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Topic: General systems theory

	Systems theory - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Systems theory or systemics is an interdisciplinary field which studies relationships of systems as a whole.
		Modern systems theory was founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, William Ross Ashby and others between the 1940s and the 1970s on principles from philosophy, physics, biology and engineering and later grew into numerous fields including philosophy, sociology, organizational theory, management, psychotherapy (within family systems therapy) and economics among others.
		A system is composed of regularly interacting or interdependent groups of activities/parts that form the emergent whole.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Systems_theory (749 words)

	Systems - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A system typically consists of components (or elements) which are connected together in order to facilitate the flow of information, matter or energy.
		Depending on the type of system, a system can often be distinguished from individual machines, elements or processes of that system by the number, arrangements and complexity of those elements.
		Conceptual systems generally exist to aid in the accomplishment of specific goals or may be used to model physical systems.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /systems.htm (1166 words)

	Systems theory -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Systems theory or general systems theory or systemics is an (Click link for more info and facts about interdisciplinary) interdisciplinary field which studies (Instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity) systems as a whole.
		The systems approach to organizations relies heavily upon achieving negative entropy through (Characterized by an attitude of ready accessibility (especially about one's actions or purposes); not secretive) openness and (The process in which part of the output of a system is returned to its input in order to regulate its further output) feedback.
		In this more recent tradition, systems theory is considered by some as a (Click link for more info and facts about humanistic) humanistic counterpart to the (The sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena) natural sciences.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/s/sy/systems_theory.htm (1035 words)

	General Systems Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A system could be broken down into its individual components so that each component could be analyzed as an independent entity, and the components could be added in a linear fashion to describe the totality of the system.
		Kuhn (1974) states that all systems tend toward equilibrium, and that a prerequisite for the continuance of a system is its ability to maintain a steady state or steadily oscillating state.
		Systems theory forces planners to broaden their perspective, and to consider how their decisions will affect the other components of the system and the environment.
	www.survey-software-solutions.com /walonick/systems-theory.htm (5564 words)

	Ludwig von Bertalanffy Quotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		General system theory, therefore, is a general science of "wholeness...The meaning of the somewhat mystical expression, "The whole is more that the sum of its parts" is simply that constitutive characteristics are not explanable from the characteristics of the isolated parts.
		The parallelism of general conceptions or even special laws in different fields therefore is a consequence of the fact that those are concerned with "systems" and that certain general principles apply to systems irrespective of their nature...
		It was not directly consistent with an interpretation often put on "general system theory," to wit, that it is a (scientific) "theory of general systems." To criticize it as such is to shoot at straw men.
	www.isss.org /quotelvb.htm (620 words)

	General Systems Theory
		Ludwig von Bertalanffy, a biologist, is considered the father of General Systems Theory, and almost every field of science (physical, social, and mathematical) has contributed to its development.
		General Systems Theory attempted to identify and document the characteristics common to all systems.
		The Systems Movement has evolved and is getting increasingly involved in processes organized under the assumption that they may improve the manifestation of human actions related with the development of the civilization that prevails at present....
	www.crossroad.to /Quotes/globalism/systems-theory.htm (847 words)

	A BRIEF EXPLANATION OF GENERAL SYSTEM THEORY
		It is not the analogy of phenomena, nor yet the identity of properties, which signifies the possibility of General System Theory, but the isomorphy of invariant constructs, such as laws of development, structure and self-maintenance, occurring in differentiated form in the manifold realms of nature.
		The term "system", "systems approach", and "systems theory" are all currently recognized as legitimate scientific concepts, We must be sure we do not construe these disciplines as part of the subject of this thesis, We are interested in theories of complex systems as subdisciplines of General System Theory.
		As Mesarovic put it, "General System Theory uses the weakest mathematical structure which is compatible with the intuitive meaning of the concept." This is opposed to "Systems Theory", which is a deductive principle of mathematics.
	www.geocities.com /~n4bz/gst/gst1.htm (569 words)

	Understanding General Systems Theory
		We speak of a health care system, a family system, body systems, information systems, banking systems, political systems, etc. One of the reasons we do this is because the amount of knowledge and information available has increased tremendously during this time period.
		The function of any system is to convert or process energy, information, or materials into a product or outcome for use within the system, or outside of the system (the environment) or both.
		All systems tend toward equilibrium, which is a balance of various forces within and outside of a system.
	www.bsn-gn.eku.edu /BEGLEY/GSThand1.htm (1818 words)

	What is Systems Theory?
		Systems theory was proposed in the 1940's by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy (
		Systems analysis, developed independently of systems theory, applies systems principles to aid a decisIon-maker with problems of identifying, reconstructing, optimizing, and controlling a system (usually a socio-technical organization), while taking into account multiple objectives, constraints and resources.
		Systems theory is closely connected to cybernetics, and also to system dynamics, which models changes in a network of coupled variables (e.g.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /SYSTHEOR.html (422 words)

	metaphor ch 5 The Systemic Basis of Burke Theory of Symbolic Action
		General Systems Theory will provide an empirical basis for many of the ideas for which Burke was dismissed as a mystic: transcendence, teleology and emergent properties.
		Burke asserts that language is a symbol system, the function of which is the evaluation not so much of entities (i.e., the classification of objects in themselves, as in the scientistic view) as of the situations in which entities occur.
		General Systems Theory rescues several of Burke's basic concepts from mysticism: telos, transcendence, values etc. Moreover, General Systems Theory seconds Burke's assertion that we must be concerned with the interrelations and function of components (including the most fundamental one, the interaction between organism and environment).
	people.ucsc.edu /~pmmckerc/D50.HTM (6297 words)

	What are Cybernetics and Systems Science?
		Cybernetics and Systems Science (also: "(General) Systems Theory" or "Systems Research") constitute a somewhat fuzzily defined academic domain, that touches virtually all traditional disciplines, from mathematics, technology and biology to philosophy and the social sciences.
		Systems theory or systems science argues that however complex or diverse the world that we experience, we will always find different types of organization in it, and such organization can be described by concepts and principles which are independent from the specific domain at which we are looking.
		Since structure and function of a system cannot be understood in separation, it is clear that cybernetics and systems theory should be viewed as two facets of a single approach.
	pespmc1.vub.ac.be /CYBSWHAT.html (699 words)

	Systems Theory Handout (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Systems theory comes from the biology based General Systems Theory posited by Ludwig von Bertalanffy (1968) - (Bertalanffy began formulating Systems Theory in the early 1920's but did not publish his ideas until way after WWII).
		Non-summativity is the assertion that the system is a separate entity which is greater than the mere sum of its parts.
		The system affects the environment and is affected by the environment.
	www.bsu.edu /classes/flint/systems.html (678 words)

	Chapter 5. The Principle of Relativity (In the Restricted Sense). Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special and ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		If K is a Galileian co-ordinate system, then every other co-ordinate system K' is a Galileian one, when, in relation to K, it is in a condition of uniform motion of translation.
		Nevertheless, there are two general facts which at the outset speak very much in favour of the validity of the principle of relativity.
		But that a principle of such broad generality should hold with such exactness in one domain of phenomena, and yet should be invalid for another, is a priori not very probable.
	www.bartleby.com /173/5.html (991 words)

	ipedia.com: Systems theory Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Systems theory or general systems theory or systemics is an interdisciplinary field which studies systems as a whole.
		Systems theory was founded by Ludwig von Bertalanffy, William Ross Ashby and others between the 1940s and the 1970s on principles from physics, biology and engineering and later grew into numerous fields including philosophy, sociology, organizational theory, management, psychotherapy (within family systems therapy) and economics among others.
		In this more recent tradition, systems theory is considered by some as a humanistic counterpart to the natural sciences.
	www.ipedia.com /systems_theory.html (333 words)

	General Systems Theory
		General Systems Theory posits human beings as intelligent agents within a planetary economy -- an economy which it makes sense to design around the principle of profitability.
		General Systems Theory posits itself as a competing discipline vis-a-vis Economics, as much about resource distribution, living standards, the exchange of goods and services, as the Dismal Science.
		General Systems Theory agrees, and in that spirit seeks to end the monopoly of Economics over the "real world" of Assets and Liabilities, Profitability and Net Worth.
	www.grunch.net /synergetics/gstwork.html (1528 words)

	The Living Systems Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Living systems can maintain their energic state because they are open, self-organizing systems that can take in from the environment the inputs of information and material-energy they need.
		A fundamental concept in general systems theory is the notion of emergence and interaction.
		Because the Living Systems Theory of James Grier Miller is a general Theory, the aforementioned concepts are metaphorical only, meant to be algebraically translated to the particular living system in systemic inquiry.
	www.newciv.org /ISSS_Primer/asem14ep.html (611 words)

	Progress in General Systems Research (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In this sense, system theory is a priori and independent of its interpretation in terms of empirical phenomena, but it is applicable to all empirical realms concerned with systems.
		General systems theory is an uncomfortable area in which to work, and if you do not feel discomfort then you are probably working somewhere else.
		Automata theory and formal languages were seen as major components of the theoretical foundations of systems theory by most of the pioneers.
	repgrid.com /reports/SYS/ProgGSR78 (8896 words)

	10. Structures, General Systems Theory, Paticca Samuppada, and the Relation Principle
		The most general examples of such societies are the regular trains of waves, individual electrons, protons, individual molecules, societies of molecules such as inorganic bodies, living cells, and societies of cells such as vegetable and animal bodies.
		Her sources of General Systems Theory authors are: Bateson, von Foerster, Jantsch, Maturana, Varela, Glasersfeld, Bateson, Varela, the founder Bertalanffy (1968), and Laszlo (1973).
		As to the term general systems theory, it is not a theory proper, in the sense of a single hypothesis about a given set of phenomena, so much as a coherent set of principles applying to all irreducible wholes.
	www.uni-ulm.de /uni/intgruppen/memosys/desn16.htm (7918 words)

	Systems Theory
		General Systems Theory grew out of research in the biological sciences.
		Internally, systems have patterns of behavior which are designed to maintain stability and survival.
		Systems have boundaries which are designed to regulate the type and amount of input into the system.
	www.uky.edu /~rforgue/hes100/notes/systemsoutline.html (337 words)

	FNF: ALMENNA KERFISFRÆÐIN (e. General Systems Theory)
		Systems theory or systems science argues that however complex or diverse the world that we experience, we will always find different types of organization in it, and such organization can be described by principles which are independent from the specific domain at which we are looking.
		"Systems theory was proposed in the 1940's by the biologist
		What system dynamics attempts to do is understand the basic structure of a system, and thus understand the behavior it can produce.
	www.hi.is /~joner/eaps/cq_gsys1.htm (1007 words)

	Amazon.com: Books: General System Theory: Foundations, Development, Applications (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		At the time the idea of system theory was new and invigorating although it still appears that the theory was not radically new by any means even then.
		Bertalanffy discusses the idea of a system mainly through dynamical systems in his early chapters but also discusses important issues such as open systems, teleology and the organism considered as a system.
		"General system theory, therefore, is a general science of wholeness"...
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/tg/detail/-/0807604534?v=glance (1238 words)

	General Systems, Gravitation, and Unified Field Theory
		Synopsis of the Unification Theory: The System of Matter
		General System Principles of the Unified Field Theory
		An Overview of the Astrological System of the Grail Diagrams
	www.people.cornell.edu /pages/jag8 (361 words)

	General systems theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A "system" is a collection of things which have relationships among them.
		CYBERSYSTEMICS has to do with systems which steer their own actions or behaviour over time (i.e., the 'cybernetic' part), and whose embeddedness in and interpenetration by other systems is taken into account (i.e., the 'systemic' part).
		Boyd, G.M. Systems and cybernetic theory as a core component in the education of professional educators.
	artsci-ccwin.concordia.ca /edtech/ETEC606/systems.html (284 words)

	Wholeness Seminar Home page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		In the most general form and from the point of view of physics, love is the internally affectively apprehended aspect of the affinity which links and draws together the elements of the world, centre to centre...Love is power of producing intercentric relationship.
		I have the impression that the interactions in these dynmamic asymmetrical binary systems underlie all phenomena in nature...The most fundamental phenomena in the universe is relationship.
		Unifying Theory of the Organism and Behavoir: Chapter 3 by Ralph Siu
	www.newciv.org /ISSS_Primer/seminar.html (1573 words)

	ASC: Foundations: Notable Cyberneticians
		Some are interested in systems as we observe them, others in systems that do the observing.
		He was recognized within and beyond the field of music as an eloquent and original thinker, a contributor of ideas relating composition and systems theory, language and thought, performance and everyday life.
		A founding father of the systems approach as well as the fields of operations research and management science, he represents the rare case of a pioneer who never allowed himself to become absorbed by the mainstream of his colleagues."
	www.asc-cybernetics.org /foundations/cyberneticians.htm (1857 words)

	Whole Systems (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A whole system view would include all the factors involved and examine how they relate to each other and how they work as a whole.
		There is a Whole Systems mailing list for the exploration of whole systems principles, particularly in regards to economic, ecological, sociological and metaphysical transformation of our civilization.
		Monetary System for the New Millenium - by Roger Langrick.
	www.worldtrans.org /whole.html (648 words)

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