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Topic: General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters

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	[No title]
		After some delay, his southern catalogue was published in 1847 as the “Results of Astronomical Observations made during the years 1834-1838 at the Cape of Good Hope; being the completion of a telescopic survey of the whole surface of the visible heavens, commenced in 1825” (hereafter referred to as the Cape Observations).
		There are many cases where the General Catalogue, although evincing the most scrupulous care both in observing and reducing, is not in accordance with the heavens.” (Dreyer, 1888) 1.5 The Revised New General Catalogue The first major revision of the NGC appeared in 1973 as the “Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects” (RNGC).
		Baker R.H. (1937) "A catalogue of 1113 galaxies in a region in Fornax and Eridanus" Ann.Harv.Coll.Obs.
	www.saao.ac.za /assa/HerschelNonexistentRNGC.DOC (7603 words)

	Index Catalogue (IC)
		NGC 2000.0 is a modern compilation of the New General Catalogue, the Index Catalogue, and the Second Index Catalogue.
		Dreyer, J. 1895, "Index Catalogue of Nebulae Found in the Years 1888 to 1894, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue." Mem.
		Dreyer, J. 1908, "Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae Found in the Years 1895 to 1907; with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888 to 1894." Mem.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/I/IC.html (252 words)

	Galaxy Centaurus A / NGC 5128
		Recent observations suggest that the galaxy is actually a giant elliptical that is in the process of devouring a smaller dusty, barred spiral galaxy, similar in size to prominent nearby spiral M33 (Mirabel et al, 1998).
		The galaxy is also surrounded by faint shells of gas and dust with a blue arc of young hot stars and star clusters that suggest a collision with a gas-rich, dwarf irregular galaxy (such as POX 186) around 200 to 400 million years ago.
		Clusters of young blue stars have been found along the jets, probably because patches of gas and dust have been shocked to collapse and trigger stellar formation (Graham and Fassett, 2002).
	www.solstation.com /x-objects/cent-a.htm (1484 words)

	Document Title
		Nebula is basically a cloud of interstellar gas and dust that can be observed either as a luminous patch of light (a bright nebula) or as a dark hole or band against a brighter background (a dark nebula).
		The clusters which are spherically symmetric and compact containing from several ten thousands to may be a million stars that are though to share a common origin are called globular clusters.
		Generally, a crosswire (made of thin thread or even hair) is attached to the eyepiece to enhance the accuracy of tracking.
	www.iitk.ac.in /ac/right/faq/faq.htm (1231 words)

	Catalog (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The catalogue of the index of Nebulae found in 1888 to 1894, with notes and the corrections to the new general catalogue, Mem.
		The second catalogue of the index of Nebulae found in 1895 to 1907; with notes and the corrections to the new general catalogue and the catalogue of the index for 1888 to 1894, Mem.
		NGC 2000,0, the general catalogue new complete and catalogue of the index of Nebulae and the clusters of the star of J. And Dreyer.
	catalog.vparivalka.com (820 words)

	ROSETTE NEBULA & CLUSTER - TETRAKTYS RESEARCH CENTRE (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Embedded in the middle of the nebula is a bright cluster of young stars, NGC 2239 = NGC 2244).
		Generally a few very bright stars and some moderately bright stars embedded in a body of fainter stars can be seen.
		Apparent diameter of the cluster is estimated 30 arcmin.
	www.tenspheres.com /researches/rosette.htm (1202 words)

	Chapter 8 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		To this end Herschel built the finest telescopes that had ever been made and discovered thousands of new star clusters and nebulae, in the process producing the first three-dimensional diagram of the Milky Way based on observational data.
		The two Herschels' lists formed the basis for the New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC), which contained 7800 objects, and was eventually published in 1888.
		The process was photography, and its application to astronomy made possible the science of astrophysics, which aims to understand the nature of the stars, rather than their position on the sky.
	www.physics.usyd.edu.au /light/ch8.html (588 words)

	The Interactive NGC Catalog Online
		RNGC: The Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects, by Jack W. Sulentic and W.G. Tifft, Tucson, 1973.
		Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae Found in the Years 1895 to 1907; with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888 to 1894, Mem.
		The Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects.
	www.seds.org /~spider/ngc/ngc.html (711 words)

	Enrico Moltisanti's website: Oltre Messier
		Furthermore, Herschel established the existence of a kind of small nebulae, generally round in shape and often bearing one little star in the center, which he called "planetary": he thought that he was looking at young stars surrounded by a planetary system in formation.
		Therefore, he thought that this kind of nebula may be the "matrix" from which the stars derived, and he explained his theories in two papers, in 1811 and 1814.
		Indeed, on the one hand some of the smaller sized planetary nebulae frequently have a very brilliant surface and these are, therefore, generally clearly visible through a telescope: in choosing, we avoided the very small objects since it is usually very difficult to identify them against the background of stars.
	users.libero.it /enrico.moltisanti/page12.html (3278 words)

	[No title]
		This General Catalogue of Nebulae was first published in 1864 and contained about 2000 objects.
		It was published as "Catalogue of Galactic Planetary Nebulae" by the astronomers Perek and Kohoutek of the Czech Academy of Sciences.
		Let us show an example: M 57, the famous Ring Nebula in Lyra, has the catalog number PK 63+13.1 which means, it's the first planetary nebula in the cell at 63° galactical longitude and +13° latitude.
	deepsky.astroinfo.org /catalogs/catalogs.en.php (814 words)

	John Louis Emil Dreyer (1852-1926)
		Here he began observing and surveying deepsky objects (star clusters, nebulae and galaxies), and in 1878 published a supplement of about 1000 new "nebulae" to John Herschel's General Catalogue.
		IC I: Dreyer, J. 1895, Index Catalogue of Nebulae Found in the Years 1888 to 1894, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue.
		IC II: Dreyer, J. 1908, Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae Found in the Years 1895 to 1907; with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888 to 1894.
	www.seds.org /messier/xtra/Bios/dreyer.html (426 words)

	NGC2000 - NGC2000.0: Complete New General Catalog and Index Catalog
		NGC 2000.0 is a modern compilation of the New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC), the Index Catalogue (IC), and the Second Index Catalogue compiled by J. Dreyer (1888, 1895, 1908).
		The new compilation of these classical catalogs is intended to meet the needs of present-day observers by reporting positions at equinox 2000.0 and by incorporating the corrections reported by Dreyer himself and by a host of other astronomers who have worked with the data and compiled lists of errata.
		Sulentic, J. and Tifft, W. 1973, The Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects (Tucson: The University of Arizona Press).
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /W3Browse/all/ngc2000.html (1188 words)

	GOLDMine: Glossary
		The CGCG fields 13, 14, 15, 41, 42, 43, 69, 70, 71, 98, 99, 100 belong to in the Virgo cluster.
		Dreyer, J. "A new general catalogue of nebulae and clusters of stars, being the cataloque of the late sir John F. Herschel, Bart., revised, corrected and enlarged"
		The quoted error on the UV magnitude is 0.3 mag in general, but it ranges from 0.2 mag for bright galaxies to 0.5 mag for weak sources observed in frames with larger than average calibration uncertainties.
	goldmine.mib.infn.it /glossary.html (1616 words)

	New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Star Clusters (NGC)
		An important catalogue of nebulae, star clusters, and galaxies, the original version of which was published in Ireland in 1888 under the authorship of John Dreyer; it contained 7,840 northern-sky objects and was a revised and enlarged version of the General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters published in 1864 by John Herschel.
		The current version of the NGC and IC catalogues, known as NGC.2000, covers the entire sky and provides data on more than 13,100 objects.
		Errata compiled by Dreyer and by subsequent workers have been incorporated into the new version and the object types have been updated with information from modern astronomy; descriptions given by Dreyer (often cryptic) have been retained.
	www.daviddarling.info /encyclopedia/N/NGC.html (210 words)

	Uppsala Observatory: The 9 inch Refractor (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The telescope contributed to the famous NGC catalogue, (New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of stars, 1888)
		The NGC catalogue, by John L.E. Dreyer, is a compedium of all the lists of nonstellar objects compiled by many 19th-century observers.
		Chief among these lists was John Herschel's monumental "General Catalogue of Nebulae" published in 1864, which is why Dreyer called his catalogue "new".
	www.astro.uu.se /history/ref9in_eng.html (211 words)

	ASSA Deepsky - John Herschel Nonexistent objects
		Baker R.H. (1933) "A catalogue of 985 extragalactic nebulae in a region in Fornax and Eridanus"
		Baker R.H. (1937) "A catalogue of 1113 galaxies in a region in Fornax and Eridanus"
		Shapley H. (1935) "A catalogue of 7889 external galaxies in the Horologium and surrounding
	www.saao.ac.za /assa/html/assa_deepsky_-_john_herschel_n.html (1971 words)

	The Caroline Herschel Objects
		NGC 7380 in Cepheus is a triangular cluster embedded in a larger, faint emission nebula, Sharpless 2-142.
		William's son John Herschel, however, later called it a "poor straggling cluster" and took its position as that of a double star some 50 seconds of right ascension (12.4') west of the object observed by his father and his aunt.
		This cluster is naked-eye visible in a dark sky as a bit of detached Milky Way halfway between Alpha (a) Ophiuchi and Delta (6) Aquilae.
	www.aanc-astronomy.org /ArticlesForAANC/janeherschel.html (2046 words)

	MCG - Morphological Galaxy Catalog
		Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. and Krasnogorskaya, A. 1962, Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, Part I, Catalogue of 7200 Galaxies from +90 to +45 deg Declination (Moscow: Sternberg Institute 32).
		Vorontsov-Velyaminov, B. and Arhipova, A. 1964, Morphological Catalogue of Galaxies, Part II, Catalogue of 9650 Galaxies from +45 to +15 deg Declination (Moscow: Sternberg Institute 34).
		Dreyer, J. 1908, Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, containing Objects found in the years 1895-1907, with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888-94, Kern.
	heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov /W3Browse/all/mcg.html (1255 words)

	IAS Orbit Article on the 10" Grubb Refractor at Armagh Observatory
		With this, he would be able both to check and extend his work on nebulae, which began with the giant telescope at Birr, Co. Offaly, and also to make micrometer measurements of stars and nebulae.
		These observations were invaluable to him in his compilation of the NEW GENERAL CATALOGUE OF NEBULAE AND CLUSTERS OF STARS, published in 1888.
		This book, commonly known as the NGC CATALOGUE, remains the pre-eminent catalogue of galaxies, nebulae and clusters to this day and is still widely used by astronomers.
	homepage.eircom.net /~irishas/grubbarm.htm (819 words)

	SEDS Messier Catalog References (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Second Index Catalogue of Nebulae Found in the Years 1895 to 1907; with Notes and Corrections to the New General Catalogue and to the Index Catalogue for 1888 to 1894.
		A catalogue of nebulae and clusters of stars in the southern hemisphere, observed at Paramatta in New South Wales, by James Dunlop, Esq.
		Observations of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, made at Slough, with a Twenty-feet Reflector, between the years 1825 and 1833.
	www.obspm.fr /messier/m-ref.html (2184 words)

	Astronomy & Space
		Lacaille's Catalogue of Nebulae of the Southern Sky
		About the NGC 2000.0 entries NGC 2000.0 is a modern compilation of the New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (NGC), the Index Catalogue (IC), and the Second Index Catalogue compiled by J. Dreyer (1888, 1895, 1908).
		Planetary Nebulae A planetary nebula can result as a star with mass of less than several times the solar mass ("low mass" star) ejects mass in the red giant stage, near the end of the star's life.
	groups.msn.com /AstronomySpace/catalogues.msnw (947 words)

	l10S2
		Messier Catalogue of 110 "nebulae", of which 40 are galaxies.
		Thus, the brightest and biggest galaxies are often labeled by their number in the Messier Catalogue - e.g., M31, the Andromeda Galaxy.
		Harlow Shapley proved that the globular clusters were distributed in a roughly spherical system, centered, not on the Sun, but at a point at a distance of some 15,000 parsecs.
	geology.wcupa.edu /mgagne/ess362/notes/l10S2.htm (562 words)

	Enrico Moltisanti's website: bibliography
		Dreyer: New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars (1888); Index Catalogue (1895); Second Index Catalogue (1908), Royal Astronomical Society, 1953.
		Longo, A. de Vaucouleurs: A General Catalogue of Photoelectric Magnitudes and Colors in the UBV System of 3,578 Galaxies Brighter than the 16th Magnitude, University of Texas Press, 1983.
		Nilson: Uppsala General Catalogue of Galaxies, Uppsala Astronomical Observatory, 1973.
	users.libero.it /enrico.moltisanti/page14.html (2394 words)

	Twin explosions in gigantic dusty potato crisp
		In 1982, Hickson published a catalogue of over 400 galaxies found in compact, physically-related groups of typically 4 to 5 galaxies per group (see the image of Robert's Quartet in ESO PR Photo 34/05 as another example).
		The general consensus is that this critical mass can only be attained if the white dwarf has a nearby companion star from which it can gain matter.
		Their generally uniform properties combined with their intrinsic brightness means that Type Ia supernovae can be used to measure relative distances (see ESO PR 21/98).
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2006-05/eso-tei051106.php (876 words)

	Revised New General Catalogue of Nonstellar Astronomical Objects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		VII/49 : Zwicky's Catalogue of Galaxies and Clusters of Galaxies (CGCG)
		The appearance aspects are written in the following order: (a) For nebulae the sequence of blocks is: brightness, size, shape, radial brightness variation, comments referring to the field.
		(b) For clusters the sequence is: identification (cluster), size, richness, compression, brightness of the stars therein.
	www.cs.wisc.edu /niagara/data/nasa/7001B.xml (414 words)

	Andromeda Galaxy
		Subsequently, the "nebula" was also designated as NGC 224 by John Louis Emil Dreyer (1852-1926) in his New General Catalogue (NGC) of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars, which was first published in 1887 and later supplemented with Index Catalogue (IC) I in 1895 and IC II in 1907.
		Located next to a dark nebula towards the southwestern, outer edge of Andromeda's spiral disk (another photo), the cloud's bright blue stars give an indication of the massive star cluster's youth (more from Astronomy Picture of the Day).
		G1 appears to be nearly as old as the oldest of the roughly 250 known globulars in the Milky Way Galaxy and so probably was formed shortly after the birth of the first stars at the beginning of the universe.
	www.solstation.com /x-objects/andromeda.htm (2098 words)

	Nebulous categories: the many species of galaxies turn out to be close kin Natural History - Find Articles
		In spite of that large body of data, nobody at the time knew the true identity of the nebulae, their distances from Earth, or the differences among them.
		In the "we call 'em as we see 'em" tradition of both umpires and astronomers, the spiral-shaped nebulae were called spiral nebulae, those with a vaguely elliptical shape were called elliptical nebulae, and the various irregularly shaped nebulae--neither spiral nor elliptical--were called irregular nebulae.
		Finally, nebulae that looked small and round, like a telescope's view of the planets, were called planetary nebulae, thus permanently confusing newcomers to the subject.
	www.findarticles.com /p/articles/mi_m1134/is_2_113/ai_n5990628 (415 words)

	Favorite deep sky catalog? - Astronomy.com Forums (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		The Messier catalogue was the first, and has most of the best objects for observation.
		All of these are helpful to me,but the Messier catalogue holds a special place in my heart.
		Mine is the Messier Catalogue, because it has the highest number of objects I can actually see, haha.
	www.astronomy.com /ASY/CS/forums/258614/PrintPost.aspx (331 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-03)
		Among Galileo's early accomplishments was resolving the Praesepe cluster for the first time, showing that what had previously been regarded as a little cloud was a cluster of dozens of stars.
		The New General Catalogue of Nebulae and Clusters of Stars by John L. Dreyer (pronounced "Dryer") appeared in 1888.
		By the time of the Index Catalogues it was clear that the number of "nebulae" (galaxies) was skyrocketing, which is probably why Dreyer quit cataloging and spent his later years concentrating on his other love, the history of astronomy.
	www.astro.livjm.ac.uk /courses/one/NOTES/NAMES.HTM (3037 words)

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