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Topic: Gene knockout

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	Gene knockout - Biocrawler (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		A gene knockout is a genetically engineered organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that has been made inoperative.
		Knockout is accomplished through a combination of techniques, beginning in the test tube with a plasmid, a bacterial artificial chromosome or other DNA construct, and proceeding to cell culture.
		Individual cells are genetically transformed with the construct and--for knockouts in multi-cellular organisms--ultimately fused with a stem cell from a nascent embryo.
	www.biocrawler.com /encyclopedia/Gene_knockout (316 words)

	Kids.Net.Au - Encyclopedia > Gene knockout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Gene knockout is the process of preventing a gene from functioning in a organism in order to learn more about the function(s) of normal, unaltered gene.
		The nucleotide base sequence of a specific gene is altered, often by inserting a specially designed DNA chain into the gene.
		The altered gene will now no more be able to perform its original function, which is often to code for one or more proteins through RNA transcription and translation.
	www.kids.net.au /encyclopedia-wiki/ge/Gene_knockout (255 words)

	Knockout mouse Information
		Knockout is a route to learning about a gene that has been sequenced but has an unknown or incompletely known function.
		(Gene knockout in rats is much harder and has only been possible since 2003.) Knockout mice are frequently used in drug development: a gene is disabled to model a certain human disease in mice; then the effectiveness of different drug candidates can be tested on those mice.
		Usually, the new sequence is also given a marker gene, a gene that normal mice don't have and that transfers resistance to a certain antibiotic or a selectable marker.
	www.bookrags.com /wiki/Knockout_mouse (712 words)

	Lexicon Genetics: Drug Discovery: Technology
		We use knockout mice — mice whose DNA has been altered to disrupt, or "knock out," the function of the altered gene — to discover the physiological and behavioral effects that result from loss of functioning protein encoded by the disrupted gene.
		The study of the effects of knocking out genes in mice has historically proven to be a powerful tool for understanding human genes because of the close similarity of gene function and physiology between mice and humans, with approximately 99% of all human genes having a counterpart in the mouse genome.
		Our patented gene trapping and gene targeting technologies enable us to rapidly generate these knockout mice by altering the DNA of genes in a special variety of mouse cells, called embryonic stem cells, which can be cloned and used to generate mice with the altered gene.
	www.lexicon-genetics.com /discovery/technology.htm (856 words)

	Highbeam Encyclopedia - Search Results for Gene knockout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		Intrinsic hepatic phenotype associated with the Cyp1a2 gene as shown by cDNA expression microarray analysis of the knockout mouse.
		PanGenex presents gene knockout technology using human cells at International Conference.
		Lexicon Reviews Gene Knockouts to Predict the Efficacy of New Drugs In Clinical Trials; Therapeutic Effects of Novel Drugs Are Effectively Modeled in Mouse Knockouts.
	www.encyclopedia.com /SearchResults.aspx?Q=Gene+knockout (508 words)

	Knockout mouse - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Knockout is a route to learning about a gene that has been sequenced but has an unknown or incompletely known function.
		For example, the p53 knockout mouse is named after the p53 gene which codes for a protein that normally suppresses the growth of tumors by arresting cell division.
		Usually, the new sequence is also given a marker gene, a gene that normal mice don't have and that transfers resistance to a certain antibiotic or a selectable marker.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Knockout_mouse (1003 words)

	Gene knockout - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A gene knockout is a genetically engineered organism that carries one or more genes in its chromosomes that have been made inoperative (have been "knocked out" of the organism).
		Knockout is accomplished through a combination of techniques, beginning in the test tube with a plasmid, a bacterial artificial chromosome or other DNA construct, and proceeding to cell culture.
		Individual cells are genetically transformed with the construct and--for knockouts in multi-cellular organisms--ultimately fused with a stem cell from a nascent embryo.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gene_knockout (382 words)

	Transgenics and Gene Knockout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The Transgenic and Gene Knockout Core facility is designed to produce and analyze transgenic and gene knockout mice that can be used as animal models of human disease.
		In gene knockouts, genes are isolated, inactivated, and introduced into embryonic stem (ES) cells.
		The mice resulting from transgenic and gene knockout experiments are born, bred and analyzed for the effects of gene overexpression or inactivation.
	www.wadsworth.org /cores/transgen.htm (223 words)

	Gene Networks
		A gene regulatory network (also called a GRN or genetic regulatory network,) is a collection of DNA segments in a cell which interact with each other and with other substances in the cell, thereby governing the rates at which genes are transcribed into mRNA.
		Genes can be viewed as nodes in such a network, with input being proteins such as transcription factors, and outputs being the level of gene expression.
		The gene networks are only beginning to be understood, and it is a next step for biology to attempt to deduce the functions for each gene "node", to assist in modeling behaviour of a cell.
	cnx.org /content/m12383/latest (794 words)

	Tutorial : Targeted Disruption Using Group II Introns Genetic Engineering News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business
		This knockout technology enables mutations to be rapidly generated in a specific gene or genes and is critical for defining biological function of a given gene and for characterizing regulatory networks.
		Gene knockouts for generating mutant prokaryotes are frequently produced by transposon mutagenesis.
		Knockouts are then selected using a kanamycin marker that is activated upon chromosomal insertion.
	www.genengnews.com /articles/chtitem.aspx?tid=1092&chid=1 (1089 words)

	The Science Creative Quarterly » STUDYING GENE FUNCTION: CREATING KNOCKOUT MICE
		Therefore, knockout animals are considered an investigative technique that allows for a particular gene of interest to be removed in an attempt to define what effect that gene has in the life of the organism.
		The purpose of conditional knockouts, in contrast, is to delete a gene in a particular organ, cell type, or stage of development [3].
		The development of a gene knockout mouse has been a massive advance to the biomedical and pharmaceutical field presenting researchers with a very powerful tool for analyzing gene function during development, as well as in disease.
	www.scq.ubc.ca /?p=264 (2006 words)

	Transgenic Animals
		Knockout mice are valuable tools for discovering the function(s) of genes for which mutant strains were not previously available.
		While "housekeeping" genes are expressed in all types of cells at all stages of development, other genes are normally expressed in only certain types of cells when turned on by the appropriate signals (e.g.
		The gene was the human gene for alpha1-antitrypsin, and two of the animals expressed large quantities of the human protein in their milk.
	users.rcn.com /jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/T/TransgenicAnimals.html (1848 words)

	Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection : Article : Molecular ...
		Gene knockout primers have 20-nt 3' ends for priming upstream (P1) and downstream (P2) of the FRT sites flanking the kanamycin resistance gene in pKD13 and 50-nt 5' ends homologous to upstream (H1) and downstream (H2) chromosomal sequences for targeting the gene deletion (Supplementary Table 2).
		From every gene deletion experiment, four or eight Km colonies were chosen and checked for ones with the correct structure by PCR using a combination of locus- and kanamycin-specific primers (Figure 2), as described elsewhere (Datsenko and Wanner, 2000).
		Genetic duplications resulting from gene amplification have been well documented in bacteria; however, the frequency is low; under ordinary conditions, about one in 400 genes is on average duplicated in a culture (Anderson and Roth, 1977).
	www.nature.com /msb/journal/v2/n1/full/msb4100050.html (6347 words)

	The Myostatin Gene
		By knocking out the gene for myostatin in mice, they were able to show that the transgenic mice developed two to three times more muscle than mice that contained the same gene intact.
		Homozygous mutant mice (often called gene knockout mice) were 30% larger than their heterozygous and wild-type (normal) littermates irregardless of sex and age.
		A deletion in the myostatin gene of the Belgian Blue eliminates the entire active region of the molecule and is non-functional; and this mutation causes hypertrophy and increased muscle mass.
	www.thinkmuscle.com /articles/volk/myostatin.htm (4003 words)

	Celegans Gene Knockout Lab OMRF (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The C. elegans gene knockout facility at the Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation was established in 1998 with funding from the National Institutes of Health.
		This C. elegans gene knockout facility is a member of an international consortium C.
		elegans Gene Knockout Consortium whose ultimate goal is to produce null alleles of all known genes in the C. elegans genome.
	www.mutantfactory.ouhsc.edu (132 words)

	Gene Knockout and Transgene Facility - UM/Sylvester - University of Miami School of Medicine
		Managed by Thomas R. Malek, Ph.D., and subsidized by UM/Sylvester, the primary objective of the Gene Knockout and Transgene Facility is to efficiently produce transgenic and targeted-mutant mice and to provide support for investigators using this technology for application to their research.
		Transgenic mice are produced by injection of one-cell embryos with foreign DNA, resulting in the random integration of genes into the mouse genome.
		Alternatively, targeted-mutant mice (also known as "knockout" mice) are produced by injection of 32-cell mouse blastocysts with pluripotent embryonic stem (ES) cells, whose DNA has undergone homologous recombination with exogenous DNA, resulting in targeted changes at specific loci.
	www.sylvester.org /health_pro/shared_resources/gene_knockout.asp (380 words)

	In vivo Gene Knockout: secured your Knockout mouse creation!
		The constitutive gene knockout approach enables a total inactivation of the gene in any cell.
		In a conditional knockout mouse, the inactivation is restricted to specific tissues.
		Gene knockout - Knock in mice - Transgenics - Transgenesis - Gene knockdown
	www.genoway.com /transgenic-company/knockout-mouse.html (165 words)

	gene knockout
		In fact, she adds, research has shown that when all MC4 receptors are removed in gene knockout mice, the animals become morbidly obese.
		Single gene knockout approaches are useful to determine essentiality of a gene's function, but do not represent the polygene condition of complex diseases...
		...was identified as a primary target of the autoimmunity causing diabetes, based on studies abrogating this response in insulin 1 and 2 gene knockout mice with a...
	www.mongabay.com /igapo/biotech/gene_knockout.html (542 words)

	The Hindu : Andhra Pradesh News : Scientists complete work on gene knockout technology
		Indian biologists have successfully established in India "gene knockout technology" which was being used in some nations, including the United States, United Kingdom, Germany, France, Australia and Japan.
		The CCMB had created a National Facility for Transgenic and Gene Knockout Mice with support from the Department of Science and Technology and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research.
		In the absence of kappa-casein, the milk protein genes, the females were healthy but could not produce milk for the young ones.
	www.hindu.com /2006/05/10/stories/2006051009080700.htm (402 words)

	Scientists find genetic link to memory - MIT News Office
		This latest "regional gene knockout" technology, through which scientists can develop a breed of mice in which a gene is eliminated in a specific area or only in one particular type of cell, will be valuable in the study of neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's, Huntington's, Parkinson's and drug addictions.
		This is a landmark study because, for the first time, it was demonstrated beyond doubt that synaptic plasticity in a specific region of the brain is essential for spatial memory and, in addition, the scientists could demonstrate that synaptic plasticity gives rise to spatial memory through the establishment of internal "maps" of the space.
		In addition, the new gene knockout technology established by MIT scientists will also be extremely valuable for medical researchers to study the precise functions of disease genes in neurological disease processes such as in Alzheimer's, Huntington's, and Parkinson's diseases as well as in drug addictions.
	web.mit.edu /newsoffice/1996/gene-knockout.html (2012 words)

	Gene Knockout Scores a Fearless Mouse, November 22, 2005 Press Release - National Institutes of Health (NIH)
		The gene in the current study codes for stathmin, a protein that appears to be critical for the amygdala to rearrange connections and form fear memories.
		The knockout mice also were more prone to explore novel open space and maze environments, a reflection of less innate fear.
		This and related studies with other knockout mouse models suggest that subclasses of anxiety disorders will ultimately emerge, “each of which is likely to have a unique molecular signature and require distinctive pharmacological approaches,” they add.
	www.nih.gov /news/pr/nov2005/nimh-22.htm (601 words)

	Construction of Escherichia coli K-12 in-frame, single-gene knockout mutants: the Keio collection : Molecular Systems ...
		These mutants were constructed by using a PCR gene replacement method similar to the one used to create a nearly complete set of yeast gene mutants (Giaever et al, 2002), except by using E.
		In bacteria, genes are often arranged in operons that are transcribed as a unit and in which neighboring genes frequently overlap a few to several nucleotides.
		The kanamycin resistance gene is oriented for expression of downstream genes (Figure 8A).
	www.nature.com /msb/journal/v2/n1/synopsis/msb4100050.html (1486 words)

	Gene Targeting and Knockout Mouse Facility (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-20)
		The mutation can be the deletion of an entire locus of genes, a specific reciprocal chromosomal translocation, a complete gene knockout, a domain-specific gene knockout (or alteration), or a promoter/enhancer knockout (or alteration).
		The facility will provide for the generation of 96 selected ES cell lines, the generation of chimeric males, and technical guidance for the characterization of offspring that are heterozygous and homozygous for the targeted mutation.
		Such a blastocyst injection station will significantly increase the efficiency and throughput of knockout mouse production, especially because 1) most embryonic stem cell lines are more amenable to blastocyst injection than to morula aggregation, and 2) blastocyst injection requires fewer manipulation and shorter incubation times outside of the female reproductive tract than does morula aggregation.
	bfs.itlab.musc.edu /urrf/cgi-bin/display/gene (1766 words)

	{alpha}B-Crystallin in Lens Development and Muscle Integrity: A Gene Knockout Approach -- Brady et al. 42 (12): 2924 -- ...
		B genes in a wild-type mouse, gene-targeting construct, and structure of the targeted locus.
		B knockout lens; vacant positions are indicated by arrowhead and arrows as in (A).
		B knockout mice that are in the mouse 129Sv background.
	www.iovs.org /cgi/content/full/42/12/2924 (6424 words)

	Mouse gene knockout illuminates how light resets clock
		Mice lacking a gene for the photopigment melanopsin show a dramatic deficiency in their ability to regulate their circadian rhythms by light.
		Then, the researchers exposed the melanopsin knockout mice to 15 minutes of blue light at a time in their cycle when normal mice show strong phase delays -- alterations in the time of onset of activity in response to light.
		To confirm this deficit in light input, the knockout mice were exposed to constant white light, which normally would trigger phase adjustments resulting in a longer internal clock day than in constant darkness.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2002-12/niom-mgk121302.php (834 words)

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