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	Declaration of war - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In public international law, a declaration of war entails the recognition between countries of a state of hostilities between these countries, and such declaration acted to regulate the conduct between the military engagements between the forces of the respective countries.
		The League of Nations formed in 1919 in the wake of the First World War, and the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War 1928 signed in Paris, demonstrated that world powers were seriously seeking a means to prevent the carnage of the world war.
		As of 2005, a few declarations of war remain in effect, though they are usually retained for lack of a peace treaty rather than reflecting an active state of hostilities.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Declaration_of_war (1069 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: imt/tgmwc/judgment/j-law-charter
		The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War of 27th August, 1928, more generally known as the Pact of Paris or the Kellogg-Briand Pact, was binding on 63 nations, including Germany, Italy, and Japan at the outbreak of war in 1939.
		In the opinion of the Tribunal, the solemn renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy necessarily involves the proposition that such a war is illegal in international law; and that those who plan and wage such a war, with its inevitable and terrible consequences, are committing a crime in so doing.
		War for the solution of international controversies undertaken as an instrument of national policy certainly includes a war of aggression, and such a war is therefore outlawed by the Pact.
	www.nizkor.org /ftp.cgi/imt/tgmwc/ftp.py?imt/tgmwc/judgment/j-law-charter (1679 words)

	Crime against peace - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A crime against peace, in international law, refers to the act of military invasion as a war crime, specifically referring to starting or waging war against the integrity, independence, or sovereignty of a territory or state, or else a military violation of relevant international treaties, agreements or legally binding assurances.
		This definition of the crime of aggression belongs to jus cogens, which is supreme in the hierarchy of international law and, therefore, it cannot be modified by, or give way to, any rule of international law but one of the same rank.
		Peremptory norm - Statute of the ICCt - Universal jurisdiction - War crime - War of aggression
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Crime_against_peace (912 words)

	Prosecuting Tony Blair and others - The Trial of German Major War Criminals
		And that constituted a general renunciation of war, and it was so considered to be in the eyes of international jurists and in the public opinion of the world.
		But, although the effect of the Locarno Treaty was limited to the parties to it, it had wider influence in paving the way towards that most fundamental that truly revolutionary enactment in modern International Law, namely, the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War of 27th August, 1928, the Pact of Paris, the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
		The declaration of war came from the United Kingdom and from France; the act of war and its commencement came from Germany in violation of the fundamental enactment to which she was a party.
	www.newcastle-emlyn.com /stopwar/rmanson/nur-shawcross-opening.shtml (5974 words)

	Opening Address for the United Kingdom
		The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War, the great constitutional instrument of an international society awakened to the deadly dangers of another Armageddon, did not remain an isolated effort soon to be forgotten in the turmoil of recurrent international crises.
		to renounce war as an instrument of policy, made definite the outlawry of war and of necessity altered the dependent concept of neutral obligations.
		We have traced the progressive limitation of the right of war, the renunciation and condemnation of wars of aggression, and, above all, the total prohibition and condemnation of all war conceived as an instrument of national policy.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/hweb/imt/nca/nca-01/nca-01-09-aggression-05-04.html (1114 words)

	Duty to disobey / Features / Home - Morning Star
		WHEN Germany's leaders were convicted at the Nuremburg war crimes trials in 1946 of crimes against peace and humanity, their convictions were based on Germany's violations of the 1928 General Treaty for the Renunciation of War, known as the Pact of Paris or the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
		The Nuremburg judgement, which is now the world's premier customary war law, made it clear to the civilised world that warfare is illegal and that the waging of an aggressive war is the greatest evil known to mankind.
		Having clearly identified that the planning and waging of war is the world's worst crime, the judges at Nuremburg went on to identify that the responsibility for such crimes and for their prevention lies with the individual, not with the state.
	www.morningstaronline.co.uk /index2.php/ex/features/duty_to_disobey (733 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		When the outcome of war was regarded to be the judgment of heaven, or the vanquished were regarded as being abandoned by the gods, such doctrines were used as justification for the cruel treatment of the defeated.
		They have been so generally accepted by the community of nations that, as numerous tribunals have stated, they are binding upon all states and all individuals, which means that their violation constitutes war crimes.
		War crimes can be punished, not only by the organs of the country of which the offender is a citizen--for example, a guard who tortures, or a camp commander who orders the torturing of, prisoners of war will in a civilized country be court-martialed by his own authorities--but also by the enemy.
	gi.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_warcrimes.html (4032 words)

	Makhmoud3
		The treaty and the judicial means have been used to settle claims arising out of war and out of damages caused by other violations of rules of international law.
		The UN Members as Parties to the UN treaty cannot act within the UNO in a manner which frustrates the implementation of that treaty, otherwise the machinery created to implement the treaty will be a tool to be used by them themselves to avoid and violate their own obligations under that treaty.
		The Secretary General of the UNO is thus under the obligation to report immediately this case of ongoing genocide against the people and the independent Republic of Chechenya to the Security Council, to the General Assembly and to all Members of the United Nations Organization.
	members.tripod.com /~ChechenianPhenomenon/Inglish/Makhmoud3.htm (3142 words)

	Equipo Nizkor - Judgment of the Nuremberg International Military Tribunal. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		The Charter defines as a crime the planning or waging of war that is a war of aggression or a war in violation of international treaties.
		Treaties of Mutual Guarantee were signed by Germany at Locarno in 1925, with Belgium, France, Great Britain and Italy, assuring the maintenance of the territorial status quo.
		The law of war is to be found not only in treaties, but in the customs and practices of states which gradually obtained universalrecognition, and from the general principles of justice applied by jurists and practiced by military courts.
	www.derechos.org /nizkor/nuremberg/judgment/cap5.html (2772 words)

	Prosecuting Tony Blair and others - Sir Hartley Shawcross QC MP - United Kingdom Attorney-General Closing Speech
		It was further argued that these treaties were not taken seriously by numerous jurists and journalists whose opinions were cited, and were not really entitled to be treated seriously because they contained no provision for coping with the problem of the peaceful change of the status quo.
		For the Charter lays down expressly that the planning, and I emphasize the word "planning", preparation, initiation, or waging of a war of aggression or of a war m violation of international treaties, agreements, or assurances shall be considered crimes coming within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal.
		The Court declined to see in a treaty, by which a State undertook to observe a definite line of conduct, an abandonment of its sovereignty, and the Court reminded Germany that the very right to enter into international engagements is an attribute of State sovereignty.
	www.newcastle-emlyn.com /stopwar/rmanson/nur-shawcross-closing.shtml (2880 words)

	Judgement: The Law of the Charter
		The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War of 27th August, 1928, more generally known as the Pact of Paris or the Kellogg-Briand Pact, was binding on sixty-three nations, including Germany, Italy and Japan at the outbreak of war in 1939.
		The law of war is to be found not only in treaties, but in the customs and practices of states which gradually obtained universal recognition, and from the general principles of justice applied by jurists and practiced by military courts.
		In Article I the Treaty declared "that aggressive war is an international crime," and that the parties would "undertake that no one of them will be guilty of its commission." The draft treaty was submitted to twenty-nine States, about half of whom were in favour of accepting the text.
	home.earthlink.net /~platter/nuremberg/judgement-law-of-charter.html (2216 words)

	Wikinfo \| Declaration of war
		In classical public international law a declaration of war entailed the recognition between countries of a state of hostilities between these countries and such declaration acted to regulate the conduct between the military engagements between the forces of the respective countries.
		In most cases, however, declarations of war have been phased out as a diplomatic tool since the end of the Second World War, particularly in the case of the United States.
		Among other reasons, this is because the legal concept of a "state of war" brings with it many logistical complications involving the established laws of war and other complex political issues.
	www.wikinfo.org /wiki.php?title=Declaration_of_war (504 words)

	The Avalon Project : The Kellogg-Briand Pact - Hearings Before the Committee on Foreign Relations United States
		The present treaty shall be ratified by the high contracting parties named in the preamble in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements, and shall take effect as between them as soon as all their several instruments of ratification shall have been deposited at Washington.
		The language of article 1, as to the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy, renders it desirable that I should remind your excellency that there are certain regions of the world the welfare and integrity of which constitute a special and vital interest for our peace and safety.
		As I understand this treaty-and I have studied it carefully-the obligations assumed by 55 nations in the League of Nations are considered and understood by you and understood by these men to be reserved, and that this treaty does not in any way interfere with the obligations of the League or the Locarno treaties.
	www.yale.edu /lawweb/avalon/kbpact/kbhear.htm (10865 words)

	Latest AAW Reports
		A report on violations of war law and the genocide, crimes against humanity and war crimes committed by Britain's political, civil and military leaders in the war with Iraq.
		War was outlawed in 1928 when the world’s major nations signed The General Treaty for the Renunciation of War [The Pact of Paris].
		Presented as the legal advice that the Attorney General should have provided Tony Blair, the Cabinet and Parliament prior to the invasion and occupation of Iraq, this document aims to explain national and international war law and Britain’s international commitments in a simple straightforward format.
	www.actionagainstwar.org /LatestReports.html (205 words)

	Shofar FTP Archives: imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-02/tgmwc-02-12.02
		That treaty, a most deliberate and [Page 52] carefully prepared piece of international legislation, was binding in 1939 on more than 6o nations, including Germany.
		The effect of those instruments, taken together, is to deprive nations of the right to employ war as an instrument of national policy, and to forbid the States which have signed them to give aid or comfort to an offender." This was being said in 1919, when there was no war upon the horizon.
		Stimson, the Secretary of War, in which, in 1932, he gave expression to the drastic change brought about in International Law by the Pact of Paris, and it is perhaps convenient to quote the relevant passage in full: "War between nations was renounced by the signatories of the Briand-Kellogg Pact.
	www.vex.net /~nizkor/ftp.cgi/ftp.py?imt/tgmwc/tgmwc-02/tgmwc-02-12.02 (1743 words)

	International Military Tribunal "Blue Series," Vol. 3, p. 98 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		that war was ceasing to be the normal or the legitimate means of settling international disputes.
		The Treaty of Locarno of the 16th October 1925, to which I shall have occasion to refer presently, and to which Germany was a party, was more than a treaty of arbitration and conciliation in which the parties undertook definite obligations with regard to the pacific settlement of disputes which might arise between them.
		But, although the effect of the Locarno Treaty was limited to the parties to it, it had wider influence in paving the way towards that most fundamental, that truly revolutionary enactment in modern international law, namely, the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War of 27 August 1928, the Pact of Paris, the Kellogg-Briand Pact.
	www.holocaust-history.org /works/imt/03/htm/t098.htm?size=2 (454 words)

	Declaration of war - Questionz.net , answers to all your questions
		Declarations of war and international law In classical public international law a declaration of war entailed the recognition between countries of a state of hostilities between these countries and such declaration acted to regulate the conduct between the military engagements between the forces of the respective countries.
		Those who believe that formal declarations of war are not necessary say that an absence of a formal declaration does not necessary mean that a military conflict will be chaotic and unlawful; in many cases the rules of war are now well enough accepted to make formal declarations unecessary.
		There are also diplomatic reasons for a dislike of "declaring war" on a country, as it can often be perceived as holding an entire nation responsible for the actions of a few of its citizens.
	www.questionz.net /War/Declaration_of_war.html (1340 words)

	Al-Ahram Weekly \| Opinion \| Searching for justice (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-23)
		Roy, in her capacity as chair of the jury of conscience, defined this war as one of the most unjust in history: "The Bush and Blair administrations blatantly ignored the massive opposition to the war expressed by millions of people around the world," she said.
		Coming in the wake of a brutal war used by the US to justify its quest for world dominance based on absolute security for itself, the WTI is a serious attempt to create a new law-making authority that would hold accountable individuals and institutions which violate the people's will.
		By telling the truth about the war on Iraq, the WTI is an avid reminder of the lofty anti-war principles that have informed the development of many aspects of international law over the past century, most importantly, the principles of criminal accountability that were vividly asserted in Nuremberg.
	weekly.ahram.org.eg /2005/753/op13.htm (1152 words)

	The Crime of War: From Nuremberg to Fallujah
		The seriousness of such commitments is exemplified by the Nuremberg War Crimes Trials and subsequent international trials in which individual national leaders have been held criminally responsible for treaty violations and, when convicted, have been sentenced to long terms of imprisonment or even death by hanging.
		The treaty that outlawed the waging of aggressive war was the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War, otherwise known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact or the Pact of Paris.
		This treaty was drafted in 1949, with the benefit of recent memory of the German and Japanese occupations of Europe and Southeast Asia, and it very specifically catalogs and outlaws many of the tactics that can be used to bend a hostile civilian population to the will of a military occupation force.
	zmagsite.zmag.org /Images/davies0205.html (2442 words)

	Re: Kellogg-Briand Pact
		The thrust of the document, in effect to outlaw war as an instrument of policy, has been replaced in international law with the UN Charter and the customs and laws of war of the modern era.
		Your question implies that because it is a treaty and therefore the "supreme law of the land" pursuant to the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution (Article VI) it would somehow prevent the US, as a matter of US domestic law, from lawfully deploying force in the exercise of its authority.
		Even if one were to consider the Kellogg-Briand Treaty to be in force and valid today (a highly speculative proposition) a treaty is equal in dignity and normative rank to federal legislation and inferior to provisions of the Constitution itself.
	www.internationallawhelp.com /Forum/messages/561.html (716 words)

	General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy [Kellogg-Briand Pact] [1929] ATS 1
		General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy [Kellogg-Briand Pact] [1929] ATS 1
		The present Treaty shall be ratified by the High Contracting Parties named in the Preamble in accordance with their respective constitutional requirements,[1] and shall take effect as between them as soon as all their several instruments of ratification shall have been deposited at Washington.
		This Treaty shall, when it has come into effect as prescribed in the preceding paragraph, remain open as long as may be necessary for adherence by all the other Powers of the world.
	www.austlii.edu.au /au/other/dfat/treaties/1929/1.html (513 words)

	legal duty to break the law
		Here he explains why it is every individual’s duty to break the law to prevent crimes, such as the war with Iraq and the genocide of the Iraqi people.
		This international treaty outlawing war was signed and ratified by sixty three nations including America, Britain, France, Germany and Japan.
		When American and British political leaders violate the laws against war, it is down to the people to enforce the law, to remove Bush and Blair from power and ensure that they answer for their crimes in court.
	www.actionagainstwar.org /legaldutytobreakthelaw.html (752 words)

	Jihad: How it can save Just War Doctrine, UCLA International Institute
		Certainly it was the Treaty of Westphalia in 1648 that solidified the nation-state and warranted the development of formal international relations.
		On the other hand jus ad bellum is rooted in the General Treaty for Renunciation of War (1928) which was ratified outside the scope of the League of Nations and before the formation of the United Nations (Stemmet 25).
		In the War on Terror the U.S. has attempted to use the guise of self defense to justify the war while at the same time strip supposed terrorists of their rights declaring them not prisoners of war.
	www.isop.ucla.edu /article.asp?parentid=35780 (1390 words)

	Opening Speech at the World Tribunal on Iraq by Richard Falk, June 24, 2005
		And further, the Turkish government has been complicit with the Iraq war, as well as with the preceding period of sanctions, by allowing its territory to be used for a strategic base that has been extensively used for the bombing of Iraq ever since 1990.
		A special concern of the WTI is to take sharp issue with American claims of exception whether based on an alleged freedom to wage war anywhere on the planet as a result of the 9/11 attacks or securing an exemption for itself in relation to the basic obligation to uphold international law.
		But it is worth noting these progressive moves that have been stymied by the wars of aggression launched by the United States by relying upon the pretext of a war against terrorism.
	www.wagingpeace.org /articles/2005/06/24_falk_opening-speech-wti.htm (1965 words)

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