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Topic: General Theory

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	Robert Agnew’s General Strain Theory
		General strain theory has defined measurements of strain, the major types of strain, the links between strain and crime, coping strategies to strain, the determinants of delinquent or nondelinquent behavior, and policy recommendations that are based on this theory.
		While control theory rests on the premise that the breakdown of society frees the individual to commit crime, strain theory is focused on the pressure that is placed on the individual to commit crime (Agnew, 1992:49).
		General strain theory can be used to explain the difference in crime between larger groups, such as the difference in crime rates between communities and the high rate of crime in adolescents (Agnew, forthcoming).
	www.criminology.fsu.edu /crimtheory/agnew.htm (4719 words)

	General Theory of Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Yet another phenomenon predicted by general relativity is the time-delay effect, in which signals sent past the sun to a planet or spacecraft on the far side of the sun experience a small delay, when relayed back, compared to the time of return as indicated by classical theory.
		The theory of relativity leads to the possibility that the universe is expanding; this is the most likely theoretical explanation of the experimentally observed fact that the spectral lines of all distant nebulae are shifted to the red; on the other hand the expanding-universe theory also supplies other possible explanations.
		A relativistic electron theory was developed in 1928 by the British mathematician and physicist Paul Dirac, and subsequently a satisfactory quantized field theory, called quantum electrodynamics, was evolved, unifying the concepts of relativity and quantum theory in relation of the interaction between electrons, positrons, and electromagnetic radiation.
	www.levity.com /mavericks/general.htm (1301 words)

	Unit 57
		The General Theory is highly non-linear since the geometric properties needed are non-linear and the geometry also appears on the right hand side of Eq.
		The General Theory not only predicts a deflection of light as the light passes near a gravitating body, it also predicts that it should take the light longer to pass through the region near the star.
		Both the special and the general theories predict that the axis of a rotating body that is orbiting another body should precess.
	astro.physics.sc.edu /selfpacedunits/Unit57.html (6116 words)

	J K Barthakur on General Theory of Time
		J K BARTHAKUR ON The proposed time theory that is applied mainly to physics, concerns both mathematical and biological sciences.It defines time for the first time and brings out the distinction between conscious time and para-time.
		General theory of time is new and it is based on two new theories: "Finite Foundation for Mathematics of Change" and "Principle of Oneness and Operator of Oneness".
		General theory of time supports quantum theory; however, it grants relativity relevance only for future.This evolves from various understandings, including that space is physicality and time concept - time is the first amongst all concepts.
	www.general-theory-of-time.org (612 words)

	General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		General relativity (GR) is the geometrical theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915.
		General relativity is distinguished from other metric theories of gravitation by its use of the Einstein field equations to relate spacetime content and spacetime curvature.
		In the mathematics of general relativity, the Einstein field equations become a set of simultaneous differential equations which are solved to produce metric tensors of spacetime.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/General_relativity (5998 words)

	Theory of relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		General relativity replaces the global Lorentz symmetry of special relativity with a local Lorentz symmetry in the presence of matter.
		General relativity uses the mathematics of differential geometry and tensors in order to describe gravitation as an effect of the geometry of spacetime.
		This theory is based on the general principle of relativity, which requires all observers to experience the same laws of physics, not just those moving with uniform speed, hence its name.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Theory_of_relativity (469 words)

	MAGIC throught two MILLENNIA
		In fact such an effect is also predicted by Newtonian theory and the of the deflection of light passing close to the sun was done as early as 1801, by considering the effect that Newtonian gravity would have on an object passing close to the sun with the speed of light.
		Both Special and General Relativity predict the slowing down of clocks under certain circumstances, and experiments to test the predictions of either theory must take account of the predictions of the other, since the effects of both theories are often present.
		General Relativity predicts that clocks in greater gravitational fields will run more slowly than those in weaker gravitational fields; thus an atomic clock in a higher gravitational field will emit light of a lower frequency compared to a clock in a lower gravitational field.
	www.upscale.utoronto.ca /GeneralInterest/Key/relgen.htm (2122 words)

	NOVA \| Einstein's Big Idea \| Relativity (Lightman Essay) \| PBS
		General relativity may be the biggest leap of the scientific imagination in history.
		One of the most stunning successes of the big bang theory is the prediction that the universe is approximately 10 billion years old, a result obtained from the rate at which distant galaxies are flying away from each other.
		According to the big bang theory, the universe may keep expanding forever, if its inward gravity is not sufficiently strong to counterbalance the outward motion of galaxies, or it may reach a maximum point of expansion and then start collapsing, growing denser and denser, gradually disrupting galaxies, stars, planets, people, and eventually even individual atoms.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity/index.html (1248 words)

	General Relativity
		While special relativity was primarily concerned with submicroscopic physics, general relativity was concerned with the macroscopic effects of gravitation, the realm of astrophysics and cosmology.
		Because General Relativity was meant to accommodate all possible situations, describing all the ways space and time are changing at a given point, the mathematics behind it are extremely tedious and difficult.
		The theory predicts gravitational disturbances, such as a stellar collision or supernova, should produce ripples in spacetime in the form of gravitational waves, or gravitons, using the particle model of radiation.
	library.advanced.org /17508/Generalrelativity.html (1798 words)

	Gravitation and the General Theory of Relativity
		The General Theory of Relativity was Einstein's stupendous effort to remove the restriction on Special Relativity that no accelerations (and therefore no forces) be present, so that he could apply his ideas to the gravitational force.
		General Relativity and Newton's gravitational theory make essentially identical predictions as long as the strength of the gravitational field is weak, which is our usual experience.
		The General Theory of Relativity predicts that light coming from a strong gravitational field should have its wavelength shifted to larger values (a redshift).
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/gravity.html (794 words)

	General Relativity
		According to the theory, the apparent position of the stars is shifted when the light from them passes near the Sun and is deflected.
		The experimental data confirms that the General Relativity prediction is correct and the Newtonian one is not.
		A small document that does a non-mathematical derivation of this prediction of the theory has been prepared; the html version is here and the pdf version is here.
	www.upscale.utoronto.ca /GeneralInterest/Harrison/GenRel/GenRel.html (4262 words)

	General Systems Theory
		Ludwig von Bertalanffy, a biologist, is considered the father of General Systems Theory, and almost every field of science (physical, social, and mathematical) has contributed to its development.
		General Systems Theory attempted to identify and document the characteristics common to all systems.
		The General Systems Theory conceived originally by Bertalanffy need to be developed from now onward through a systematic confrontation with the numerous problems that composed the most serious crisis ever faced by humankind.
	www.crossroad.to /Quotes/globalism/systems-theory.htm (847 words)

	Gravity as Curved Space: Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
		It was not until Einstein published his work on the general theory of relativity that the perihelion shift of Mercury was truly understood.
		Einstein's General Theory of Relativity did away with all three of the above problems, and at the same time it radically altered physicists' view of the Universe.
		Finally, in Einstein's theory the instantaneous gravitational force is replaced by the curvature of spacetime.
	theory.uwinnipeg.ca /mod_tech/node60.html (587 words)

	Introduction to Modern Literary Theory
		Disclaimer: When theories are explained briefly, a necessary reduction in their complexity and richness occurs.
		Marxism generally focuses on the clash between the dominant and repressed classes in any given age and also may encourage art to imitate what is often termed an "objective" reality.
		Reflectionism - associated with Vulgar Marxism - "a theory that the superstructure of a society mirrors its economic base and, by extension, that a text reflects the society that produced it" (92).
	www.kristisiegel.com /theory.htm (6076 words)

	Theories
		A general theory of social relations is a necessary part of an ecosocial-semiotic theory.
		No adequate theory exists, primarily because it is not possible to construct such a theory from inside the system: all social theorists are enmeshed in the social relations they describe; we cannot escape being part of a gender system, a class system, a specific cultural-historical epoch, etc.
		General Semiotics tends to be formalistic, abstracting signs from the contexts of use; Social Semiotics takes the meaning-making process, "semiosis", to be more fundamental than the system of meaning-relations among signs, which are considered only the resources to be deployed in making meaning.
	academic.brooklyn.cuny.edu /education/jlemke/theories.htm (2456 words)

	General Relativity
		In 1916 Einstein expanded his Special Theory to include the effect of gravitation on the shape of space and the flow of time.
		When "generalized" to include gravitation, the equations of relativity predict that gravity, or the curvature of spacetime by matter, not only stretches or shrinks distances (depending on their direction with respect to the gravitational field) but also w ill appear to slow down or "dilate" the flow of time.
		In the decade after its publication in 1916, Einstein's Theory of General Relativity led to a burst of experimental activity in which many of its predictions were vindicated.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/NumRel/GenRelativity.html (683 words)

	Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special and General Theory
		The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity
		The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Relativity Is not a Euclidean Continuum
		The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity
	www.bartleby.com /173 (321 words)

	THE EINSTEIN EQUATIONS
		After he published his famous paper in 1916, Einstein later conceded that the mathematical difficulties of his General Theory of Relativity were a "very serious" impediment to its further development.
		This elegant symbolic formulation of Einstein's general theory of relativity cannot be used for actual calculations, but it clearly shows the principle that "matter tells spacetime how to curve, and curved space tells matter how to move"(John Wheeler, Princeton University and the University of Texas at Austin).
		General relativity is beautiful and simple (to a physicist), but mathemat ically it's very complicated and subtle.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/NumRel/EinsteinEquations.html (1024 words)

	Category Theory (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy)
		On the one hand, it is certainly the task of philosophy to clarify the general epistemological and ontological status of categories and categorical methods, both in the practice of mathematics and in the foundational landscape.
		Still, it remains to be seen whether category theory should be "on the same plane," so to speak, as set theory, whether it should be taken as a serious alternative to set theory as a foundation for mathematics, or whether it is foundational in a different sense altogether.
		From the foregoing disussion, it should be obvious that category theory and categorical logic ought to have an impact on almost all issues arising in philosophy of logic: from the nature of identity criteria to the question of alternative logics, category theory always sheds a new light on these topics.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/category-theory (11769 words)

	General Theory of Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		He made important contributions to the quantum theory, but increasingly he sought to extend the special theory of relativity to phenomena involving acceleration.
		The key to an elaboration emerged in 1907 with the principle of equivalence, in which gravitational acceleration was held a priori indistinguishable from acceleration caused by mechanical forces; gravitational mass was therefore identical with inertial mass.
		In its original form, Einstein's general relativity has been verified numerous times in the past 60 years, especially during solar-eclipse expeditions when Einstein's light-deflection prediction could be tested.
	www.humboldt1.com /~gralsto/einstein/relativ.html (403 words)

	Ludwig von Bertalanffy Quotes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		General system theory, therefore, is a general science of "wholeness...The meaning of the somewhat mystical expression, "The whole is more that the sum of its parts" is simply that constitutive characteristics are not explanable from the characteristics of the isolated parts.
		The parallelism of general conceptions or even special laws in different fields therefore is a consequence of the fact that those are concerned with "systems" and that certain general principles apply to systems irrespective of their nature...
		There appear to exist general system laws which apply to any system of a particular type, irrespective of the particular properties of the systems and the elements involved.
	www.isss.org /quotelvb.htm (620 words)

	Perspectives on General System Theory (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		Such criticisms would have lost their point had it been recognized that von Bertalanffy's general system theory is a perspective or paradigm, and that such basic conceptual frameworks play a key role in the development of exact scientific theory.
		Now "Theorie" (or Lehre) just as Wissenschaft, has a much broader meaning in German than the closest English words "theory" and "science." A Wiss enschaft is any organized body of knowledge, including the Geisteswissenschaften, which would not be considered true sciences in English usage.
		If this be considered not enough, the reader would do well to remember that a true general theory of all such varieties of -systems would constitute a master science that would make Einstein's attempt at a unified field theory pale by comparison.
	www.isss.org /laszlofw.htm (510 words)

	General Systems Theory
		The notion of a system may be seen as simply a more self-conscious and generic term for the dynamic interrelatedness of components.
		"Cybernetics and systems theory study basically the same problem, that of organization independent of the substrate in which it is embodied.
		Since structure and function of a system cannot be understood in separation, it is clear that systems theory and Cybernetics should be viewed as two facets of a single approach.
	www.squidoo.com /systemstheory (591 words)

	gr
		General relativity is usually written with lots of superscripts and subscripts.
		This tutorial is no substitute for reading books on general relativity and doing the exercises - just like dipping your toe in the ocean is no substitute for learning to swim.
		It concentrates on the mathematics of general relativity and other gauge fields, such as Maxwell's equations and the Yang-Mills equations, which describe the strong and electroweak forces.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/gr/gr.html (751 words)

	Amazon.com: A General Theory of Love: Books: Thomas Lewis,Fari Amini,Richard Lannon (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		A General Theory of Love, by San Francisco psychiatrists Thomas Lewis, Fari Amini, and Richard Lannon, is a powerfully humanistic look at the natural history of our deepest feelings, and why a simple hug is often more important than a portfolio full of stock options.
		Building on the underlying scientific knowledge collected, the authors then go on to explain their theories of limbic resonance (how we interact emotionally with others), limbic regulation, etc. While these theories may not seem absolutely convincing, they do make intuitive sense, though one is justified in remaining skeptical.
		Regardless, their theories are well presented and are certainly filling food for thought.
	www.amazon.com /General-Theory-Love-Thomas-Lewis/dp/0375709223 (2300 words)

	Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Contents) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-11-07)
		The Space-Time Continuum of the Speical Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum
		The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity (sup.
		Note: The fifth appendix was added by Einstein at the time of the fifteenth re-printing of this book; and as a result is still under copyright restrictions so cannot be added without the permission of the publisher.
	www.ivorix.com /en/einstein/index.html (279 words)

	General Systems Theory
		Systems theory was proposed in the 1936 by the biologist Ludwig von Bertalanffy, and further developed by Ross Ashby.
		organs or cells), systems theory focuses on the arrangement of and relations between the parts which connect them into a whole (cf.
		Allgemeine Grundlagen der Theorie; mathematische und physiologische Gesetzlichkeiten des Wachstums bei Wassertieren.
	www.istheory.yorku.ca /generalsystemstheory.htm (779 words)

	VoS - Voice of the Shuttle
		Johns Hopkins Guide to Literary Theory and Criticism (online, hypertext version of the print volume edited by Michael Groden and Martin Kreiswirth; full-text access and advanced search engine; Note: As of Oct. 1997, this resource is available to paying subscribers only)
		Peter Krapp's Theory Site (resources on theory, with a particularly strong suite of pages devoted to the tradition of deconstructive theorists) (Peter Krapp, U. California, Santa Barbara)
		Theory.org.uk ("Social theory for fans of popular culture.
	vos.ucsb.edu /browse.asp?id=2718 (1930 words)

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