEC (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		And because gender roles seem to shift in just about every time period, in relation to all kinds of factors (war, for instance, or economics, or notions of morality), gender is often a major focus of thought and writing, in popular culture and in theory.
		"Gender," meaning the differentiation, usually on the basis of sex, between social roles and functions labeled as "masculine" and "feminine," is universal: all societies known to us in all time periods make some sort of gender distinctions.
		Gender is so ubiquitous as a topic of study in part because of our capacity, in the twentieth century, to "deconstruct" gender categories, to defamiliarize what has previously been seen as natural (men are naturally masculine, women are naturally feminine).
	www.colorado.edu /English/ENGL2012Klages/1feminism.html (1733 words)

	The Problem of Gender Feminism
		According to Money, a person's gender identity was dependent on how the child was raised and could be different from his or her biological sex.
		With the introduction of the idea of gender as a social construct, the focus of the woman's movement shifted from the elimination of policies which harmed women to concern over anything which acknowledged that there were differences between men and women, in particular anything which supported women as primary caregivers in the home.
		It was not simply that gender was constructed, but according to the gender perspective the construction of gender was done by men to the disadvantage of women.
	www.ewtn.com /library/ISSUES/GENDFEM.HTM (3226 words)

	Women's Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The relationship between feminism and postmodernism is anything but familial --they are not to be married, hardly siblings; they are both more and less than incestuous.
		Haraway's essay figures the cultural feminism of the late 1970s and the early 1980s as the goddess because it revived and reinvested, in an idealized concept of woman, a concept that exiled her in nature and essentialized her in relation to gender.
		Susan Bordo, "Feminism, Postmodernism, and Gender-Skepticism," in Feminism/Postmodernism, 145, 144.
	www.dac.neu.edu /womens.studies/halberstam.htm (5695 words)

	Feminism Theories Defined - Ecofeminism, Individual, Amazon, Cultural, Radical and Other Feminisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Feminism is theory that men and women should be equal politically, economically and socially.
		Amazon feminism is dedicated to the image of the female hero in Greek mythology, as it is expressed in art and literature, in the physiques and feats of female athletes, and in sexual values and practices.
		Amazon feminism focuses on physical equality and is opposed to gender role stereotypes and discrimination against women based on assumptions that women are supposed to be, look, or behave as if they are passive, weak and physically helpless.
	www.amazoncastle.com /feminism/ecocult.shtml (1323 words)

	Feminism
		Graglia explicitly opposes feminism as such, except perhaps the "social feminism" of the 19th century, on the principle that identical laws for men and women, which were opposed by the "social feminism," are harmful to women who chose a traditional domestic occupation.
		Feminism can grudgingly admit the former qualities [2] but is adamant that the latter qualities are merely the result of social conditioning.
		A fundamental move for early feminism was to distinguish between sex and gender, where sex, male or female, is about physical differences between the sexes, while gender, masculine or feminine, is about characteristics of behavior, demeanor, or psychology which feminism wished to claim are culturally constructed and conditioned and so ultimately arbitrary.
	www.friesian.com /feminism.htm (6955 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Butler wants to understand gendered subjectivity "as a history of identifications, parts of which can be brought into play in given contexts and which, precisely because they encode the contingencies of personal history, do not always point back to an internal coherence of any kind" (331).
		Gender, then, as the identification with one sex, or one object (like the mother) is a fantasy, a set of internalized images, and not a set of properties governed by the body and its organ configuration.
		Gender is thus a fantasy enacted by "corporeal styles that constitute bodily significations." In other words, gender is an act, a performance, a set of manipulated codes, costumes, rather than a core aspect of essential identity.
	www.colorado.edu /English/ENGL2012Klages/butler.html (1031 words)

	www.theory.org.uk Resources: Judith Butler
		In her most influential book Gender Trouble (1990), Butler argued that feminism had made a mistake by trying to assert that 'women' were a group with common characteristics and interests.
		That approach, Butler said, performed 'an unwitting regulation and reification of gender relations' -- reinforcing a binary view of gender relations in which human beings are divided into two clear-cut groups, women and men.
		In other words, rather than being a fixed attribute in a person, gender should be seen as a fluid variable which shifts and changes in different contexts and at different times.
	www.theory.org.uk /ctr-butl.htm (1031 words)

	Feminism and Gender Studies
		Both feminism and gender studies rely on these distinctions in their critical approaches; although, feminism began as a political movement interested in empowering the female sex, while early gender critics developed their theories in response to previous gender-blind studies of literature.
		Though gender studies might be seen as an umbrella for feminism, it might also assume the form of male studies, which knowingly replicates women’s studies, or it might appear as gay and lesbian studies, which increasingly question sex and gender as distinct categories.
		Feminism is a form of gender studies, and gender theory extends feminist arguments, so the "distinction" between the two may only be a strategic one.
	www.louisville.edu /a-s/english/dale/601/fields/feminism.htm (1444 words)

	My Road From Gender Feminism To Catholicism (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gender feminism would eventually become that other option, but my "conversion" was a slow and insidious process.
		I use the word "conversion" purposely, because I later came to see that gender feminism is a pseudo-religion in which all of the archetypal symbols are there in a twisted manner.
		This disdain for binding authority is classic gender feminism, where the "patriarchal model of hierarchy" is seen as an abusive male construct.
	www.lisaslighthouse.org /testimonies/fem2truth.html (4217 words)

	CounterCurrents.org Gender/Feminism Home Page
		Islamic feminism, or the quest for Muslim women's rights within the framework of Islamic laws, should be seen as a starting point.
		Astudy on gender and mental health in Kerala reveals that gender disparity is minimal within the Ezhava and Muslim communities while the role of gender disparity in psychological stress is most pronounced among Nairs and Syrian Christians
		Gender insensitive police and judiciary, antiquated laws and prevalent social attitudes make life hell for a victim of rape.
	www.countercurrents.org /gender.htm (3241 words)

	Silly Seattle: Equity vs. Gender Feminism
		The second belief that characterizes gender feminists is their obsession with a nebulas concept called “the patriarchy.” The patriarchy, according to gender feminists, is a conspiracy of all men to victimize women.
		Gender feminists exist in a solipsistic vacuum in which any suggestion of a world view that contradicts their own is considered heresy.
		That's all that feminism is, and all feminism is the same.
	sillyseattle.blogspot.com /2005/03/equity-vs-gender-feminism.html (956 words)

	Ifeminism vs. Gender Feminism
		Feminism is the doctrine that says "women are, and should be treated as, the equals of men." It is the political movement that focuses on women and objects to inequality between the sexes.
		Feminism must extend a hand of goodwill toward men who are being destroyed by gender bias in the system.
		The mainstream of feminism has become irrelevant to the needs and realities of the average woman...the housewife, the home schooler, women who love and value the men in their lives, women who rise through merit not privilege...
	www.zetetics.com /mac/talks/comwealthsf.html (4412 words)

	ifeminists.com > editorial > A Conscientious Objector to the Gender War (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		By this definition of gender, there are currently about 20 different categories of gender, from heterosexual to lesbian, from transvestite to transgendered.
		In short, PC feminists see the Gender War as a tugging contest between two classes, men and women, for control of "woman." The political interest of men is called "patriarchy," or white male culture.
		By contrast, politically correct feminism separates men and women into political classes and claims that their common humanity is less important than their genders.
	www.ifeminists.net /introduction/editorials/2003/0617.html (862 words)

	ZNet \|Feminism/Gender \| Feminism Across Our Generations
		In a way, feminism allowed me to move âpastâ gender, to disregard peopleâs expectations of me as a young woman who should eventually marry a man and produce his children and live in his, and their, shadows.
		Itâs simply that feminism means so many different things now, partly as a result of the success of the womenâs movement of the 60s and 70s.
		I set to work on an examination of the gender division of household labor in the Philippines, an issue I considered vital to my argument, by conducting interviews with women across class (women who were mothers) and letting them speak for themselves.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=91&ItemID=7472 (3061 words)

	Notes for Participants, National Forensic League's Lincoln-Douglas Debate on Feminism and Gender Equality
		FEMINISM is the theory of the political, economic, and social equality of the sexes.
		FEMINISM is the logical response to sexism; it exists because sexism exists.
		The resolution claims that "the pursuit of feminist ideals is detrimental to the achievement of gender equality." Since the feminist ideal is achievement of gender equality, this resolution must be saying that feminism causes sex discrimination.
	www.now.org /history/debate.html (2889 words)

	Anti-Feminist Page \| Turnabout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Nonetheless, opposition to gender as a principle of social order—to what is called “sexism”—is what unifies the things called “feminism.” Since the opposition is absolute and categorical, feminism is in no way reformist.
		The aim of feminism, therefore, is to create a new kind of human being in a new form of society in which the ties among men, women and children that have always existed are to be dissolved and new ones constituted in accordance with abstract ideological demands.
		Liberal feminism is based on the notion that one’s body and in particular the sexual nature of one’s body is irrelevant to what one is. Since the liberal view of sexual morality has the same basis the discussion in The Sexual Morality FAQ may be useful.
	jkalb.org /book/view/2 (3211 words)

	SocioSite: FEMINISM AND WOMAN ISSUES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The feminization of poverty is accompanied by the feminization of survival strategies.
		Young women students and professionals interested in women's studies and gender research are forming a new network to develop joint European activities, exchange ideas, and bring in perspectives and contributions from their respective countries, regions and personal experiences.
		Two types of studies are of primary interest: (a) studies focusing on sex and gender as variables within disciplinary frameworks and policy problems, and (b) studies that make gender and feminist theories central to reconstructing philosophical and empirical theories about politics and political life.
	www2.fmg.uva.nl /sociosite/topics/women.html (5988 words)

	Feminism \| CultureCat
		Fair enough, I guess, assuming that lots of people marry outside their economic classes and that we're on a level playing field in terms of gender.
		University officials said that success meant different things to different people and that universities were trying to broaden students' minds, not simply prepare them for jobs.
		Islamic Feminism and Its Discontents: Toward a Resolution of the Debate
	culturecat.net /taxonomy/term/6 (1497 words)

	Rebutting attack on UNH gender feminism article - Keene Equinox - Opinions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The day my "Gender feminist strike at UNH" article came out, I was approached by someone who was in one of my other classes who said she was going to write a letter in response to some things that were stated in the article.
		Studies prove, however, that kids need both parents in their lives if they really want to succeed in life, and that the best type of custody is 50-50.
		Gender feminism has seeped into these women's heads and told them that the men deserve this.
	www.keeneequinox.com /news/2005/04/21/Opinions/Rebutting.Attack.On.Unh.Gender.Feminism.Article-931713.shtml (888 words)

	ZNet \|Feminism/Gender \| Feminism Across Our Generations
		Postmodernism seemed to give room for conversations around race and gender in addition to class in its insistence on recognizing âdifference.â I initially experienced this trend as freeing, both from the restrictions of a rigid class-bound perspective embraced by national liberation, and from the racism and narrowness of middle-class, white feminism.
		I mean that âfeminismâ was one small, mostly unspoken part of what I understood as âpolitics.â It was all just woven together into one cloth: the idea that girls/women are human, and the idea that all humans deserve to live in a just and fair society.
		I mean that without feminism as an agenda that demands attention for marginalized groups, my views and my ideas would never be included in any political forum.
	www.zmag.org /content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=91&ItemID=7473 (2253 words)

	ifeminists.com > editorial > U.S. to Fund Gender Feminism in Africa? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		One of the "other purposes" is to teach gender feminism to African men and boys.
		The lesson: In the last decades, global agencies and policies have become vehicles to impose political correctness, especially gender feminism, on nations in need.
		There is reason to hope that the worst aspects of H.R. 1298 -- the imposition of gender feminism, the slighting of male AIDS victims, the enrichment of the World Bank -- may not be realized.
	www.ifeminists.net /introduction/editorials/2003/0520.html (702 words)

	HTC at MIT [ Research : Faculty Current Endeavors
		Heghnar Watenpaugh uses gender as an analytical category in her research on the spatial dimensions of antinomian piety in Islam, focusing on saints who actively challenge gender hierarchies and conventions.
		She is a contributor to the newly created Encyclopedia of Women in Islamic Cultures, for which she wrote the historiographical essay, “Sources and Methods for Studying Women and Islamic Cultures in the Disciplinary Field of Art and Architecture” (forthcoming 2003).
		Her course, “Gender, Space, Architecture,” is a survey of the core debates on women and gender in art and architectural history.
	architecture.mit.edu /htc/research/fac_current.html (3971 words)

	Amazon.ca: Books: Theory on Gender/Feminism on Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Each of the chapter-length essays of the first two sections provides an overview of the theory, explains its implications for gender inequality, reviews empirical research, and comments upon sexist biases or other limitations of the perspective.
		Feminism and the Pro-(Rational-) Choice Movement: Rational-Choice Theory, Feminist Critiques, and Gender Inequality, Debra Friedman and Carol Diem.
		Gender, Status, and the Social Psychology of Expectations, Cecilia L. Ridgeway.
	www.amazon.ca /exec/obidos/ASIN/020230437X (626 words)

	Yes, sister, choose what you want - Miranda Devine - www.smh.com.au
		Even so, it was clearly intended as a sneering backlash against the new feminism, which involves women reclaiming marriage, motherhood, femininity and domesticity as valid feminist choices rather than some sort of betrayal of gender.
		There had been indications women were backing away from gender-war feminism as early as 1995 when The Rules, a handbook of retrogressive dating advice, became a runaway international bestseller, aimed at armies of women who couldn't get a decent date.
		The secret of the new feminism is that, thanks to the sacrifices as well as the mistakes of their feminist forebears, women have the freedom to make the choice that suits them best.
	www.smh.com.au /articles/2004/06/30/1088488029367.html (1099 words)

	Feminism, Gender, and Science
		This course examines historical and contemporary analyses of the relation between gender and the practices and theories of modern science.
		Exploring the intersections of gender, race, class, sexuality, and science, the course examines the role of science in larger political, cultural, and social projects.
		Feminism and in Science," NWSA Journal, Vol., 12, No. 3, 2000: 151-177.
	www.fas.harvard.edu /womenstudy/syllabi/SP04_1250.htm (1306 words)

	Gender feminism -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gender feminism -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article
		Gender feminism is a phrase coined by Christina Hoff Sommers in her book Who Stole Feminism (Simon & Schuster, 1994) to describe the mainstream of the contemporary feminist movement, which she felt was unduly.
		She contrasted this term with " (Click link for more info and facts about equity feminism) equity feminism."
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/gender_feminism.htm (60 words)

	Feminism at Feminist Utopia - Resources and information for issues pertaining to feminism and suffrage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		There are as many definitions of feminism as there are feminists, some of my sisters say, with a chuckle.
		Writings from contributors covering everything from cellulite, parenting, feminism, women and the draft, politics, pornography, and more.
		Comments on feminism from women, no names attributed to quotes.
	www.amazoncastle.com /feminism/feminism.htm (237 words)

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