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Topic: Gender reassignment surgery

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	Sex Reassignment Surgery: Encyclopedia of Surgery
		Gender reassignment surgery is irreversible, so a candidate must have no doubts about accepting the results and outcome.
		Individuals undergoing female to male gender reassignment surgery undergo a hysterectomy to remove the uterus and oophorectomy to remove their ovaries.
		Gender reassignment surgery is performed by surgeons with specialized training in urology, gynecology, or plastic and reconstructive surgery.
	health.enotes.com /surgery-encyclopedia/sex-reassignment-surgery (1221 words)

	Sexual reassignment surgery
		This is part of a treatment for gender identity disorder, involving surgery involving the internal / external sex organs, and removal of the breasts as is the case involving persons born with a female body.
		Transsexuals prior to surgery are often referred to as pre-operative; those who have already had the surgery may be referred to as post-operative or simply identified by the sex and sexual status to which they have ascribed.
		Not all transsexual people are able to or choose to have sexual reassignment surgery (for several reasons, for example financial reasons, due to the high cost of such surgery, or medical reasons), although they live constantly in their target gender role; these are called non-operative transsexuals.
	www.ebroadcast.com.au /lookup/encyclopedia/gr/GRS.html (835 words)

	Orchiectomy: Encyclopedia of Surgery
		Statistics for orchiectomies in connection with gender reassignment surgery are difficult to establish because most patients who have had this type of surgery prefer to keep it confidential.
		Because the standards of care for gender reassignment require a psychiatric diagnosis as well as a physical examination, the surgeon who is performing the orchiectomy should receive two letters of evaluation and recommendation by mental health professionals, preferably one from a psychiatrist and one from a clinical psychologist.
		The standards of care defined by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Dysphoria Association stipulate that the surgeon should be a board-certified urologist, gynecologist, plastic surgeon, or general surgeon, and that he or she must have undergone supervised training in genital reconstruction.
	health.enotes.com /surgery-encyclopedia/orchiectomy (3087 words)

	The Transgender Center - The History of Transgender Surgery
		Some non-genital surgeries that transgender patients frequently have are rhinoplasty (nasal surgery), chin or cheek enlargement or reduction, breast removal (for female to male individuals) or breast enlargement (for male to female individuals), liposuction, Adam’s apple reduction, hysterectomy (removal of uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries),orchietomy (removal of testes) and other cosmetic procedures.
		However, the surgery is complex and, as with all surgical procedures, complications are possible and may require additional surgery.
		Prior to gender reassignment surgery, transgender patients have a high incidence of attempted suicide; this is dramatically reduced once transitioning surgery has been completed.
	www.drshermanleis.com /transgender/history.htm (1271 words)

	Sex reassignment surgery - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Sex reassignment surgery (SRS) is a term for the surgical procedures by which a person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are changed to that of the other sex.
		These surgeries are also known in some populations as "normalization surgeries," for the perception that the surgery is aligning the physical body with its correct gender identity.
		For transwomen, sex reassignment usually involves the surgical construction of female genitals, whereas in the case of transmen, this term may entail any of a variety of procedures, from the mastectomy (removal of the female breasts) to the shaping of a male-contoured chest to the construction of male genitals.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gender_reassignment_surgery (895 words)

	GENDYS Conference 1994: Orchidectomy as a preliminary procedure prior to gender reassignment surgery
		Orchidectomy as a preliminary procedure prior to gender reassignment surgery.
		The relationship of castration to gender transposition is undisguised in the case of the extreme and chronic form of transposition, namely, the Syndrome of Transsexualism in males.
		In others the procedure of surgical sex reassignment, from male to female, has proven to be preliminary to living as a lesbian, and yet others to living as a male who is a eunuch.
	www.gender.org.uk /conf/1994/reid94.htm (2794 words)

	Gender Reassignment - Sierra Plastic Surgery - Nevada
		Gender reassignment surgery is more than an alteration of your anatomy or a reshaping of your figure.
		Gender reassignment surgery is the final transformation of your external appearance so as to manifest your inner identity.
		Though many of the techniques and procedures for gender reassignment are similar to that of common cosmetic surgery, this is not merely the enhancement of physical features to improve one's self-confidence.
	www.sierraplasticsurgery.com /cosmetic-surgery/gender-reassignment.cfm (260 words)

	Ts Who have Not Undergone Serg
		Whereas transsexuals with an unaltered wish for surgery did not differ substantially from transsexuals who had had surgery, the hesitating patients were noticeably older, more often married, more often had children of their own, their partnerships were of long duration, and exclusively with partners of the opposite biological sex.
		Compared with patients with an unaltered wish for surgery, of whom only half were satisfied with their jobs when the diagnosis was made, the hesitating patients and those who later no longer wished for sex reassignment surgery (IG) were all satisfied with their jobs when the diagnosis was made.
		Indirect indications of the effect of sex reassignment surgery can be obtained by comparing the statements of patients who have had surgery with those of patients with an unaltered wish for surgery at the time of the follow up assessment.
	jadephoenix.org /lvtgw/Info_htm/Sergical/tswho01.htm (3508 words)

	Category:Gender Reassignment Surgery - Susan's Place Transgender Wiki
		We stand at the crossroads of gender balanced on the sharp edge of a knife.
		Gender reassignment surgery (GRS) includes the surgical procedures by which a person's physical appearance and function of their existing sexual characteristics are changed to that of the other sex.
		People who pursue sexual reassignment surgery are usually referred to as transsexual; "trans" - to go or travel between points; "sexual" - pertaining to the sexual characteristics (not sexual actions!) of a person.
	wiki.susans.org /index.php/Category:Gender_Reassignment_Surgery (799 words)

	Gender Reassignement Surgery
		Further, individuals involved in providing gender reassignment surgery have actually voiced their concern that the results of available research are misleading (Williams G, 1987).
		The reason for this is that it may be the surgery itself and the consequences of it, e.g dissatisfaction or even suicide, causing the drop-outs.
		If a parallel control group is not feasible, as proponents of gender reassignment surgery suggest, follow-up studies must convince readers that they have identified a representative cohort of individuals (particularly with respect to likelihood of experiencing benefits or disbenefits) and represented all of these in the final results.
	www.arif.bham.ac.uk /Requests/g/genderreass.htm (1504 words)

	Transgender Health - Gender/Sex Reassignment Surgery - LGBT Health Channel
		Gender reassignment surgery (GRS; also known as sex reassignment surgery, SRS) is a means of transitioning to a different gender through surgical alteration of the body.
		Reduction mammoplasty is often all a FTM needs to comfortably assume a new gender role and pass in society.
		Inflatable expanders are placed in the scrotum either during or after surgery in order to expand the skin of the newly created scrotum.
	www.lgbthealthchannel.com /transgender/surgery.shtml (835 words)

	Women's Web --- Transgender identity
		Similarly, because their gender expression crosses constraining cultural boundaries and definitions, or because they acknowledge that having a same-sex orientation is in itself a challenge, many gay, lesbian, and bisexual people also identify as transgender.
		For some transgendered or transsexual people, the process of "coming out" may mean living "in role" as a person of the opposite gender only some of the time and living "in drab" (as a member of their biological gender) the rest of the time.
		It's not uncommon for those wanting gender reassignment surgery to be asked to live "in role" for a year or longer before a health provider will consider a sex change operation.
	www.womensweb.ca /glbt/transgender.php (1365 words)

	Sex reassignment therapy - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Generally speaking, physicians who perform sex-reassignment surgery require the patient to live as the members of their target gender in all possible ways for at least a year ("cross-live"), prior to the start of surgery, in order to assure that they can psychologically function in that life-role.
		Although the overwhelming majority of individuals who undergo sex reassignment express happiness in living as members of their target sex, some believe that sex reassignment is ineffective as a treatment for transsexuality, or that it is unnatural and/or immoral.
		Many other people believe that an individual's sex is determined by factors such as gender presentation, gender identity, external genitalia, and sex hormones; and therefore, they consider transsexuals to be true members of their target sex.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gender_reassignment_therapy (1105 words)

	Kasemrad Cosmetic Surgery Center: GRS with Dr. Somsak, Bangkok, Thailand
		Many people come to Thailand for gender reassignment because, under existing Thai law, it is not necessary to comply with the Standards of Care (SOC) as set by the Harry Benjamin International Gender Foundation.
		Unfortunately, bypassing the SOC can lead to people who are not true transsexuals obtaining surgery, to their ultimate regret – or, in some cases, true transsexuals who discover that other factors in life may be equally important to satisfaction and survival.
		While the overwhelming majority of persons who undergo gender reassignment are pleased with the long term outcome, this is because the majority of cases have been well diagnosed.
	www.kasemrad.net /gender-reassignment.html (783 words)

	ataxingmatter: Gender Reassignment Surgery: Religion and Tax Don't Mix
		The memorandum concludes, apparently in spite of the evidence in the case that the taxpayer in question had a severe identity disorder that had not responded to psychiatric care, that the taxpayer's gender reassignment surgery was "cosmetic surgery" that was not deductible.
		The American Psychiatry Association recognized gender identity disorder more than a quarter century ago, and gender reassignment surgery is clearly a medical treatment that is reserved for the most severe cases because of the radical nature of the surgery.
		The IRS's adoption of the position that gender reassignment surgery is mere cosmetic surgery reflects a bias and religious slant that should not play a role in statutory interpretation.
	ataxingmatter.blogs.com /tax/2006/07/gender_reassign.html (889 words)

	Gender Reassignment - MC
		Gender reassignment surgery, transsexual surgery, also known as sex reassignment surgery or intersex surgery, is the culmination of a series of procedures designed to change the anatomy of transsexuals to conform to their gender identity.
		Surgery for the female-to-male transsexual consists of bilateral mammectomy, hysterectomy and salpingo-oophorectomy, which may be followed by phalloplasty and the insertion of testicular prostheses.
		Transsexual surgery for sex reassignment of transsexuals is controversial.
	www.healthpartners.com:747 /medicare/gender_reassignment_mc.html (217 words)

	Paula Kaye - gender reassignment surgery
		She is that one in 37 thousand born with "gender dysphoria" according to plastic surgeon, Dr Peter Haertsch.
		To be eligible for surgery, transsexuals undergo extensive psychiatric evaluation and must also take on the life of their chosen gender: living, dressing and socialising as a woman for at least a year.
		So last year, Paula underwent gender reassignment surgery in which the penis and testes are removed and replaced with a surgically created vagina.
	health.ninemsn.com.au /article.aspx?id=59685 (291 words)

	Gender Reassignment Surgery in Iran - All about Dr. B Mirdjalali (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-11)
		Candidate for the aggregation of surgery to the Paris Faculty of Medicine in 1996, he is a member of the French-Irannian Medical Association.
		For the past twenty years, along with general surgery, Dr. Mirdjalali has dedicated part of his practice to the transexuel condition and the resulting sufferances, thus, he is contributing to its growing understanding in Iran.
		In 2004, he inaugurated the Gender Reassignment Surgery GRS Unit at the Iranshahr Hospital and at the Mirdamad Day Clinic in Tehran.
	grs-iran.com (214 words)

	National Center for Transgender Equality
		To change your gender marker on your social security, you must bring a letter from your surgeon or attending physician verifying that “gender reassignment surgery has been completed.” All documents must clearly identify the individual.
		There are two ways to change your gender marker on your passport, one method for those who are about to have gender reassignement surgery and another for those who have already had surgery.
		If you have had gender reassignment surgery, you will need a recent photograph and a letter from your physician or surgeon documenting “gender transition.” The letter must include a detailed statement from the physician/surgeon stating that gender reassignment surgery has been or will be performed and include details of the surgery.
	www.nctequality.org /ids.asp (575 words)

	Gender reassignment surgery, Bangkok, Thailand
		The diagnosis of gender dysphoria must be made by a psychiatrist, clinical psychologist, or endocrinologist/sexologist dealing with transsexuals.
		If your eligibility criteria for sex reassignment surgery are in doubt or you can not supply referral for SRS, you may need to consult with psychiatrist here on a one-time basis, for which she charges 300 US$.
		For those who plan to have sex reassignment surgery done together with a set of major facial feminization surgeries in one trip, please note that I normally separate SRS from FFS with some day interval to minimize the total time for general anesthesia.
	www.chet-plasticsurgery.com /Srs_main.html (827 words)

	Male to Female Gender Reassignment Cosmetic Surgery - Nevada
		The options for male to female gender reassignment of the face and chest are breast augmentation, nipple correction, tracheal shave and facial feminization.
		This surgery is usually performed after the initiation of hormone therapy and can be performed at any stage of the gender reassignment process.
		Tracheal shave is the shaving of tracheal cartilage to feminize the appearance of the neck.
	www.sierraplasticsurgery.com /cosmetic-surgery/gender-male-female.cfm (294 words)

	Transgender Care Health Information Archive : Library
		The penile inversion method of gender reassignment surgery has made numerous improvements since this depiction of a circa 1970 prototype, but the concept remains the chief characteristic of this most widely used technique in today's neo-vaginal construction.
		A surgeon's perspectives of the gender reassignment procedure along with brief historical view of gender dysphoria.
		Nasal surgery or rhinoplasty alters of structure of the nose to feminize its appearance and correct deformities.
	www.transgendercare.com /surgical/library.htm (383 words)

	Susan's Place Transgender Resources for Transsexuals and Crossdressers: Library: Transsexuals Who Have Not Undergone ...
		This survey included all patients who were examined by one of the authors in a Psychiatric Outpatient Clinic during the period from January 1, 1970 to December 31, 1980 and diagnosed according to the diagnostic criteria of the DSM III (American Psychiatric Association, 1980) as transsexuals.
		Data are available for three assessments of the transsexuals who underwent gender reassignment surgery and data for two assessments of the transsexuals who did not have surgery.
		At the time of the follow-up assessment (A3), three subgroups could be differentiated among the patients who had not had surgery according to their wish for gender reassignment surgery: (i) Patients with an unchanged wish for surgery during the whole follow-up period (UWS: 12 patients, 9 male-to-female and 3 female-to-male transsexuals).
	www.susans.org /reference/tsnotsur.html (3787 words)

	GENDYS Conference 1996: Orchidectomy As A First Stage Towards Gender Reassignment: A Positive Option
		Goserelin or Prostap may be used in gender dysphoric pre-pubertal boys to delay the onset of the masculinising changes of adolescence.
		This study suggests that orchidectomy is a valuable option prior to eventual gender reassignment surgery in persons with gender dysphoria who are intolerant to Androcur, have a particular revulsion for their testes, or are for whatever reason, unable to proceed with GRS within a reasonable period of time.
		Since bilateral orchidectomy can and should be considered when gender dysphoric persons are not in a position to start their real life test, this clearly breaches the present Harry Benjamin Guidelines which I would suggest need urgent revision because of this.
	www.gender.org.uk /conf/1996/reid96.htm (1300 words)

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