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Topic: Gene sequencing

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	Notice
		Sequencing of DNA has been one of the major feats in molecular biology.
		Two independent sequencing methods were invented in the middle seventies, one by Walter Gilbert, called the Maxam-Gilbert method or chemical method, and a second one by Fred Sanger called Sanger or chain termination method.
		The sequencing reaction has been modified into a PCR reaction, and the old way using radioactively labelled deoxynucleotides has been improved using dye-labelled bases.
	www.upct.es /~genetica/prv2/dna_sequencing.html (287 words)

	Gene sequencing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Genes are vital to the understanding of the many diseases and disease states (for example cystic fibrosis, dwarfism, mental illness, birth defects and more minor problems such as colour blindness) which they are responsible for.
		They too have genes and studying these genes can tell scientists many things, which allows advances in other fields such as evolutionary biology, crop science, veterinary science, and pharmacology.
		Information can be found from patients who have defects in a gene (for example, a large proportion of people with spontaneous dwarfism have a mutation in the gene which produces a growth factor) or from animals such as transgenic mice or gene knockout mice or fruitflies.
	www.serebella.com /encyclopedia/article-Gene_sequencing.html (970 words)

	Gene Sequencing
		The precise sequence of the nucleotides in a gene determines the physical and chemical activity that the gene produces in an organism.
		A modification in a gene sequence may lead to the over- or under-production of a protein, modifying the normal biological function of the cell, and potentially affecting the physical and chemical characteristics of the entire organism.
		Advances in DNA sequencing technology and instrumentation have allowed researchers to begin to sequence genes on an industrial scale by creating "sequencing factories," instead of sequencing genes one at a time.
	www.qub.ac.uk /afs/aps/fungal/gene_sequencing.html (541 words)

	Genzyme Launches New Cystic Fibrosis Gene Sequencing Test
		CF gene sequencing detects the most common mutations, as well as less common mutations not included in the available mutation panels.
		Genzyme's full CF gene sequencing test is a direct sequence analysis of the CFTR gene.
		Partial CFTR gene sequencing is also available for families with known mutations not detectable in a general screening assay.
	www.medicalnewstoday.com /medicalnews.php?newsid=55498 (980 words)

	Tools: Genetic Tools and Techniques (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		PCR is an essential element in DNA fingerprinting and in the sequencing of genes and entire genomes.
		When a gene on a piece of DNA is copied into a strand of messenger RNA and ferried out of the cell nucleus into the cell fluid, ribosomes there latch onto this mRNA.
		Gene chips can be used for a number of purposes, but one of the most common is to determine which genes are expressed or activated under given conditions.
	www.microbeworld.org /htm/aboutmicro/tools/genetic.htm (1706 words)

	SEQUENCING THE GENOME (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The other technique, known as whole genome shotgun sequencing, brings speed into the picture, enabling researchers to do the job in months to a year.
		Chromosomes are comprised of millions of copies of the four letters of the genetic code—the DNA bases A, C, G, T—that are arranged into genes and non-coding sections.
		Sequencing both ends of each insert is critical for the assembling the entire chromosome.
	www.genomenewsnetwork.org /articles/06_00/sequence_primer.shtml (813 words)

	Record: Consortium completes gene sequencing of labroatory rat
		Almost all human genes known to be associated with diseases have counterparts in the rat genome and appear highly conserved through mammalian evolution.
		A selected few families of genes have been expanded in the rat, including smell receptors and genes for dealing with toxins, and these give clues to the distinctive physiology of the species.
		Moreover, the structure of the 3 percent of the genome containing recent duplications, where genes are born, was accurately determined by the Atlas assembler.
	record.wustl.edu /web/page/normal/819.html (1165 words)

	Gene Genie
		Gene Genie is the brainchild of Bertalan, whose aim with the carnival is to cover the entire human genome by the year 2082.
		One of the genes involved, huntingtin, is found on the short arm of chromosome 4, and the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
		The various alleles of the ABO (N-acetylgalactosaminyltransferase) gene are responsible for the A, B, and O blood groups in the human population.
	genegenie.wordpress.com (4880 words)

	CDKL5 Gene Sequencing Analysis - DNA Analysis
		Mutations in the CDKL5 gene on Xp22 (cyclin dependent kinase-like 5, OMIM #300203; also known as serine threonine kinase 9 (STK9)) are associated with mental retardation and severe neurological symptoms.
		Sequencing Analysis: PCR amplification of 21 exons contained in the CDKL5 gene coding region is performed on patient genomic DNA.
		Direct sequencing of amplification products is performed in both the forward and reverse directions using automated fluorescence dideoxy sequencing methods.
	www.bcm.edu /geneticlabs/tests/dna/CDKL5.html (362 words)

	News - Gene Mutations Appear Associated with Permanent Neonatal Diabetes
		Gene sequencing in 29 patients with permanent neonatal diabetes identified heterozygous activating mutations in the gene encoding the adenosine triphosphate- (ATP) sensitive potassium-channel subunit Kir6.2, indicating this mutation can cause neonatal diabetes.
		DNA gene sequencing in 29 probands with permanent neonatal diabetes - and without abnormalities in chromosome 6q24, mutations in the gene encoding glucokinase, exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, and pancreatic agenesis - identified 6 novel, heterozygous mutations in the gene encoding Kir6.2 in 10 of the probands.
		Of the 10 patients with neonatal diabetes and gene mutations, diabetes transmission occurred from an affected parent in 2 patients and from spontaneous mutations in 8 patients.
	www.docguide.com /news/content.nsf/news/75E62BC46379C86E85256E85006797F1 (602 words)

	Singapore Scientists Research Gene Sequencing Of Elephant Shark (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Dr Venkatesh said the genes of the elephant shark, which has lived for over 500 million years, would be able to act as master genes.
		Dr Venkatesh said: "By sequencing and comparing with the human genome, we can spot the important sequences in the genome so they are likely to be very important to the function and regulation of the gene.
		But some genes that are present in the human genes and the shark genes are absent in the puffer fish.
	www.flmnh.ufl.edu /fish/sharks/innews/elephant2005.html (410 words)

	New Scientist Breaking News - Banana genome to be unravelled
		Rice was next, but the companies that sequenced it have been criticised for not making the data freely available.
		This is why, instead of sequencing one of the edible varieties, the consortium will sequence a wild banana from east Asia.
		For instance, a gene that protects against the fl Sigatoka fungus, which ravages plantations, would be priceless.
	www.newscientist.com /article.ns?id=dn1037 (649 words)

	Gene Sequencing Effort Focuses on Genomes of Food Bacteria - The Daily Californian
		The JGI looks at hundreds of proposals for genome sequencing and decides which projects are the most efficient and intelligent use of resources.
		The process of genome sequencing involves decoding all the DNA in an organism.
		Sequencing a genome requires separating DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis, a method that requires large amount of personnel and substantial financial resources.
	www.dailycal.org /article.php?id=9810 (619 words)

	Article : BioMarket Trends: DNA Sequencing Genetic Engineering News - Biotechnology from Bench to Business
		The legacy of the Human Genome Project and succeeding comparative genome sequencing efforts have left DNA sequencing synonymous with large-scale de novo genome sequencing, as far as the general public is concerned.
		The portion of the DNA sequencing business that is actually growing, and sustaining a large part of revenue generation, is the low-to-medium throughput sub-segment, which includes 16-, 4-, and single-capillary instrumentation, as well as slab-gel instrumentation.
		The fastest growing number of DNA sequencing projects are directed at interpreting the results of large-scale genome sequencing efforts, genetic biomarker discovery and validation, association studies, molecular diagnostics, pharmacogenomics, paternity testing, and so on.
	www.genengnews.com /articles/chitem.aspx?aid=1962&chid=0 (378 words)

	Phenylketonuria, PAH Gene Sequencing - Mitochondrial DNA Analysis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The phenylalanine hydroxylase gene (PAH) located on chromosome 12q and expressed in liver, is responsible for phenylketonuria (PKU) or hyperphenylalaninemia.
		More than 400 point mutations in the PAH gene have been reported, with the most prevalent 7 mutations accounting for less than 50% of the mutant alleles in all ethnic groups.
		The exons and flanking intron regions of PAH gene are PCR amplified and sequenced.
	www.bcm.edu /geneticlabs/tests/mito/PKU.html (149 words)

	ScienceDaily: Laboratory Rat Gene Sequencing Completed; Humans Share One-fourth Of Genes With Rat, Mouse
		Almost all human genes known to be associated with diseases have counterparts in the rat genome and appear highly conserved through mammalian evolution.
		A selected few families of genes have been expanded in the rat, including smell receptors and genes for dealing with toxins, and these give clues to the distinctive physiology of the species.
		Moreover, the structure of the 3 percent of the genome containing recent duplications, where genes are born, was accurately determined by the Atlas assembler.
	www.sciencedaily.com /releases/2004/04/040401075930.htm (1319 words)

	Methods in genetic sequencing, DNA analysis and gene cloning !!
		By using a plasmid containing a gene that codes for resistance to an antibiotic such as the Amp gene (which gives resistance to ampicillin), it can be determined which bacteria have taken up a plasmid.
		Increasingly there are many uses for such genetic manipulation, by inserting the gene that codes for human insulin in to bacteria, they will begin to create the insulin protein and provide a useful drug for those with diabetes.
		This gene should then begin to code for the protein that is normally not produced by patients with cystic fibrosis.
	www.geocities.com /SiliconValley/5504/biochem.html (2130 words)

	Gene sequencing - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Gene sequencing refers to the process of recording the exact sequence of nucleotides in the section of an organism's DNA corresponding to a specific gene.
		The complete genetic sequences of humans and many other organisms have been determined.
		Researchers sometimes sequence specific genes of an individual with a certain phenotype (such as a disease), in an attempt to discover the phenotype's genetic basis.
	www.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gene_sequencing (89 words)

	Gene sequencing center to receive $156 million
		The cancer gene sequencing effort is part of The Cancer Genome Atlas, a joint pilot project of the NHGRI and the National Cancer Institute that will initially focus on identifying small changes, like duplications or deletions of genetic material, in three types of cancer: ovarian, lung and glioblastoma, an aggressive brain tumor.
		The new research involves sequencing a patient's tumor DNA and comparing it to a normal DNA sample from the same patient to identify changes that may be important to cancer.
		Another focus is on sequencing pathogens that are a major health problem in developing countries such as the tiny nematode worm that causes river blindness, a disease that affects 16 million worldwide.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-11/wuso-gsc111706.php (939 words)

	Gene sequencing -DAWN - International; 07 August, 2004
		Now that gene sequencing technology has been perfected and accelerated, researchers plan to plow ahead with their scrutiny of animal DNA to find clues about human disease, basic biology and evolution.
		Knowing which genes are involved in an animal version of a disease can help pinpoint the similar human gene.
		And comparing human genes to those of our closest relatives - the chimpanzee and orangutan - can help scientists define what it means to be human.
	www.dawn.com /2004/08/07/int16.htm (289 words)

	Genomic Sequencing & Gene Identification Group
		Since 2000 the team is also involved in the genomic sequencing of selected parts of human chromosomes 1, 3, 17, and X (more).
		In addition, we are involved in sequencing projects of parts of chromosome 2 and 6 of mouse, the MHC of the rat (RT1), and parts of the rhesus MHC.
		Projects to contribute to the sequencing of chimpanzee chromosomes X and Y are initiated, which special emphasis to Xq28 and regions associated with mental retardation.
	www.molgen.mpg.de /~xteam (362 words)

	Gene Sequencing - Chemodefense Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Based on this evidence, some scientists suspect that the rna portion of ribonuclease-p may be the modern equivalent of the earliest genetic molecule, the molecule that first enabled replication to occur in primitive cells.
		To minimize the chances of transplant rejection, physicians seek transplant donors who share as many mhc genes as possible with the transplant recipient.
		It adds critical information in at least two points in the drug discovery pathway: (1) target identification, or selecting a pathway in which a drug might function, and (2) medicinal chemistry, or the actual design of compounds to modulate this pathway.
	www.cbi-biotech.com /cbi/GeneSequencingo.html (235 words)

	A Gene-Sequencing First: Microbial Communities Collected in the Environment
		The genomes of several microbial species were sequenced from this pink biofilm community, collected from acid mine drainage in the Richmond Mine at Iron Mountain, California.
		Then, methodically, these pieces are labeled and fed through sequencing machines to generate the exact order of nucleotide letters in the microbial genomes.
		By employing JAZZ, a computational tool developed at the JGI for the assembly of genomes, the ends of these fragments are compared and the genomic sequence reconstructed; other algorithms identify the genes and their possible functions.
	www.lbl.gov /Science-Articles/Archive/sb-JGI-pink-goo.html (861 words)

	Genome FAQs File
		As part of the HGP, parallel sequencing was done for selected model organisms such as the bacterium E.
		A genome is all the DNA in an organism, including its genes.
		Genes carry information for making all the proteins required by all organisms.
	www.ornl.gov /TechResources/Human_Genome/faq/faqs1.html (2009 words)

	PAG-XIII (P450) Sequencing The Gene Space Of The Model Legume, Medicago truncatula
		With NSF funding, we are collaborating with scientists in the E.U. to sequence the gene space of M.
		As of September 2004, 102 Mbp of non-redundant sequence was sequenced or in progress, with 73 Mbp anchored to the genetic map and 51 Mbp at Phase 3 (ie, finished).
		Nearly 7900 gene models are predicted within the finished BAC clones, and the finished BACs match between 17% (stringent) and 21% (lenient) of all M.
	www.intl-pag.org /13/abstracts/PAG13_P450.html (338 words)

	gene sequencing (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Oligonucleotides are compounds containing DNA molecules and are used for gene sequencing and applications in the biomedical, pharmceutical and bio-tech...
		The Company's proprietary labeling and detection products for gene sequencing and genetic analysis, with over 180 patents worldwide, are sold to the life...
		Researchers will then use patient data and new gene sequencing techniques to type and subtype the isolates and identify human and viral risk factors for severe...
	www.biometnews.com /biotechnology/gene_sequencing.html (309 words)

	Gene Gateway DNA Sequencing
		Gene Gateway was founded in 2002 and is located in Hayward (San Francisco Bay area), California.
		Gene Gateway offer a range of molecular biology services including DNA sequencing, peptide synthesis and gene library construction.
		Gene Gateway also offer a range of related sequencing services like gene library construction.
	www.nucleics.com /DNA_sequencing_support/sequencing-service/gene-gateway.html (112 words)

	HHMI's BioInteractive
		In the early 20th century, scientists realized that genes and mutations were the raw materials for evolutionary change.
		More recently, they've shown that genes responsible for controlling development—for shaping a fertilized egg into an adult—are similar across wildly different species.
		Small changes in key developmental genes can have huge effects, leading to a world that includes millions of different but related species of living things.
	www.hhmi.org /biointeractive (334 words)

	[No title]
		This means that the gene prediction will not be in the BLAST database of primary features (therefore reducing redundancy in the sequences) and it will only be accessible through GBrowse and DDB.
		Reconcile all gene predictions that correspond to the correct ORF to that locus.
		Note regarding this sequence: there is a discrepancy between the sequence from the Sequencing Center and the sequence in GenBank record [XXXXX], however, the sequence from the Sequencing Center has been verified.
	www.gmod.org /sop/curatorial/dicty/SequenceCuration.html (1960 words)

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