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Topic: Gender inequality

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	Gender, Growth, and Poverty Reduction (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gender inequality in education and employment, comparing SSA with East Asia, is estimated to have reduced SSA’s per capita growth in the 1960-92 period by 0.8 percentage points per year.
		Gender analysis of household survey data for a group of 19 SSA countries confirms this diversity in household structure and composition, and shows that poverty is related to family systems.
		The gender of the household head is therefore not a particularly useful predictor of household-level poverty status, and is not in itself effective as a criterion for targeting.
	www.worldbank.org /afr/findings/english/find129.htm (1487 words)

	Essay: Gender Inequality - Coursework.Info
		Gender Inequality In exploring the essay title, it would seem wise to explain the terms "Gender" and "Inequality".
		Primarily, during this essay, I intend to exam the causes of gender inequality through biological and socially constructed gender theorists, such as Tiger and Fox and Ann Oakley.
		To explain gender inequality in Britain today, one might be encouraged to briefly look upon the historical explanations of gender inequality, in order to understand its origin.
	www.coursework.info /A2_and_A-Level/Sociology/Gender_and_Family/Gender_Inequality_L1134.html (259 words)

	Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
		Gender stratification refers to the ranking of the sexes in such a way that women are unequal in power, resources, prestige, or presumed worth.
		The most compelling explanations of gender inequality are materialist theories that use cross-cultural data on the status of women and men.
		The gender structure approach emphasizes factors that are external to individuals, such as the organization of social institutions, including the concentration of power, the legal system, and organizational barriers that promote sexual inequality.
	www.delmar.edu /socsci/rlong/problems/chap-09.htm (4223 words)

	MANY FACES OF GENDER INEQUALITY
		This face of gender inequality cannot, therefore, be removed, at least in the short run, by the enhancement of women's empowerment and agency, since that agency is itself an integral part of the cause of natality inequality.
		Indeed, there is clear evidence that traditional routes of changing gender inequality, through using public policy to influence female education and female economic participation, may not serve as a path to the removal of natality inequality.
		Gender inequality hurts the interests not only of girls and grown-up women, but also of boys and men, through biological connections (such as childhood undernourishment and cardiovascular diseases at later ages) and also through societal connections (including in politics and in economic and social life).
	www.hinduonnet.com /fline/fl1822/18220040.htm (6309 words)

	Gender and Inequality
		In this topic we turn to the way in which gender, as defined by the society serves to assign position and worth in the society.
		We should note that this assignment based upon gender (sex) varies across time and across societies, just as has the assignment of position and worth by family, race or ethnicity.
		Our present use of gender for the assignment of adult roles in the society is often seen as wasting the potential of half the population.
	carbon.cudenver.edu /public/sociology/introsoc/topics/topic4e.html (1290 words)

	Reseach & Teaching \| Gender Issues (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		SADC is committed to achieve gender equality in the region and adopted a policy and institutional framework to improve gender empowerment in the SADC countries.
		The GEM captures gender inequality in key areas of economic and political participation and decision-making in both public and private sectors, including: women's and men's shares of administrative and managerial positions, of professional and technical jobs, their shares of the national income and their shares of parliamentary seats.
		The rather pessimistic current outlook on gender equality may be tempered by the fact that SADC gender policy is a mid to long-term project, that will take some time to filter down through the national framework of each country to their respective populations.
	www.hrdc.unam.na /gender_issues.htm (1006 words)

	Unravelling Institutionalized Gender Inequality
		The Gender Team was charged with leading a long-term effort to improve gender equality both within BRAC and in the provision of services to poor rural women in Bangladesh.
		Apart from the OD interventions were outcomes such as the legitimization of gender issues, focus on hiring practices, equal pay for equal work and male/female balance, and the building of gender infrastructure such as the creation of specialist units.
		Gender and institutional change activists must create partnerships with grassroots and community-based organizations to highlight creative solutions, find ways to support strategic-change work, build new knowledge rooted in on-the-ground experience, and develop innovative ways of learning and networking this new knowledge.
	www.awid.org /publications/OccasionalPapers/Unravelling_Inst_Gender_Inequal.html (7641 words)

	UNECE - United Nations Economic Commission for Europe
		Raising awareness of policymakers that gender should be an integral part of budgetary, fiscal, employment, SME, and pension policies is essential to reduce gender inequalities.
		Promoting women’s entrepreneurship and raising awareness on gender aspects of SME policies through the organization of Regional Forums of Women Entrepreneurs (Geneva 2001 and 2003) and sub regional workshops as well as dissemination of good practices in financing women’s businesses and improving their access to ICT (see Publications).
		The UNECE Gender Statistics Database helps to monitor the situation of women and men in all member-countries, and to evaluate the effectiveness of policies.
	www.unece.org /oes/gender/Welcome.html (472 words)

	Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics, Second Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gender Inequality is a concise but comprehensive introduction to contemporary feminism, designed for undergraduates who are unfamiliar with current feminist perspectives and politics.
		Gender Reform Feminisms (liberal, Marxist and socialist, post-colonial theories) want to change the social structures that put women at a disadvantage, such as the family, work organizations, and the global economy.
		It describes feminism's significant contributions to redressing gender inequality, gives credit for its enormous accomplishments in the last 40 years, documents on-going political activism, and points to where feminism is going in its postmodern and third-wave phases.
	www.cuppalove.com /Shopping/Details/1891487604.aspx (726 words)

	Gender Inequality in Human Development (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The larger the gender gap, holding the overall mean constant, the larger is inequality as measured by any index belonging to the Lorenz class (see Anand 1983, Appendix D); this class includes most commonly used inequality measures such as the Gini coefficient, the two Theil indices, the Atkinson index, and the squared coefficient of variation.
		A bigger gender gap, with the same overall mean (and the same population proportions of the two groups) is equivalent to a simple mean-preserving regressive transfer.
		Thus, the approach to adjusting for gender inequality in achievement in the case of life expectancy must first involve a re-scaling to take note of the potentially higher longevity of women.
	hdr.undp.org /docs/publications/ocational_papers/oc19a.htm (3006 words)

	Oxfam - gender - How does poverty relate to gender inequality? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		But gender inequality means women and men’s experience of poverty is different, and therefore so are the solutions.
		Gender equality is an essential part of poverty alleviation.
		There is good evidence that if gender inequality exists within a household, it is more likely to continue to be poor.
	www.oxfam.org.uk /what_we_do/issues/gender/poverty.htm (1318 words)

	Gender Inequality
		Two sub-systems that gender inequality can be found are in the family and in the workplace.
		Gender inequality, in my definition, is the unequal and biased treatment between the two sexes.
		Materialist theories define gender inequality as a result of how men and women are tied to the economic structure of society.
	www.radessays.com /link.php?site=re&aff=r2c2&dest=viewpaper.php?request=16362 (251 words)

	GENDER INEQUALITY: FEMINIST THEORIES AND POLITICS, 3rd ed. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gender Inequality: Feminist Theories and Politics presents the variety of feminist theories developed to explain the sources of gender inequality, and how the various theories have diverged and converged in the second wave of feminism as a political movement.
		It describes feminism's significant contributions to redressing gender inequality, gives credit for its enormous accomplishments in the last 40 years, documents ongoing political activism, and points to where feminism is heading in its postmodern and third-wave phases.
		Gender rebellion feminisms (multicultural/multiracial, feminist studies of men, social construction, post-modern, third wave)--who want to take apart the gendered social order by multiplying genders or doing away with them entirely.
	www.roxbury.net /gender3.html (388 words)

	The State of World Population 2000
		Traditional gender power relationships, however limiting, may have created relatively few psychological conflicts in men because of their strong validation by societal norms, but the rapid changes which most societies are now undergoing challenge these norms.
		46 However, particularly where gender inequity is substantial, older women's health status is affected by their lack of health care, education and nutrition earlier in life.
		49 The second, the Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM), uses a set of measures: seats in parliament held by women; the proportion of administrators and managers who are women; the proportion of professional and technical workers who are women;50 and woman's share of earned income.
	www.unfpa.org /swp/2000/english/ch05.html (4735 words)

	Oxfam - Gender - Gender Equality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Oxfam is concerned about gender inequality because the majority of the world’s poor are women: around 70 per cent of the 1.3 billion people who live in extreme poverty, on less than one dollar a day, are women and girls.
		Oxfam's policy on gender equality - Our gender policy is a guide for staff and volunteers, helping to ensure our work improves the lives of both women and men and promotes gender equality.
		Gender and Development Network - a network of over 130 leading practitioners, academics and consultants working on gender and development issues in the UK.
	www.oxfam.org.uk /what_we_do/issues/gender (465 words)

	Research on Globalization: Gender Inequality and Market Liberalization (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Different outcomes are related to the structure of the economy being considered (e.g., industrialized; semi-industrialized; agricultural and globalization) and to the dimension of gender inequality.
		The gender gap is higher, economic growth is higher.
		First, while globalization permits some dimensions of gender inequality to continue to be addressed at the national level (e.g., health, education), it makes it more difficult to tackle other dimensions of gender inequality (e.g., labor-market inequality) at this level.
	www.aucegypt.edu /src/globalization/Women_inequality.htm (259 words)

	Research paper: gender inequality (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Gender inequality in the classroom is gradually a declining yet still prevalent problem in modern America.
		This article presents a brief overview of recent research on trends in gender differences in both the K-12 and post-secondary levels of education and offers suggestions for actions that counselors and counselor educators can take to help ensure that all students’ educational and development needs are met.
		Davidson, A.L. Gender equity in the classroom: Gender inequality in the classroom is gradually declining yet still prevalent problem.
	tiger.towson.edu /~dedwar1/research/paper.htm (3139 words)

	Gender Inequality and Intimate Partner Violence Among Women in Moshi, Tanzania
		It is essential to trace patterns of gender inequality and disease in Tanzania's growing towns and cities.
		Gender disparities and patriarchal institutions circumscribe the extent of men's license to use violence against their partners.
		Lifetime prevalence of physical and sexual violence was 26% overall and generally did not differ significantly from prevalence in the past year; the exception was that a higher proportion of women reported ever having been forced to have sex (3%).
	www.guttmacher.org /pubs/journals/3112405.html (4782 words)

	Social Inequality - Department of Sociology, UC Irvine
		UCI sociologists study social inequality by race/ethnicity, gender, and class — as well as the intersections of these dimensions — by employing a wide variety of methods, from ethnographic fieldwork and in-depth interviews to multilevel statistical models and social network methods.
		As a result, the work of those in the social inequality cluster frequently compliments — and is complimented by — research by other UCI sociology faculty.
		With respect to field exams, the three clusters in the inequality area (gender, race/ethnicity, class and stratification) are treated separately.
	www.socsci.uci.edu /sociology/html/clusters/SI.html (494 words)

	Gender and Society: A Matter of Nature or Nurture?
		Unlike sex, which is a biological concept, gender is a social construct specifying the socially and culturally prescribed roles that men and women are to follow.
		Matters of gender are scattered throughout these pages, including gender differences in household duties, in in voting during the 1996 Presidential election, and in suicide rates cross-nationally.
		Gender biases and stereotypes are amply reinforced in the mass media.
	www.trinity.edu /~mkearl/gender.html (1942 words)

	Cornell News: Gender inequality debate
		The debate and a subsequent lecture series titled "The Declining Significance of Gender?" are hosted by Cornell's new Center for the Study of Inequality (CSI) and funded by the Russell Sage Foundation.
		Jackson, an associate professor of sociology at New York University, has argued in his earlier research that gender inequalities are poised to decline and ultimately disappear, given that careers are increasingly forged in large organizations that have no fundamental interests in discriminating by gender.
		Those forces, she says, include the continued tendency for women to be assigned domestic roles in the family and to be allocated to low-paid "caring labor" in the formal economy.
	www.news.cornell.edu /releases/Aug01/Gender.Debate.html (713 words)

	The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College \|
		Although gender equality is not the focus of macroeconomic policy, such policies cannot be assumed to be gender neutral.
		Research will include the reexamination of UN indicators for measuring gender inequality and women’s empowerment, new analyses of time-use data, and the preparation of recommendations for the refinement of existing measures and/or the development of alternative indicators that can be used in policy formulation.
		The Institute is extending its longstanding concern with economic inequality to develop a new program of research on gender equality and the economy.
	www.levy.org /?view=research_gee (955 words)

	Digital Divide - Gender - M/Cyclopedia of New Media (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The truth of the matter is that gender inequality and differentiation exists largely in cyberspace, just as it does in real life.
		In terms of gender domination, cyberspace is undeniabley male territory.
		The reality that cyberspace presents many gender inequality issues, is indeed a problem that needs to be resolved in the future.
	wiki.media-culture.org.au /index.php/Digital_Divide_-_Gender (769 words)

	Ford Foundation Report
		It's not that she questions their role in the epidemic; rather she believes something more insidious is at work: gender inequality.
		Gender inequality is especially visible in developing countries, where women account for the fastest-growing category of new H.I.V. infections.
		Given the entrenchment of gender inequality, nothing but a complete cultural transformation would seem likely to eradicate it, a prospect that could easily invite resistance.
	www.fordfound.org /publications/ff_report/view_ff_report_detail.cfm?report_index=353 (3109 words)

	UNFPA State of World Population 2002
		Gender disparities in health (see Chapter 5) and education (Chapter 7) are wider among the poor, and wider in poor than in other countries, though the gap has narrowed over the past 30 years.
		Gender disparities persist because social and legal institutions still do not guarantee women equality in basic legal and human rights, in access to or control of land or other resources, in employment and earnings, and social and political participation.
		One recent study reported, "Gender biases embedded in institutions, markets and economic processes remain unaddressed and are reinforced by some macroeconomic polices and development strategies.
	www.unfpa.org /swp/2002/english/ch4 (364 words)

	Global Gender Inequality In The Workforce
		Research from around the world has shown that gender inequality tends to slow economic growth and make the rise from poverty more difficult.
		The World Bank views the third Millennium Development Goal—to promote gender equality and empower women—as a central component to its overall mission to reduce poverty and stimulate economic growth, as it has been shown that gender inequality tends to slow economic growth and make the rise from poverty a more difficult task.
		The World Economic Forum Gender Gap Index is based on UNIFEM's findings of global patterns of inequality between men and women.
	www.geocities.com /vanessafong87/globalgenderinequality.html (249 words)

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