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Topic: General Agreement on Trade in Services

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	Frequently Asked Questions - General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The GATS covers all internationally traded services with two exceptions: services provided to the public in the exercise of governmental authority, and, in the air transport sector, traffic rights and all services directly related to the exercise of traffic rights.
		However, the GATS establishes a framework of rules to ensure that Members administer their services regulations in a manner which is reasonable, objective and impartial and does not constitute unnecessary barriers to trade.
		Further, the Annex on Financial Services entitles Members, regardless of other provisions of the GATS, to take measures for prudential reasons,including for the protection of investors, depositors,policy holders or persons to whom a fiduciary duty is owed by a financial service supplier, or to ensure the integrity and stability of the financial system.
	www.indiainbusiness.nic.in /faq/gats_trade1.htm (3097 words)

	General Agreement on Trade in Services - Global Issues
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) at the WTO is seen as the next MAI (Multilateral Agreement on Investment, that was successfully derailed by enormous protest at the impacts it would have on people's lives).
		While private businesses providing public services can have its merits, the concerns with something like GATS has been along the lines of concentrated ownership, foreign ownership by large transnationals and rules limiting or affecting the ability of national governments to appropriately hold companies providing these services sufficiently accountable.
		The privatisation and deregulation of service provision is highly controversial, yet governments are not only signing away their own right to regulate – but the right of future generations to implement different policies.
	www.globalissues.org /TradeRelated/FreeTrade/GATS.asp (790 words)

	GATS - General Agreement on Trade in Services
		A service supplier of any other Member that is a juridical person constituted under the laws of a party to an agreement referred to in paragraph 1 shall be entitled to treatment granted under such agreement, provided that it engages in substantive business operations in the territory of the parties to such agreement.
		The Council for Trade in Services shall be informed to the fullest extent possible of measures taken under paragraphs 1(b) and (c) and of their termination.
		With respect to agreements on the avoidance of double taxation which exist on the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, such a matter may be brought before the Council for Trade in Services only with the consent of both parties to such an agreement.
	www.cvm.gov.br /ingl/inter/wto/gats-e.asp?orig=dp (10040 words)

	GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The definition of trade in services was a key issue in the negotiations on a framework agreement.
		It is difficult to establish criteria and parameters for an evaluation of the "value" of concessions and the estimation of their "trade impact" and of the impact of liberalization in the services sector on development of developing countries.
		The objectives of the negotiations on trade in services are stipulated in the Punta del Este Declaration and the Preamble to the GATS which includes promoting the economic growth of all trading partners and the development of developing countries.
	www.southcentre.org /publications/gats/gats-04.htm (4312 words)

	WHO \| General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
		Within the GATS framework, trade in health services is understood as the provision of specialized and general health personnel, nursing services, hospital services, ambulance services, and physiotherapeutic and paramedical services provided by medical and dental laboratories.
		The overall aim of GATS is to liberalize trade in services.
		The temporary movement of a commercial provider of services (for example, a doctor) from their own country to another country to provide his or her service under contract or as a member of staff transferred to a different country.
	www.who.int /trade/glossary/story033/en (962 words)

	EBLIDA Lobby - GATS, WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		At its heart are the WTO agreements, negotiated and signed by the bulk of the world's trading nations and ratified in their parliaments.
		The goal is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business and to ensure that trade flows as smoothly, predictably and freely as possible.
		GATS is the General Agreement on Trade in Services.
	www.eblida.org /lobby/lobbying/gats (1285 words)

	GATS - General Agreement on Trade in Services
		Trade in services used to be considered ancillary to manufacturing and trade in goods.
		The US thus pushed for the provisions of the agreements governing trade in goods to be transposed into the area of services as a whole (although financial services were of prime interest), a move which "could easily have sunk the Uruguay Round and crippled the GATT", according to WTO Director-General Mike Moore.
		Instead, it maintains that charges for each part of a service should be at: "cost-oriented rates that are transparent, reasonable, having regard to economic feasibility, and sufficiently unbundled so that the supplier need not pay for network components or facilities that it does not require for the service to be provided".
	www.johnston-independent.com /gats.html (2441 words)

	General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade -- Britannica Student Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was a set of multilateral trade agreements aimed at the abolition of quotas and the reduction of tariff duties among the contracting nations.
		The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade was signed in Geneva on October 30, 1947, by 23 countries, which accounted for four-fifths of world trade.
		The WTO is the successor to the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), which was created in 1947 in the expectation that it would soon be replaced by a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) to be called the International Trade Organization (ITO).
	www.britannica.com /ebi/article-9345388 (914 words)

	General Agreement on Trade in Services
		First set of multilaterally agreed and legally enforceable rules and disciplines to cover trade in services like construction, transport, distribution, finance, education, and so forth.
		The TBT agreement dictates when such barriers may be allowed and what conditions must be met (notification, transparency in developing the rules, the use of international standards).
		The SPS agreement deals with standards necessary to protect humans, animals and plants from certain hazards associated with the movement of plants, animals and foodstuffs in international trade.
	www.geocities.com /dannychan/gats.html (1709 words)

	Public Citizen \| WTO and Services (GATS) - General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
		WTO and Services (GATS) - General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
		At one time, trade rules were designed to enhance trade in goods and therefore focused on the lowering of tariff and quotas.
		For corporations, health care and education represent a combined $5.5 trillion market worldwide, and the new trade agreements like the WTO General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) and the proposed Free Trade Agreement of the Americas (FTAA) would increase their access to that market, without building in protections for consumers, workers or the environment.
	www.citizen.org /trade/wto/gats (348 words)

	The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		This is an agreement regulating the provision of services in signatory states.
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services - A Guide for Business (Issued by the European Commission) - this is a brief guide outlining the perceived benefits to the European Union business community from the GATS.
		Tradewatch “Global Trade Watch (GTW) was created in 1993 to promote government and corporate accountability in an area on which few public interest groups were focused: the international commercial agreements shaping the current version of globalization.
	www.cix.co.uk /~green-man/green-man/GATS.html (576 words)

	ZNet \| Corporate Globalization \| The Rich World's Veto
		The information is contained on page 52 of a document published last week by the Department of Trade and Industry, called "Liberalising Trade in Services: a new consultation on the World Trade Organisation's GATS negotiations".
		"GATS" is the General Agreement on Trade in Services, which is overseen by the World Trade Organisation, the body responsible for bringing down the trade barriers between nations.
		The original proposal, first mooted in 1944, was for a body which would deal with such problems as the collapse of commodity prices, the growth of corporate power and the failures of technology transfer.
	www.zmag.org /content/print_article.cfm?itemID=2495§ionID=13 (1191 words)

	General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)March 24, 2003
		NCSL is concerned that negotiations are proceeding under the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) without a full understanding of the impact of GATS on state and local authority.
		GATS covers government-provided services if the services are "commercial" or if they are procured with "a view to commercial resale." The WTO Secretariat has taken the position that merely charging ratepayers for a service is all it takes to make the service "commercial," regardless of whether the charge is for a profit.
		In general, federalism protections consistent with NCSL's policy on Free Trade and Federalism, attached for your review, must be included in the agreement and its implementing legislation.
	www.ncsl.org /standcomm/scecon/gatsltr03.htm (1184 words)

	GATSwatch -- Home (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) is an international trade agreement that came into effect in 1995 and operates under the umbrella of the World Trade Organization (WTO).
		The aim of the GATS is to gradually remove all barriers to trade in services.
		A growing number of local governments, trade unions, NGOs, parliaments and developing country governments are criticising the GATS negotiations and call for a halt on the negotiations.
	www.gatswatch.org (330 words)

	G.A.T.S. versus Democracy -- General Agreement on Trade in Services
		In the lead-up to the next World Trade Organisation (WTO) meeting in November, international attention is turning to GATS [the General Agreement on Trade in Services] as the latest attempt to impose free market fundamentalism both here and abroad.
		GATS -- the General Agreement on Trade in Services -- is one of the WTO [World Trade Organisation] treaties which Australia has signed.
		It covers a wide range of services, including public sectors that affect the environment, culture, drinking water, health care, education, social security, transportation and a variety of local government services.
	www.multiline.com.au /~johnm/gats.htm (620 words)

	AUT - General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
		It is a complex framework agreement covering 160 different service sectors, encompassing the different ways in which services can be produced, sold and consumed.
		As with all agreements in the WTO, GATS is intended to undergo constant 'progressive liberalisation' through negotiations in the Council for Trade in Services.
		However, the wording is ambiguous and protection only extends to public services that are 'supplied neither on a commercial basis, nor in competition with one or more service suppliers'.
	www.aut.org.uk /index.cfm?articleid=227 (636 words)

	ACE \| GATS (General Agreement on Trade in Services) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		In 2000, the United States representative to the World Trade Organization (WTO) proposed adding higher education services to the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
		The purposes of GATS are to expand free trade in services, open markets, and facilitate economic growth.
		The higher education services market was estimated in 1999 at approximately $30 billion, with the United States holding the largest market share.
	www.acenet.edu /AM/Template.cfm?Section=Activities&TEMPLATE=/CM/ContentDisplay.cfm&CONTENTID=7676 (218 words)

	AFSCME Resolution: Stop General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) expansion
		Even rules that treat foreign and domestic service suppliers the same could be challenged at the WTO if foreign investors feel these rules unduly constrain their competitiveness.
		Negotiators may place additional limits on government involvement with the service sector by further restricting public subsidies and controlling the way governments purchase services for their own use, which could subject public grants, loans, tax incentives, and other aid to challenge and could threaten responsible contracting rules and living wage laws.
		That service sector workers, like all workers, must be able to freely exercise their fundamental rights if the benefits of increased trade and investment are to be broadly shared, and if the global economy is to work for working families; and
	www.afscme.org /about/resolute/2002/r35-018.htm (476 words)

	GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TRADE IN SERVICES
		3. (a) Where developing countries are parties to an agreement of the type referred to in paragraph 1, flexibility shall be provided for regarding the conditions set out in paragraph 1, particularly with reference to subparagraph (b) thereof, in accordance with the level of development of the countries concerned, both overall and in individual sectors and subsectors.
		6. A service supplier of any other Member that is a juridical person constituted under the laws of a party to an agreement referred to in paragraph 1 shall be entitled to treatment granted under such agreement, provided that it engages in substantive business operations in the territory of the parties to such agreement.
		(c) promptly inform the Council for Trade in Services when it adopts new recognition measures or significantly modifies existing ones and state whether the measures are based on an agreement or arrangement of the type referred to in paragraph 1.
	www.sunsonline.org /trade/docof/26-gats.htm (9099 words)

	General Agreement on Trade in Services
		Particular account shall be taken of the serious difficulty of the least-developed countries in accepting negotiated specific commitments in view of their special economic situation and their development, trade and financial needs.
		The Council for Trade in Services shall review all exemptions granted for a period of more than 5 years.
		11 With respect to agreements on the avoidance of double taxation which exist on the date of entry into force of the WTO Agreement, such a matter may be brought before the Council for Trade in Services only with the consent of both parties to such an agreement.
	www.takuzinis.lv /xhtml1.1/20020516.html (10021 words)

	Education and the General Agreement on Trade in Services: what does the future hold? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		The report states that overall, while participants recognised that trade in education services was happening in any case, and that this was not necessarily a bad thing, it was not clear what GATS had to offer for education systems in developing countries.
		While there was not unanimity on this conclusion, some of those supportive of trade liberalisation more generally were also guarded about the benefits of GATS for education in developing countries, and suggested caution in countries committing themselves until greater clarity of the implications became evident.
		It was generally agreed that there was a need for on-going monitoring of the implications of GATS for education, and for continuing the debate on the issues that arise.
	www.eldis.org /static/DOC15004.htm (378 words)

	WTO \| Services - gateway page
		Ranging from architecture to voice-mail telecommunications and to space transport, services are the largest and most dynamic component of both developed and developing country economies.
		The new negotiations A new services round began in early 2000.
		Symposium on assessment of trade in services — 14-15 March 2002
	www.wto.org /english/tratop_e/serv_e/serv_e.htm (621 words)

	Friends of the Earth: Campaigns: Global Trade: Case studies: General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-17)
		World Trade Organisation (WTO) members are negotiating in secret a General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS).
		Or that services currently provided across the country - like post offices - might not be profitable enough to keep in some areas.
		GATS is part of the WTO and liberalises trade in services, including water which means more water privatisation.
	www.foe.co.uk /campaigns/global_trade/case_studies/gats (510 words)

	SSRN-The General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS): What's in it for Social Security? by Nicola Yeates
		These questions are explored through a review of legal, political and policy issues relating to the status of social security within the GATS and the consequences of applying the Agreement's provisions to social security.
		The discussion distinguishes between the supply of social security services on the one hand and access to and use of social security services on the other hand.
		More generally, the discussion highlights the difficulties of securing multilateral cooperation among countries with different levels of "development", strategic interests and priorities, and social security systems.
	papers.ssrn.com /sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=658513 (340 words)

	Second Protocol to the General Agreement on Trade in Services
		Members of the World Trade Organization (hereinafter referred to as the "WTO") whose Schedules of Specific Commitments and Lists of Exemptions from Article II of the General Agreement on Trade in Services concerning financial services are annexed to this Protocol (hereinafter referred to as "Members concerned"),
		Having regard to the Second Annex on Financial Services, and to the Decision on the application of that Annex adopted by the Council for Trade in Services on 30 June 1995,
		This Protocol shall be open for acceptance, by signature or otherwise, by the Members concerned until 30 June 1996.
	www.jurisint.org /pub/06/en/doc/61.htm (302 words)

	CLA: Resources - General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS)
		The study, written by Steven Shrybman, a well-known expert on international trade agreements, gives clear indication that libraries need to be concerned about the impact that GATS can have on them in the future.
		He will be speaking on a panel which also includes Janette Mark, Director of Trade and Investment Policy in the federal department of Canadian Heritage and Brian Campbell, Vancouver Public Library.
		Shrybman's report An Assessment of the Impact of the General Agreement on Trade in Services on Policy, Programs and Law Concerning Public Sector Libraries (pdf 5.36 MB, 64 pages).
	www.cla.ca /resources/gats.htm (214 words)

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