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Topic: Gene duplication

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	Gene duplication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		The significance of this process for evolutionary biology is that, unlike a single functional gene, which is usually subject to purifying selection and thus has a slowed mutation rate, one copy of a duplicate set of genes is often freed from selective pressure, allowing it to freely mutate.
		The duplicate gene may either (a) acquire mutations that lead to a gene with a novel function or (b) acquire deleterious mutations and become a pseudogene.
		The postulate that gene duplication has a major role in evolution was developed by Susumu Ohno in his classical book “Evolution by gene duplication” (1970) and is now widely accepted as a major evolutionary force.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/gene_duplication (409 words)

	Gene duplication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gene duplication occurs when an error in DNA replication leads to the duplication of a region of DNA containing a (generally functional) gene.
		The postulate that gene duplication has a major role in evolution was developed in the 1980s and is now widely accepted as a major evolutionary force.
		Some have argued that gene duplication is the most important evolutionary force since the emergence of the universal common ancestor.
	www.encyclopedia-online.info /Gene_duplication (204 words)

	Gene duplication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gene duplication occurs when an error in DNAreplication leads to the duplication of a region of DNA containing a (generally functional) gene.
		When a gene is duplicated selection may be removed from one copy and now the other gene locus is free to mutate anddiscover new functions.
		Some have argued that gene duplication is the mostimportant evolutionary force since the emergence of the universal commonancestor.
	www.therfcc.org /gene-duplication-67072.html (168 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Duplicated genes evolve slower than singletons despite the initial rate increase
		Duplicates of genes of a higher biological import, which are subject to strong functional constraints on the sequence, are retained relatively more often.
		The classification of orthologous pairs as duplicates and singletons was done using three criteria: 1 – presence of paralogs in the human genome alone, 2 – presence of paralogs in the mouse genome alone, and 3 – presence of paralogs in human or mouse.
		Duplicate genes were then re-classified as singletons if dS for a pair of human paralogs was greater than dS between each of the respective genes and its mouse ortholog.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2148/4/22 (5321 words)

	biology - Gene duplication
		Alternatively, the gene may acquire deleterious mutations and become a pseudogene.
		The two genes that exists after a gene duplication event are paralogs.
		Experiments on human gene function can often be carried out on other species if a homolog to a human gene can be found in the genome of that species.
	www.biologydaily.com /biology/Gene_duplication (296 words)

	Gene Duplication
		Modern biology has recognized that the sequences and structures of some proteins are quite similar to others (an example is hemoglobin vs. myoglobin), and this similarity is normally interpreted in terms of duplication and divergence of an ancestral gene.
		Gene duplication is often taken as sufficient evidence of the Darwinian mechanism.
		However, gene duplication is not a Darwinian explanation because duplication points only to common descent, not to the mechanism of evolution.
	www.iscid.org /encyclopedia/Gene_Duplication (130 words)

	CB102: Mutations adding information
		A mechanism that is likely to be particularly common for adding information is gene duplication, in which a long stretch of DNA is copied, followed by point mutations that change one or both of the copies.
		The evolutionary fate and consequences of duplicate genes.
		Adaptive evolution of a duplicated pancreatic ribonuclease gene in a leaf-eating monkey.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB102.html (620 words)

	Gene duplication - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The two genes that exists after a gene duplication event are called paralogs.
		Paralogs usually code for proteins with a different function and/or structure, as stated above.
		If they are paralogs and resulted from a gene duplication event, their functions are probably too different.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gene_duplication (409 words)

	Citations: The evolution of functionally novel proteins after gene duplication - Hughes (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		After gene duplication, in fact, the genes are released from conflicting functional demands and each copy can specialize for one of the different functions of the ancestral....
		assumes that prior to duplication the gene is serving multiple functions, and that the performance of these functions is not optimal because of conflicting adaptive demands.
		After gene duplication, the two copies are released from the conflicting functional demands and each gene copy specializes....
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/472724/0 (478 words)

	[No title]
		Gene duplication in plants has led to new species, but scientist haven't known why and when such "carbon copies" of genes come to exist.
		The scientists compared Arabidopsis genes with genes from plants such as cotton, cauliflower, alfalfa, soybeans, tomatoes, rice, pine trees, and moss.
		Paterson says the duplication event that occurred roughly 200 million years ago happened very early in the divergence of dicot plants from common ancestors.
	www.astrobio.net /cgi-bin/xml.cgi?sid=444&ext=.html (740 words)

	ScienceDaily: Gene Duplication Allowed Pigs To Have More Babies
		Gene Duplication Adapts To Changing Environment (March 4, 2002) -- As scientists piece together the genomes of more and more life forms---from fruit flies to humans---they're finding ample evidence that new genes have often been created through the duplication of...
		Gene -- Genes are the units of heredity in living organisms.
		Gene therapy -- Gene therapy is the insertion of genes into an individual's cells and tissues to treat a disease, and hereditary diseases in particular.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/08/040817080907.htm (2102 words)

	Gene Duplication Detection
		Gene and/or genome duplication has been postulated as the driving force for the introduction of novel gene functions.
		The analysis of the impact of gene expansion on the introduction of novel gene functions is made possible through the availability of sequenced genomes for a range of species.
		As easy as a click, the specified protein family is sent for processing and returns to the to the user: (1) gene duplication(s) detected, (2) phylogenetic trees, (3) probabilities that genes evolve at the same rate (i.e., molecular clock) and (4) estimate of age of duplication extrapolated from the linearized tree.
	www.bioinformatics.tll.org.sg /pipeline-cgi/pipe.cgi (366 words)

	Evolution and Development Group Gene duplication and evolution of gene function
		The high rate of gene duplication along evolution is accompanied by a high rate of gene loss in a relatively short period after gene duplication (Lynch, M. and Conery, J.C., (2000) The Evolutionary Fate and Consequences of Duplicate Genes.
		Duplicated genes often undergo a period of relaxed selection that enables for potential functional diversification.
		We are interested in comparing the putative function as implied from whole mount insitu hybridisations of amphioxus genes to those of their vertebrate orthologs.
	www.molgen.mpg.de /~amphioxus/gene_duplication_and_evolution_of_gene_function.html (147 words)

	gene duplication (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		In an attempt to assess the contribution of gene duplication to genome evolution in archaea and bacteria, clusters of related genes that appear to have expanded subsequent to the diversification of the major prokaryotic lineages (lineage-specific expansions) were analyzed.
		An alternative hypothesis is that gene duplicates are frequently preserved by subfunctionalization, whereby both members of a pair experience degenerative mutations that reduce their joint levels and patterns of activity to that of the single ancestral gene.
		The model proposed herein leads to quantitative predictions that are consistent with observations on the frequency of long-term duplicate gene preservation and with observations that indicate that a common fate of the members of duplicate-gene pairs is the partitioning of tissue-specific patterns of expression of the ancestral gene.
	www.nslij-genetics.org /duplication (12651 words)

	Gene duplication allowed pigs to have more babies
		With increasing numbers of whole genomes being sequenced, researchers are keen to analyse the functions of the genes they contain and the proteins these genes encode.
		As both these relatives have two genes encoding aromatases, one more than most hooved animals, the first gene duplication is likely to have occurred in the common ancestor of the three animals, around 35 million years ago.
		Obviously, the evolution of the aromatase genes is likely to be only a small part of the changes in reproductive endocrinology that enabled these animals to make the transition from small to large litter sizes.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2004-08/bc-gda081604.php (934 words)

	Citations: Gene duplication to enable genetic programming to concurrently evolve both the architecture and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Gene duplication to enable genetic programming to concurrently evolve both the architecture and work-performing steps of a computer program.
		Code duplication transformations seem to work well in combination with crossover, as duplication protects code against the destructive effects of crossover.
		Gene duplication to enable genetic programming to concurrently evolve both the architecture and workperforming steps of a computer program.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/433664/0 (1767 words)

	BioMed Central \| Abstract \| The roles of segmental and tandem gene duplication in the evolution of large gene families ...
		Our approach to understanding the mechanisms of gene family evolution was to construct phylogenies for 50 large gene families in Arabidopsis thaliana, identify large internal segmental duplications in Arabidopsis, map gene duplications onto the segmental duplications, and use this information to identify which nodes in each phylogeny arose due to segmental or tandem duplication.
		Distributions of gene family sizes and patterns of duplication by genomic distance are also described in order to characterize patterns of local duplication and copy number for large gene families.
		Combining information about genomic segmental duplications, gene family phylogenies, and gene positions provides a method to evaluate contributions of tandem duplication and segmental genome duplication in the generation and maintenance of gene families.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2229/4/10/abstract (341 words)

	Gene duplication definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Gene duplication is a key mechanism in evolution.
		Once a gene is duplicated, the identical genes can undergo changes and diverge to create two different genes.
		Duplications typically arise from an event termed unequal crossing-over (recombination) that occurs between misaligned homologous chromosomes during meiosis (germ cell formation).
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=3562 (181 words)

	The Evolution of Trichromatic Color Vision by Opsin Gene Duplication in New World and Old World Primates -- Dulai et ...
		Figure 5 Nucloetide sequence of the upstream region of the X-linked opsin genes in the howler monkey, aligned with the equivalent region of the marmoset gene.
		Identity of howler sequence 2 and marmoset to howler sequence 1 is indicated by a dot.
		A combination of conventional PCR and gene walking was used to amplify the upstream region of the marmoset gene.
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/full/9/7/629 (5267 words)

	PAG-XIII (W275) Gene Duplication And Floral Developmental Genetics Of Basal Eudicots (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		It has become increasingly clear in recent years that gene duplication is a common occurrence in eukaryotic genomes.
		In the Ranunculaceae, these duplications are of particular interest since they appear to relate to the wide array of perianth types observed across the family.
		Due to its small diploid genome and the availability of many floral homeotic mutants, the genus Aquilegia is especially useful in the study of this morphological phenomenon and its association with gene duplication.
	www.intl-pag.org /13/abstracts/PAG13_W275.html (298 words)

	Rapid Evolution Through Gene Duplication and Subfunctionalization of the Testes-Specific {alpha}4 Proteasome Subunits ...
		GENE duplication is a source of new genetic function and a mechanism
		explanation of the evolutionary fate of duplicated genes.
		new genes is not conclusive, the broader involvement of the
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/168/3/1421 (4716 words)

	[No title]
		The duplication of genes is the predominant mechanism for the generation of new members of a protein family and so is central to the evolution of complexity.
		The duplication that increases the size of a network may occur either via single-gene duplication events or by duplication of genes on a large-scale, including the entire genome.
		The need for networks to remain stable and functional in the cellular environment after the duplication event(s) is thought to favor whole-genome duplication By combining phylogenetic, proteomic and structural information, we have elucidated the evolutionary driving forces for the gene-regulatory interaction networks of bHLH transcription factors.
	www.lirmm.fr /~rivals/ADMIN/Annonce251104.txt (642 words)

	Gene duplication adapts to changing environment
		Of the more than 40,000 genes in the human genome, for example, about 15,000 appear to have been produced by gene duplication.
		Evolutionary theories assert that some of these duplicated genes may acquire new functions and take on new roles.
		Most primates have one gene encoding the enzyme, but the researchers found that the douc langur, a colobine monkey from Asia, has two---one encodes RNASE1, and its duplicate encodes a new enzyme, which they dubbed RNASE1B.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-03/uom-gda022802.php (725 words)

	Rapid Evolution Through Gene Duplication and Subfunctionalization of the Testes-Specific {alpha}4 Proteasome Subunits ...
		Gene duplication is an important mechanism for acquiring new
		Newly duplicated genes that are freer from selective constraints
		a pathway for the evolution of new genes.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/abstract/168/3/1421 (220 words)

	Fatty acid biosynthesis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Lateral gene transfer, adaptive evolution, and gene duplication ...
		Simplified diagram of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes fatty acid biosynthetic pathway I indicating the EC numbers of the enzymes involved and the number of sequences in each alignment.
		gene families have extensive levels of gene duplication.
		biosynthesis is typical of the remainder of the genes in the
	www.pnas.org /cgi/content/full/100/18/10320 (4130 words)

	CiteULike: Evolution by gene duplication and compensatory advantageous mutations. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-01)
		Relaxation of selective constraint is thought to play an important role for evolution by gene duplication, in connection with compensatory advantageous mutant substitutions.
		Models were investigated by incorporating gene duplication by unequal crossing over, selection, mutation and random genetic drift into Monte Carlo simulations.
		Compensatory mutations are characterized by the intermediate deleterious step of their substitutions, and therefore relaxation by gene redundancy is important.
	www.citeulike.org /user/mdimmic/article/3557 (412 words)

	Two Large Families of Chemoreceptor Genes in the Nematodes Caenorhabditis elegans and Caenorhabditis briggsae Reveal ...
		Genes and Dev., December 1, 2002; 16(23): 3061 - 3073.
		Extent of Gene Duplication in the Genomes of Drosophila, Nematode, and Yeast
		Digging for dead genes: an analysis of the characteristics of the pseudogene population in the Caenorhabditis elegans genome
	www.genome.org /cgi/content/abstract/8/5/449 (1236 words)

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