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Topic: Gene flow

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	Gene flow Summary
		Gene flow is also a method by which advantageous genes or alleles can be spread throughout a population, making them more common and more likely to remain within the population.
		Gene flow (also known as migration) is the transfer of genes from one population to another.
		Gene flow has been observed in humans, for example in the United States, where a white European population and a fl West African population were recently brought together.
	www.bookrags.com /Gene_flow (1816 words)

	Gene Flow in Alfalfa
		Pollen flow was estimated as 1.39, 0.32, 0.07, 0.00% at 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 ft, respectively.
		The importance of unintended gene flow between adjacent seed fields and to feral alfalfa is receiving renewed attention as the U. alfalfa seed industry prepares for commercialization of the first transgenic alfalfa varieties.
		Total gene flow potential is estimated by multiplying the %RR seed observed in the trap plots by an adjustment factor of 1.72 (i.
	www.naaic.org /Publications/GeneFlowFGI2000/GeneFlowinalfalfa.html (2397 words)

	Gene flow
		Gene flow — also called migration — is any movement of genes from one population to another.
		Gene flow includes lots of different kinds of events, such as pollen being blown to a new destination or people moving to new cities or countries.
		genes are carried to a population where those genes previously did not exist, gene flow can be a very important source of genetic variation.
	evolution.berkeley.edu /evolibrary/article/0_0_0/evo_21 (99 words)

	Genetic Drift and Gene Flow
		Note that the effect of gene flow on genetic variation in a population is the opposite of the effect of genetic drift.
		Gene flow tends to make populations genetically similar to each other in that if gene flow occurs, the alleles that occur in one population will be introduced to the other population.
		That is, for a gene with two alleles (say D and d) allele D could be fixed (the only allele present) in one population and allele d could be fixed in the other population, and this low level of gene flow would not be enough to change that.
	www.utm.edu /departments/cens/biology/rirwin/391/391DriftFlow.htm (2670 words)

	Population Genetics of Plant Pathogens \| APSnet Education Center \| Gene and Genotype Flow (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gene flow is a unifying force that prevents populations from diverging.
		Gene flow is especially important for plant pathogens in agroecosystems because it is the process that introduces new genes into agricultural fields distant from the site of the original mutation.
		Given the fact that many genes move together as a block in asexual clones, it is better to think of "genotype flow." Genotype flow then refers to the movement of entire genotypes (usually clones or clonal lineages) between distinct populations.
	www.apsnet.org /education/AdvancedPlantPath/Topics/PopGenetics/Pages/GenotypeFlow.htm (2335 words)

	Models show gene flow from crops threatens wild plants
		Although gene flow from crops to wild relatives has occurred ever since humans started farming, few studies before the 1980s examined the effects of this evolutionary process in a scientific manner.
		Although the models look at gene flow from a crop plant to a wild relative, the researchers say that the models probably also could apply to gene flow from a commercial to a landrace crop raised each season from the previous year's seed.
		The goal of the gene flow models, explain the researchers, is to provide qualitative insight that they hope will enhance the public dialogue on gene flow from crop to wild plants.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2003-07/uow-msg072103.php (864 words)

	BIO \| Weediness And Gene Flow
		Gene movement is a natural exchange of genetic material; it plays a role in the ability of species to adapt and to evolve.
		Gene flow in plants is pollen mediated; that is, it is the result of pollen moving from one plant to another where fertilization occurs and seeds are produced.
		Gene flow from plants designed to produce industrial enzymes and biopharmaceutical proteins is another potential concern but addressed through special growing systems dictated by regulatory agencies.
	www.bio.org /foodag/background/geneflow.asp (1466 words)

	Genetic Chaos
		The restriction to gene flow may be attributed to the navigational hazards across the Straits, but cultural factors must also have played a role.
		Some degree of gene flow from sub-Saharan Africa can be detected in the southern part of North Africa and in Saharawi and Southeastern Moroccans, as a result of a continuous gene flow across the Sahara desert that has created a south-north cline of sub-Saharan Africa influence in North Africa.
		An important gene flow from Africa was detected in the Atlantic Iberia.
	vetinarilord.blogspot.com (843 words)

	Gene Flow to Wild Plant Relatives
		Gene flow via pollination is a natural process whereby genes, aided by wind or insects, are exchanged between plants.
		While there is no question that the natural process of gene flow via pollination does occur, there are a number of conditions that must be met for gene flow to have an impact on a wild population (Doebley, 1990).
		The potential for gene flow between weedy species and a related crop derived through biotechnology is a key component of the risk assessment required by regulatory agencies for every new plant variety developed through biotechnology.
	www.whybiotech.com /index.asp?id=1241 (1098 words)

	Gene flow - EvoWiki (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Gene flow occurs when genes from different populations mix, increasing the variation in each population.
		Gene flow usually occurs when an individual or small group migrates between populations and reproduces contributing its genes to the new population.
		Gene flow is an important process because it can transfer unique mutations between populations.
	wiki.cotch.net /index.php/Gene_flow (208 words)

	geneflow
		In its simplest form, gene flow is the unidirectional movement and incorporation of alleles at a single locus between two populations.
		The effect of gene flow on the genetic structure of a population depends on the rate of immigration and the amount of genetic difference between the recipient population and the immigrants.
		If gene flow ceases and populations become genetically isolated (for example through the emergence of some sort of geological, reproductive, morphological, or behavioral barrier), differential selection pressures can act on populations for them to evolve new genotypes or phenotypes.
	www.compusmart.ab.ca /kbush/geneflow.htm (931 words)

	Norman Ellstrand, University of California, Riverside
		His current research emphasis is on the consequences of gene flow from domesticated plants to their wild relatives, including the escape of engineered genes.
		I focus on gene flow by pollen as a vehicle for the movement of genes that produce pharmaceutical and other industrial compounds into populations for which they are not intended.
		I briefly review what is known for crop gene flow by pollen, both between stands of a crop species as well as between crops and their wild relatives.
	pewagbiotech.org /events/0717/ellstrand.php (712 words)

	Centre for Forest Gene Conservation: Projects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		A robust gene conservation strategy combines different approaches and sets benchmarks for these approaches based on population genetic theory, species biology, availability of appropriate protected areas and knowledge of their populations, and whether a species is the subject of a breeding program.
		Adaptation and gene flow in central and peripheral populations
		Gene flow can accelerate local adaptation by providing genetic variation into peripheral populations, or it can inhibit local adaptation at range peripheries by introducing maladapted alleles.
	genetics.forestry.ubc.ca /cfgc/projects.html (2500 words)

	GMO : 5. What effects could genetically modified crops have on the environment?
		In general, gene flow between cultivated plants and their wild relatives is not considered an environmental problem unless it leads to undesirable consequences.
		Moreover, gene flow from cultivated crops to wild relatives is expected to create hybrids with characteristics that are advantageous in agricultural environments, but that would not thrive in the wild.
		Management strategies to control gene flow include avoiding the planting of genetically modified crops where wild relatives are present, or using buffer zones to isolate genetically modified varieties from conventional or organic varieties.
	www.greenfacts.org /gmo/2-genetically-modified-crops/5-gene-flow.htm (1305 words)

	BBSRC - The science we support - initiatives - Gene Flow in Plants and Micro-organisms (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Approaches to enhance the precision of gene insertion (e.g., homologous recombination), the molecular mechanism by which DNA becomes integrated into the genome, and a better understanding of the subsequent effects of insertion on gene expression including the effect of gene stacking and silencing and the implications for food safety.
		Studies on the consequences of gene flow including the evolutionary history of crop genotypes and their wild relatives leading to a better understanding of the selective advantage of particular traits.
		Increased knowledge of the mechanisms of incorporating new genes into the genome, the effect of insertion on gene expression and the consequences of gene flow.
	www.bbsrc.ac.uk /science/initiatives/geneflow.html (817 words)

	Gene Flow
		Seven polymorphic allozyme loci and sequences of a 498-bp fragment of the ATPase 6 mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) gene were used to assess patterns of genetic variation among 16 populations from upland and lowland streams of five drainages in northern Queensland, Australia.
		Restricted gene flow and historical events can be intertwined, and the cladistic analyses can reconstruct their temporal juxtapositions, thereby yielding great insight into both the evolutionary history and population structure of the species.
		Average gene flow (m) was estimated to be 0.1-0.8% between morphs, 1.7-3.7% among tributaries for kokanee, and 0.3-5.6% among tributaries for sockeye.
	www.fsl.orst.edu /geowater/fishbiblio/Physiology/Gene_Flow.htm (6008 words)

	Conference 7, GMOs and Gene Flow. Long Summary Document
		Verzola (105) argued that even if the initial levels of gene flow were low, the probability of a transgene spreading was higher in developing than in developed countries as farms tend to be smaller and closer together and farmers commonly save seed for subsequent planting.
		Wozniak (87) agreed, writing that the ecological risk of GM gene flow to wild relatives needed to be compared "to the impacts already occurring from non-engineered cultivated varieties that hybridize with related species or wild populations".
		Louwaars (50) said that one of the impacts of gene flow might be that "genes from foreign species may be regarded by local communities as a threat to the natural integrity of the local crops".
	www.fao.org /biotech/logs/C7/summary.htm (8303 words)

	Invitrogen - LINNEA Genes - Main
		Refine your query or browse by Druggable Gene Category or GeneSymbol.
		Browse for your gene or protein of interest and find all the antibody, assay, cloning, protein, qPCR and RNAi product available for your research needs.
		FREE access to 248 signaling and metabolic pathways to explore the cellular function of your gene or protein.
	igene.invitrogen.com /iGene/index.jsp?CID=TN-Tools-iGene (119 words)

	DuPont Biotechnology: Gene Flow - Crop to Wild
		Gene flow from a crop to a wild, native plant can occur with any crop, including those derived through biotechnology, as long as the crop and wild plant are very close relatives.
		Gene flow from soybean is virtually non-existent, even in the regions of Asia where its wild relatives occur, because self-fertilization usually occurs before the flower opens, providing no opportunity for crop pollen to fertilize the wild relative.
		If gene flow did occur from glyphosate tolerant soybean to wild relatives, the hybrids would have a competitive advantage over wild plants lacking the herbicide tolerance gene only if the wild plants were being controlled with glyphosate.
	www2.dupont.com /Biotechnology/en_US/science_knowledge/gene_flow/crop2wild.html (1552 words)

	Genetically modified organisms (GMOs): The significance of gene flow through pollen transfer European Environment ...
		Gene flow can be defined as ‘the incorporation of genes into the gene pool of one population from one or more populations’ (Futuyma, 1998).
		Gene flow is strongly influenced by the biology of the species and is likely to vary with different breeding systems, life histories and modes of pollination.
		Although detailing gene flow through seed dispersal is beyond the scope of this report it will be highlighted where, together with cross pollination, it is considered to play a significant part in the movement of transgenes.
	www.mindfully.org /GE/GE4/Pollen-Transfer-Gene-FlowEEAMar02.htm (5253 words)

	Beekeeping - Article - Gene Flow a Canola Headache
		A study into the gene transfer between herbicide tolerant and susceptible canola crops by Co-operative Research Centre for Australian Weed Management has revealed canola will outcross, meaning genes will move from crop to crop.
		An Adelaide University senior lecturer in weed management, Dr Chris Preston, said the likelihood of gene flow was low and was a management issue for canola growers.
		CRC researchers evaluated the implications of a 1 per cent gene flow between canola crops.
	www.beekeeping.com /articles/us/gene_canola.htm (416 words)

	Gene Flow Software
		Gene flow can be calculated for individual mothers or local population.
		The model assumes that pollen successful in fertilizing viable offspring is derived from three sources: self-fertilization, cross-fertilization with nearby males in an arbitrary defined neighborhood, and cross-fertilization with males from outside the neighborhood (gene flow).
		This enables the computation of the average (Hexp) which is compared to the observed heterozygosity (Hobs, in the sense of Nei's gene diversity) to establish whether there is an heterozygosity excess or deficit at this locus.
	www.nceas.ucsb.edu /papers/geneflow/software (1836 words)

	gene flow definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		gene flow definition - Dictionary - MSN Encarta
		Search for "gene flow" in all of MSN Encarta
		transfer of genes: the natural transfer of genes from one population into the genetic makeup of another population through hybridization and interbreeding
	encarta.msn.com /dictionary_1861694712/gene_flow.html (86 words)

	Bio-Tech Info - Gene Flow
		Monitoring gene flow from transgenic sugar beet using cytoplasmic male-sterile bait plants, (ABSTRACT) Molecular Ecology vol.
		Expression pattern and, surprisingly, gene length shape codon usage in Caenorhabditis, Drosophila, and Arabidopsis, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 96(8):4482-4487, April 13, 1999.
		A member of the tomato Pto gene family confers sensitivity to fenthion resulting in rapid cell death, The Plant Cell,6:1543-1552, 1994.
	www.biotech-info.net /gene_flow.html (712 words)

	Gene Expression: Introgression vs. gene flow
		He answers lucidly, but I would like to offer something that I think is important, and is behind why I do not use the term "gene flow," and prefer "introgression" even though it is more jargonistic.
		Gene flow is a generic term, and can correctly characterize a whole host of dynamics, while introgression is very specific and precise, a subset of gene flow rather than a synonym.
		Introgression implies that genes must be views as somewhat independent of the demes and populations and species in which they reside.
	scienceblogs.com /gnxp/2006/11/introgression_vs_gene_flow.php (772 words)

	Gene flow
		The researchers were able to track adaptations that arose in both bacteria and virus populations and show that the pattern of adaptations depended on both the environment in which the organisms were growing and the spread of genes between different populations.
		Ecologists use the term "gene flow" to describe the spread of genetic variants that accompanies the movements of individuals.
		She plans to look at the genes involved in the coevolutionary interactions, identify specific mutations, and trace the genetic dynamics of the interactions through time.
	currents.ucsc.edu /04-05/10-18/gene_flow.asp (1183 words)

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