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Topic: Gender of rearing

	Gender of rearing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gender of rearing is the gender in which parents rear a child.
		This is the gender assigned to the child by parents and doctors (usually based on the appearance of the external genitalia), and taught to the child.
		Nearly always, gender identity is congruent with the gender of rearing, but the nature of the relationship remains a subject of controversy.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gender_of_rearing (359 words)

	Sex - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Discordances between the biological and psychosocial levels, such as when the gender identity does not match the anatomic sex, or between the various psychosocial levels, such as when the gender role does not match the gender identity, are even more common but less well understood.
		However, for these people the relationships between biological factors (such as hormones) and environmental factors and the psychosocial levels of sexual identity such as gender identity and sexual orientation have proven to be complex, with plenty of exceptions to proposed theoretical systems.
		The degree to which a person's gender identity is affected by hormones, by genetic factors distinct from hormones, by early education, by social factors, and by "existential choice" remains imperfectly understood and a subject of contention.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sex (1764 words)

	The Gender Gap in Political Behaviour (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Gender differences in voting have been examined in concert with a variety of other factors such as socioeconomic status, age and ethnicity, although not always in a very systematic fashion.
		A significant issue in gender gap analysis is whether the many sex differences in attitudes to key social and economic issues account for a least some of the differences in voting between men and women.
		The strongest and most consistent gender gap across both elections was that women were far more likely to say that they did not know which of the two major parties best represented their views.
	www.carmenlawrence.com /says/papers/gendergap.htm (5512 words)

	Gender and Family (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		In discussing gender issues in the context of the family, it is of paramount importance to recognise that these issues pertain to men as well as to women.
		Gender balance becomes a particularly crucial issue with regard to single headed household families, whose structure is often a consequence of one individual's abdication of responsibility as parent and partner.
		Attaining gender equality in the framework of child care and rearing is important because of the intergenerational effect.
	www.undp.org /rblac/gender/legislation/family.htm (14931 words)

	GENDER IDENTITY DISORDERS (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The gender role in the cases described was consistant in the vast majority with thier rearing.
		The term 'gender identity' appeared in the middle 1960's in association with the establishment of a gender identity study group at the University of California.
		Gender is now more commonly understood as having a strong cultural definition in addition to precise biological and extensive psychosocial components.
	www.eamg-med.com /sex_mental/gender_identity.shtml (971 words)

	eMedicine - Sexuality: Gender Identity : Article by Shuvo Ghosh, MD (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The topic of gender identity is often discussed merely in terms of dysfunction, and the diagnosis of gender identity disorder is a known phenomenon in both children and adults.
		Gender constancy is thought to be achieved by age 6 years in nearly all children, barring those with specific variations from the usual pattern.
		Although gender identity is usually female, many XO individuals have significant psychologic stress because of their infertility, their appearance, and, in some, the awareness of their genetic profile, which may make them feel inadequate or incomplete as females.
	www.emedicine.com /ped/topic2789.htm (5554 words)

	Gender Water Alliance (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		The importance of considering a gender perspective and age differences in the design of sanitary facilities was emphasized; boys and girls have different needs and expectations.
		Considering the challenge is to incorporate a gender perspective in a transversal manner in all stages of the project cycle, a female participant presented a checklist to verify its inclusion in all phases prior to the implementation of the project, to which questions were added.
		Colombia, gender equity is not mentioned in the legislation relative to the water sector.
	www.genderandwateralliance.org /english/econferences_spn1.asp (2384 words)

	Gender Complementarity and Child-rearing: Where Tradition and Science Agree
		Children navigate developmental stages more easily, are more solid in their gender identity, perform better; in academic tasks at school, have fewer emotional disorders and become better functioning adults when they are reared by dual-gender parents.
		Stacy, the former Streisand Chair of Gender Studies at the University of Southern California and currently at New York University, conducted a meta-analysis that contradicted nearly 20 years of studies indicating that there were no differences between children reared by heterosexual versus homosexual couples.
		The contribution of gender complementarity to child rearing is deeply rooted in the innate differences between men and women.
	www.narth.com /docs/gendercomplementarity.html (7673 words)

	Mermaids - Gender Identity Disorders in Children and Adolescents
		Gender indentity disorders in children and adolescents are uncommon and complex conditions.
		Incongruity between the biological sex and the psychological and behavioural manifestations of gender identity indicated the presence of a gender identity disorder.
		Gender identity disorders in children are often associated with other emotional and behavioural difficulties.
	www.mermaids.freeuk.com /journal.html (3863 words)

	Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
		Relying on a nurture-based theory of gender identity, physicians advised parents to surgically alter their intersexed infant and to raise the child in a manner consistent with its surgically altered genitalia without regard to the gender identity that might have otherwise naturally developed.
		Keeping with a component of the psychosexual neutrality-at-birth theory that says acceptance of the gender of rearing is contingent on having gender congruent genitalia, an enlarged clitoris was seen as needing reduction or removal to prevent psychosexual ambiguity and to promote parental bonding and affection.
		The real gender will presumably be determined/proven by testing, and the "bad" genitals (which are confusing the situation for everyone) will be "repaired." The emphasis is not on the doctors' creating gender but in their completing the genitals.
	www2.rz.hu-berlin.de /sexology/GESUND/ARCHIV/DIAMONDSX.HTM (14520 words)

	Bibliography of Gender in Geography (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Benert, Annette L. The geography of gender in The House of Mirth.
		Gender and politics in contemporary Haiti: The Duvalierist state, transnationalism, and the emergence of a new feminism (1980-1990).
		Gender, class and access to water: Three cases in a poor and crowded delta.
	sweb.uky.edu /~kpark3/archives/bib_gender_geography.htm (9525 words)

	More_than_XX_XY (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		Assigned Sex/Gender of Rearing--Although it occurs rarely, some parents have raised their child as a gender other than the sex that was assigned by the medical attendant at birth.
		Individuals with this syndrome are reared as males and have a male identity.
		In other cases, the masculinization of prenatal life is interrupted at birth, and the child is surgically and hormonally treated and reared as a girl.
	www.kindredspiritlakeside.homestead.com /More_than_XX_XY.html (3401 words)

	Growing Up Free: Non-sexist Child Rearing
		It becomes clear, then, why non-sexist child rearing is crucial, for a parent can make the difference between rearing children who feel physically disqualified for their gender and rearing those who stand tall at any height.
		The damaging results of traditional, sexist child rearing methods can also be seen in many adults today, who risk their health in an attempt to conform to the beauty standards with which they were raised.
		Non-sexist child rearing is a commitment by a parent or other caring adults to helping children grow up free-free of sex-role constraints and patriarchal predestination and free to discover the very best in themselves.
	www.aug.edu /fenglish/choice_voice/essays/growing.htm (1810 words)

	Gynecomastia in M2F transgenderism, Journal of Gender Speculation
		While transgenderism is often not associated with identified intersex states (11, 12), some authors state that gender change in intersexuals is higher than in the general population (13), and may not follow assigned gender in some cases (14), suggesting the possibility that past assessments of the transgendered may have overlooked subtle variants of intersex stigmata.
		Since social and psychological effects of gynecomastia may alter self image, gender identity, gender stress, or sexual behavior, especially at adolescence (38 -p236, 254; 91; 98-p31; 150), gynecomastia per se as a primary stimulus to transgenderism ought to be distinguished from gynecomastia and transgenderism as end results of a common biological antecedent.
		In a case of partial AIS with a move to a male gender role (181) after an initial 5 years of being raised as a girl, even though breasts developed, this was preceded by 4 operations for hypospadias, reflecting a serious commitment to living as a male.
	www.geocities.com /gmapop04 (13552 words)

	SEX FACTS AND INFORMATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		For example, in most people the presence of a Y_chromosome causes the gonads to become testes, which produce hormones that cause the internal and external genitalia to become male, which in turn lead parents to assign 'male' as the sex of their child (''assigned sex''), and raise the child as a boy (''gender of rearing'').
		However, the degree to which biological and environmental factors contribute to the psychosocial aspects of sexual differentiation, and even the interrelationships between the various psychosocial aspects of differentiation, are less well understood (see the ''nature_versus_nurture ''debate).
		However, for these people the relationships between biological factors (such as hormones) and environmental factors and the psychosocial levels of sexual identity such as gender_identity and sexual_orientation have proven to be complex, with plenty of exceptions to proposed theoretical systems.
	www.splammer.com /?req=sex (1722 words)

	Education Book Review/Why Gender Matters
		By understanding the unique qualities of each gender, we can better accommodate the different needs of boys and girls, with regard to the way they are raised, disciplined and educated.
		This is an interesting issue; however, in the context of discussing whether or not gender differences are innate or procured, the subject of transference of authority seemed too much of a segue.
		Despite these weaknesses, Sax makes an excellent case for emphasizing that gender differences should not be used to reinforce gender stereotypes, at the expense of one sex over the other, nor should these differences be ignored for the sake of homogenization.
	www.lib.msu.edu /corby/reviews/posted/sax.htm (1084 words)

	What's wrong with the way intersex has traditionally been treated? \| Intersex Society of North America
		Under the theoretic leadership of psychologist John Money, the Hopkins team believed that gender was all about nurture—that you could make any child into a “real” girl or boy if you made their bodies look right early (before about 18 months of age), and made them and their parents believe the gender assignment.
		There is substantial evidence that people who have been treated under the “optimum gender of rearing” model have suffered harm, psychological and physical.
		For example, they are typically not told the evidence that gender identity may emerge to an important degree from prenatal hormonal actions on the brain—and thus, that you can’t “make” a child a maintain a particular gender identity in the long term by doing surgery on him or her in infancy.
	www.isna.org /faq/concealment (1326 words)

	Intersex Initiative: News - UCLA's Eric Vilain Expresses Strong Support for the Intersex Movement
		Then he mentioned ISNA and that gender should still be assigned, and that gender is probably not socially constructed so performing genital surgery won't be a successful way to force a gender upon a child.
		Next he showed two videos, one from ISNA (featuring clips from Hermaphrodites Speak) showing intersex people talking about their experiences, and then a contrasting training video from the American College of Surgeons that was very much in favor of the traditional treatment model.
		Gender assignment and genital surgery are two independent parameters in my mind.
	www.intersexinitiative.org /news/000180.html (604 words)

	JIS: Tschinkel 2.12.2002
		In addition there was a significant effect of social exposure, with larvae reared solitarily taking significantly less time to develop than larvae reared in groups (contrast of 1 versus more than 1 larva, F = 4.902, d.f.
		If more time is available for the adult female to search for optimal host-plant locations, and to avoid plants that have already been oviposited on by other adult females, females could ensure solitary locations for maximal growth of their female offspring.
		Although no significant differences in adult sex ratios were observed across treatments, there was a higher female: male sex ratio when larvae were reared alone, and a lower female: male sex ratio when larvae were reared in groups.
	www.insectscience.org /4.16 (4297 words)

	Mothers Milk Varies According to the Gender of her Child (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-05)
		That differences observed in the composition of cow's milk relate to the gender of her calf and are an adaptation to the differing needs of the sexes.
		If a wet nurse is used she should have given birth to the same gender infant.
		When rearing a calf on a bottle the calf should also receive milk appropriate to its gender.
	home.clara.net /forse/eng_milk/Dr1.html (510 words)

	Feminist Ethics
		Since women-centered thinkers in the twentieth century also tend to think of morality as gendered, it is important to determine whether a gendered conception of morality is indeed correct.
		Although Gilligan emphasizes that the languages of care and justice are not gender correlated in any iron-clad way, with all women speaking only the language of care and all men speaking only the language of justice, the examples she uses tend to belie her important disclaimer.
		Although Held knows that not all women live in the private world, and although she does not believe that all women are determined by nature to have a distinctive set of moral experiences, she nonetheless claims that a sizable gap exists between women's and men's moral experience.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/feminism-ethics (10044 words)

	"They Weren't Normal"
		In this regard, chemical imbalance and gender/cultural rearing of boys were offered as the causes for their sad and disturbing behavior.
		None of these responses confronts how with the myriad of positive, affirming sounds and images of virtue, talent, success, intellect, power and money projected by the dominant society, that these young people could have arrived at such a point of desperation in their lives.
		None of these responses reveal how young people reared in the richest country on the globe, with opportunities and advantages abundant could reach the nadir (the opposite of their true potential, the lowest point) of their young lives.
	members.aol.com /Masaqi/Masaqi9.htm (684 words)

	Christie Lee Home Page
		The court stated that where, with or without medical intervention, the psychological sex and the anatomical sex are "harmonized," then the social sex or gender of the individual should conform to the harmonized status of the individual, and if such conformity requires a change in statistical information, the changes should be made.
		Since the court found that the wife's gender and genitalia were no longer "discordant" and had been harmonized by medical treatment, the court held that the wife was a female at the time of her marriage and that her husband, then, was obligated to support her.
		The dissent noted that no law defined how a person's "gender" is to be determined and that since the legislature had not addressed whether a transsexual may be considered a surviving spouse under Texas law, the appellate court could not conclude that judgment should be affirmed as a matter of law.
	christielee.net /crtdec4.htm (12935 words)

	Soulforce
		Would marriage prior to gender transition (remember, this person was born male but underwent sex reassignment in infanthood to female) to someone appearing to be of the opposite gender be acceptable even though both partners are XY?
		If it is based it upon gender identity or genital appearances, any such legislation may in effect be giving the green light to marriage for "genetic homosexuals" according to the government's own definition.
		If such a law is to be enforced, accommodations for genetic testing to determine gender and genital checks may need to be written into the grand plan to keep us safe from the imagined dangers of marriage for homosexuals.
	www.soulforce.org /marriage/intersex.shtml (1295 words)

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