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Topic: General Conference on Weights and Measures

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	A Brief History of Measurement Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Weights and measures were among the earliest tools invented by man. Primitive societies needed rudimentary measures for many tasks: constructing dwellings of an appropriate size and shape, fashioning clothing, or bartering food or raw materials.
		Measures for capacity (volume) and mass were to be derived from the unit of length, thus relating the basic units of the system to each other and to nature.
		This name was derived from the Greek word metron, meaning "a measure." The physical standard representing the meter was to be constructed so that it would equal one ten-millionth of the distance from the north pole to the equator along the meridian of the earth running near Dunkirk in France and Barcelona in Spain.
	www.brocktonmass.com /weights/history.html (1551 words)

	General Conference on Weights and Measures (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The conference is held at least every six years, and often every four.
		Its principal duty is to improve and spread SI, which it does by considering and approving recommendations made by the CIPM.
		The conference elects the 18 members of the CIPM, and also makes major decisions concerning the operation of the BIPM.
	www.sizes.com /units/cgpm.htm (94 words)

	[No title]
		Reporting to the Conference, the Committee on Legislation stated: The National Conference should adopt a model package regulation for the guidance of those States authorized to adopt such a regulation under provisions of their weights and measures laws.
		A declaration of quantity in terms of measure shall be combined with appropriate declarations of the weight, count, and size of the individual units unless a declaration of measure alone is fully informative.
		A declaration of quantity in terms of count shall be combined with appropriate declarations of the weight, measure, and size of the individual units unless a declaration of count alone is fully informative.
	www.ct.gov /dcp/lib/dcp/foodstandards_regs/regulations_for_packaging_and_labeling.doc (11765 words)

	Physics Today March 2001
		For instance, in 1960, the 12th General Conference on Weights and Measures decreed that the second is a certain fraction of the mean solar year 1900.
		Consequently, in 1983, the 17th General Conference on Weights and Measures decreed that the velocity of light c is exactly 299 792 458 m/s.
		Measuring the frequency of a laser, that is, measuring the frequency of light, was close to impossible.
	www.aip.org /pt/vol-54/iss-3/p11.html (1967 words)

	Replace Kilogram Artifact Now With Definition Based on Nature, Experts Say
		The meter, for example, is defined as the distance light travels in a vacuum during one 299,792,458th of a second, and the second is defined in terms of the natural oscillations of the cesium atom.
		The new paper proposes that the next General Conference on Weights and Measures adopt either one of two definitions for the kilogram to effectively fix its value by selecting a specific value for either the Planck constant or the Avogadro constant.
		This method involves using X-rays to measure the spacing between atoms in a perfect crystal to estimate the volume of each atom, and measuring the density of the crystal and weight of the atoms, to arrive at a number of atoms equivalent to 1 kilogram.
	www.nist.gov /public_affairs/newsfromnist_redef_kilogram.htm (1493 words)

	Department of Consumer and Employment Protection - Trade Measurement for Schools
		The General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) referred to in the Act was the governing body of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, established under the Metre Convention to maintain and improve the units on which the metric system is based.
		The metric units of measurement as defined under the Metric Conversion Act would in general, also be Commonwealth legal units of measurement under the Weights and Measures (National Standards) Act 1960-1966 if contracts and other transactions expressed in terms of these units were to be valid.
		Thus for measurements of volumes of liquids the litre (1) would be the commonly used unit with its decimal sub-multiple the millilitre (10³ 1) for smaller volumes.
	www.docep.wa.gov.au /trade_measurement/schools/schools.metrication.5.asp (1085 words)

	Units: SI Fundamental Units
		The General Conference on Weights and Measures has replaced all but one of the definitions of its base (fundamental) units based on physical objects (such as standard meter sticks or standard kilogram bars) with physical descriptions of the units based on stable properties of the Universe.
		The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) keeps the world's standard kilogram in Paris, and all other weight standards, such as those of Britain and the United States, are weighed against this standard kilogram.
		Weight standards in other countries can be adjusted to the Paris standard kilogram with an accuracy of one part per hundred million.
	www.unc.edu /~rowlett/units/sifundam.html (612 words)

	Metric Convention of 1875
		The operation of the international bureau shall be under the exclusive direction and supervision of an international committee of weights and measures, which latter shall be under the control of a general conference for weights and measures, to be composed of the delgates of all the contracting governments.
		The entire expense of the construction and outfit of the international bureau of weights and mesasures, together with the annual cost of its maintenance and the expenses of the committee, shall be defrayed by contributions from the contracting states, the amount of which shall be computed in proportion to the actual population of each.
		The general conference mentioned in article 3 of this convention shall be at Paris upon the summons of the international committee, at least once every six years.
	lamar.colostate.edu /~hillger/laws/metric-convention.html (3615 words)

	[No title]
		Background XE "Background" The National Conference on Weights and Measures XE "Weights and measures" (NCWM) has long been concerned with the proper units of measurement to be used in the sale of all commodities. This approach has gradually broadened to concerns of standardized package sizes and general identity of particular commodities.
		SI means the International System of Units as established in 1960 by the General Conference on Weights and Measures XE "Weights and measures" and interpreted or modified for the United States by the Secretary of Commerce.
		For oysters sold by weight or by volume, a maximum of 15 percent free liquid by weight is permitted.
	www.ct.gov /dcp/lib/dcp/foodstandards_regs/regulations_on_method_of_sale.doc (10379 words)

	Centigrade and Celsius temperature scales
		Defined in 1954 at the 10th General Conference of Weights and Measures, temperature on the Celsius scale is the temperature on the Kelvin scale minus 273.
		One reason for doing away with the word “centigrade,” was that it might be confused with one-hundredth of a grade, a unit of plane angle.
		Measurements of the temperature of the triple point are reproducible with an accuracy of a ten-thousandth of a degree.
	www.sizes.com /units/temperature_centigrade.htm (346 words)

	National Metrology Laboratory Test and Measurement Conference Special Edition (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) held in Paris, France during October 2003 was attended by a South African delegation led by Dr Demana (the dti) and including the CSIR-NML Manager, Dr Wynand Louw and Dr Franz Hengstberger (CIPM member).
		Over the last five years the need for accurate and reliable measurements has developed at a great pace, not only in the manufacturing sector and domains of national and international trade, but also in the areas of human health and safety, protection of the environment, communications, and in all fields of science and engineering.
		Of notable interest was the importance of traceability of measurement results in the chemical fraternity receiving priority by the BIPM in initiating the establishment of a new organic chemistry laboratory.
	www.nml.csir.co.za /news/200311 (2731 words)

	Standard weights and Measures Act, 1976
		Units of weight or measure to be based on metric system
		(1) Every unit of weight or measure shall be based on the units of the metric system.
		(1) The base unit of mass specified in section 6 and base units of measures specified in sections 5 and sections 7 to 11 (both inclusive) and the supplementary and other units specified by rules made under section 12, shall be the standard units of weight or measure, as the case may be.
	www.corpmen.com /otherlaws/standardweight/section4-14.htm (782 words)

	A Brief History of Temperature Measurement (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		In 1954, the Tenth General Conference on Weights and Measures selected the degree Kelvin as the metric unit of thermodynamic temperature.
		In 1967, the Thirteenth General Conference on Weights and Measures changed the name of the thermodynamic temperature unit degree Kelvin (symbol °K) to merely kelvin (symbol K).
		The conference redefined Celsius temperature as the thermodynamic temperature minus 273.15 kelvin.
	home.comcast.net /~igpl/Temperature.html (637 words)

	Nebraska Department of Agriculture
		The National Conference should adopt a model package regulation for the guidance of those States authorized to adopt such a regulation under provisions of their weights and measures laws.
		In general, quantity declarations on consumer commodities should only be shown to two or three significant digits (for example, 453 g or 85 g).
		Inspections by weights and measures officials are typically conducted using devices with a resolution of 0.5 g or less.
	www.agr.state.ne.us /regulate/wam/package.htm (13093 words)

	Standard weights and Measures Act, 1976
		An Act to establish standards of weights and measures, to regulate inter-State trade or commerce in weights, measures and other goods which are sold or distributed by weight, measure or number and to provide,for matters connected therewith or incidental thereto
		(iv) puts, or causes to be put, his own mark on any complete weight or measure made or manufactured by any other person and claims such product to be a weight or measure made or manufactured by himself or itself, as the case may be.
		(ze) "working standard" means the set of standard weight or measure which is made or manufactured by or on behalf of Government for the verification of any standard weight or measure, other than a national prototype or national reference or secondary standard.
	www.corpmen.com /otherlaws/standardweight/section1-3.htm (1501 words)

	An Introduction to Matter (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		Precise measurements and predictive theory of the unseen gravity field are made (subconsciously) everytime we throw a ball, or ride a bike.
		But the mass of the yellow marbles is 1.0 g/marble which is less than the average weight of the marbles in the box.
		In general, the mass of a given volume of some substance is defined as the Density (or more precisely Mass Density) of that substance.
	itl.chem.ufl.edu /2045/lectures/lec_1.html (1956 words)

	The Tortuous Road to the Adoption of katal for the Expression of Catalytic Activity by the General Conference on ...
		The Tortuous Road to the Adoption of katal for the Expression of Catalytic Activity by the General Conference on Weights and Measures -- Dybkær 48 (3): 586 -- Clinical Chemistry
		The Tortuous Road to the Adoption of katal for the Expression of Catalytic Activity by the General Conference on Weights and Measures
		General considerations concerning the determination of the catalytic concentration of an enzyme in the blood serum or plasma of man. Prepared by Bowers GN Jr, Bergmeyer HU, Hørder M, Moss DW.
	www.clinchem.org /cgi/content/full/48/3/586 (2508 words)

	OMEGA ENGINEERING - The International Temperature Scale of 1990
		The International Temperature Scale of 1990 was adopted by the International Committee of Weights and Measures at its meeting in 1989, in accordance with the request embodied in Resolution 7 of the 18th General Conference of Weights and Measures of 1987.
		The ITS-90 extends upwards from 0.65 K to the highest temperature practicably measurable in terms of the Planck radiation law using monochromatic radiation.
		For measurements of the very highest precision there may be detectable numerical differences between measurements made at the same temperature but in accordance with differing definitions.
	www.omega.com /techref/intltemp.html (2998 words)

	Measurement Session 3: Measurement Systems
		But it wasn't until 1875 that the multinational Treaty of the Meter was signed (by the United States and other countries), creating two groups: the International Bureau of Weights and Measures and the international General Conference on Weights and Measures.
		The purpose of these groups was to supervise the use of the metric system in accordance with the latest pertinent scientific developments.
		Since then, the Bureau and Conference have recommended improvements in terms of the accuracy and reproducibility of metric units.
	learner.org /channel/courses/learningmath/measurement/session3/part_a (193 words)

	Nebraska Department of Agriculture
		The National Conference on Weights and Measures (NCWM) has long been concerned with the proper units of measurement to be used in the sale of all commodities.
		SI means the International System of Units as established in 1960 by the General Conference on Weights and Measures and interpreted or modified for the United States by the Secretary of Commerce.
		When the measurement or method of sale is expressed in SI units of mass, a conversion chart to troy units shall be prominently displayed so as to facilitate price comparison.
	www.agr.state.ne.us /regulate/wam/methodsale.htm (8374 words)

	Warren County Ohio Auditor - Weights and Measures
		These are used to check the accuracy of the equipment used by weights and measures officials and industry.
		The Auditor is the County Sealer of Weights and Measures of the county per O.R.C. Section 319.55.
		The Warren County Weights and Measures Inspector (an employee of the Auditor's Office) uses highly accurate equipment to test and inspect commercial weighing and measuring devices such as scales and gasoline pumps.
	www.co.warren.oh.us /Auditor/departments/weights/index.htm (396 words)

	[No title]
		In general, technical traceability, which depends on a technical evaluation of the method that is used for time distribution, is necessary for legal traceability, but may not be sufficient for these purposes.
		The CCTF and its working groups generally meet every other year, and the next meeting will probably be in the Spring of 2001.
		In principle, the BIPM is supervised by the International Committee on Weights and Measures (CIPM) and the Consultative Committee on Time and Frequency reports to the CIPM as well.
	tf.nist.gov /general/levine/jlevine-nist-cgsic.ppt (1493 words)

	Books - General Conference on Weights and Measures (via CobWeb/3.1 planetlab2.isi.jhu.edu) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-04)
		The General Conference on System and Measures is the English name of the Conférence générale des рoids et mesures (CGPM, never GCWM).
		It is one of the three organizations established to maintain the International Weights of Units (SI) under the terms of the Mètre Du Convention (Metre Convention) Of It meets in Paris every four to six years.
		Clarified that kilograms are units of mass, "standard weight" defined, acceleration due to gravity defined endorsing use of grams force and making them well-defined.
	dwords.info.cob-web.org:8888 /5671 (488 words)

	TIME.com: Measuring Up -- Nov. 28, 1983 -- Page 1
		Making that measurement, however, turned out to be impossibly difficult not only because the earth is far from a perfect, unchanging sphere but because of France's internal turmoil.
		In 1960 the meter was redefined as 1,650,763.73 wave lengths of the reddish-orange light emitted by krypton 86, a rare atmospheric gas.
		Although the krypton meter was accurate to four parts per billion, it led to errors of up to 5 ft. in such experiments as measuring the distance from the earth to the moon—an irritant to scientists exploring the nuances of relativity or movements of continents.
	www.time.com /time/magazine/article/0,9171,926404,00.html (507 words)

	International Committee for Weights and Measures - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The International Committee for Weights and Measures is the English name of the Comité international des poids et mesures (CIPM, sometimes written in English Comité International des Poids et Mesures).
		Its principal task is to ensure world-wide uniformity in units of measurement and it does this by direct action or by submitting proposals to the General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM, Conférence générale des poids et mesures).
		The CIPM meets annually at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM, Bureau international des poids et mesures), and discusses reports presented to it by its Consultative Committees.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/International_Committee_for_Weights_and_Measures (230 words)

	ITS-90 Appendix
		The International Temperature Scale of 1927 was adopted by the seventh General Conference of Weights and Measures to overcome the practical difficulties of the direct realization of thermodynamic temperatures by gas thermometry, and as a universally acceptable replacement for the differing existing national temperature scales.
		The ITS-27 was formulated so as to allow measurements of temperature to be made precisely and reproducibly, with as close an approximation to thermodynamic temperatures as could be determined at that time.
		The International Practical Temperature Scale of 1948, amended edition of 1960, was adopted by the eleventh General Conference: the tenth General Conference had already adopted the triple point of water as the sole point defining the kelvin, the unit of thermodynamic temperature.
	www.electro-optical.com /unitconv/tempref/its90app.htm (764 words)

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