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	Jorge Rafael Videla - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Jorge Rafael Videla Redondo (born August 21, 1925 in Mercedes) was the de facto President of Argentina from 1976 to 1981.
		Despite the abuses, Videla's regime received support from the Argentine Catholic Church and local media, though the extent to which such support was given willingly remains the subject of much debate.
		Videla spent 38 days in the old part of the Caseros Prison, and was later transferred to house arrest due to health issues.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Jorge_Rafael_Videla (980 words)

	BBC News \| Americas \| 'Dirty war' arrest (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		General Videla, who is 71, was arrested on the orders of a federal judge.
		General Videla led the military coup which unseated President Isabela Peron in 1976.
		In 1990, Videla, along with all middle and senior-ranking officers, was pardoned as part of a decree by President Carlos Menem.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/americas/110016.stm (354 words)

	Jorge Rafaél Videla killer file
		Along with Videla the members of this first junta are Brigadier-general Orlando Ramón Agosti, commander of the air force, and Admiral Emilio E. Massera, commander of the navy.
		Jorge Rafaél Videla is convicted of multiple cases of homicide, aggravated false arrests, torture, torture resulting in death, and robbery, and sentenced to life imprisonment at the military prison of Magdalena.
		Videla is accused of being the chief of a "criminal plan" and charged with 34 abductions.
	www.moreorless.au.com /killers/videla.html (5263 words)

	Pinochet - Criminal Procedures against Argentinian and Chilean Military in Spain
		He requested extradition of General Pinochet to Spain based on the Law of Criminal Procedure, the 1957 European Convention on Extradition, the UK-Spain Extradition Treaty and the Principles of international co-operation in the detection, arrest, extradition and punishment of persons guilty of war crimes and crimes against humanity.
		Generally, in these cases, the cohesion of the group is ethnic, which would explain the restrictive Spanish legislation prior to 1983, racial or religious, but other differentiating marks such as territory, history or language, for example, would not be foreign to it.
		In 1946, the General Assembly of the United Nations (Resolution Number 96) accepts the recommendation of the VI Commission and recognizes that genocide is a crime of jus cogens, whose main authors and their accomplices, be they private people, officials or official representatives of the State, must be punished.
	www.derechos.net /marga/papers/spain.html (7065 words)

	Argentina military junta members top officers and ministers
		Videla then suspended Congress and vested legislative powers in a nine-man military commission, halted the functioning of the courts, political parties, and labor unions, imposed tight censorship on the mass-media, and filled all important posts with military personnel.
		Videla retired in 1981 and was succeeded by Roberto Viola.
		Videla and Massera who had commanded the army and navy during the worst years of the repression were convicted of multiple cases of homicide aggravated by the defenseless state of victims, aggravated false arrests, torture, torture resulting in death, and robbery, and sentenced to life imprisonment.
	www.yendor.com /vanished/junta.html (5117 words)

	The Consortium
		Former Argentine president Jorge Rafael Videla, the 73-year-old dapper dictator who launched the so-called Dirty War in 1976, was arrested on June 9 for a particularly bizarre crime of state, one that rips at the heart of human relations.
		Videla, known for his English-tailored suits and his ruthless counterinsurgency theories, stands accused of permitting -- and concealing -- a scheme to harvest infants from pregnant women who were kept alive in military prisons only long enough to give birth.
		Marquevich found that Videla was aware of the kidnappings and took part in a cover-up of the crimes.
	www.consortiumnews.com /1990s/consor17.html (1980 words)

	friendly dictators
		General Sani Abacha is a corrupt and repressive dictator in the oil-rich country of Nigeria.
		General Nasution, a close associate of Suharto, called for the extermination of three million Indonesian communist party members, and with the CIA supervised the murderous purge.
		Videla left office in 1981, and after the Falklands Crisis of 1982, he and his cohorts were tried for human rights abuses by the new government.
	www.thirdworldtraveler.com /Global_Secrets_Lies/dictators.html (9240 words)

	Left Turn: Notes from the Global Intifada
		When a military junta led by General Jorge Videla seized power in March 1976, press criticism of the government was declared illegal and the independent judiciary, trade unions, and the political opposition were suppressed.
		Videla had by then made the public pronouncement that âas many people will die in Argentina as is necessary to restore order.â The first months of dictatorship appeared to satisy the generalâs ultimatum.
		Videla is also under house arrest while a judge investigates charges that he participated in the kidnapping and illegal adoption of the children of disappeared people.
	www.leftturn.org /Articles/PrintableView.aspx?id=737 (1138 words)

	Roberto M. Levingston - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Roberto Marcelo Levingston Laborda (born January 19, 1920 in San Luis) was a member of the Argentine Army, self-appointed as de facto president (i.e., dictator) of Argentina from June 18, 1970 to March 22, 1971.
		He followed the ruthless military dictatorship of General Onganía (the so-called "Onganiato"), only to be toppled later by General Lanusse when Levingston no longer served Lanusse's purposes.
		These years marked one of the darkest political chapters of Argentina, only surpassed by the cruel repression, state terrorism, and genocide that accompanied the military dictatorship of General Videla, Massera and others (the so-called "Proceso de Reorganización Nacional", 1976-1983).
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Roberto_M._Levingston (150 words)

	History of ARGENTINA (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		On May 3 the Argentinian cruiser General Belgrano is torpedoed and sinks with heavy casualties (368 dead).
		Videla is sentenced in 1985 to life imprisonment for human rights abuses (he is released in 1989).
		The support of the army is won by such measures as releasing the convicted generals (including Videla and Galtieri).
	www.historyworld.net /wrldhis/PlainTextHistories.asp?groupid=2333&HistoryID=ac09 (1887 words)

	Chile Information Project -- "Santiago Times" -- Political, Environment, Human Rights, Economic News; December 2, 1998
		Videla, former Operations chief for the Army, also told La Tercera that there were 300 retired generals who were willing to voluntarily present themselves before the courts to take the blame for human rights violations attributed to Pinochet.
		According to Videla, who said his opinions were personal and do not necessarily represent those of all retired military personnel, "we were the ones in charge in the Army and we had great freedom of action and to make decisions.
		It is not fair that general Pinochet is taking sole responsibility and we are at home, at work, when we are more responsible than him." He added, "we have responsibilities as those in command, intellectual responsibilities for the events that may have occurred by way of our subordinates...
	ssdc.ucsd.edu /news/chip/h98/chip.19981202.html (3785 words)

	The Harvard Crimson :: Opinion :: Variation On a Theme
		The horrified reaction of the world press to the Chilean repression was widespread and still rang loudly in the ears of Videla and his co-conspirators.
		In order to "restore morality and efficiency to the government, wipe out subversion and restore the economy," Videla dissolved the Congress, provincial and municipal legislatures, suspended all political parties, all trade unions, dismissed the justices of the Supreme Court and banned all political activities.
		Videla's regime completes the fascist bloc which now covers virtually all of South America.
	www.thecrimson.com /article.aspx?ref=114151 (1833 words)

	A Lexicon of Terror
		Lest anyone misunderstand, the junta stressed that the country was not entering a period of "revolution." Since 1930, that epithet had been assumed by a host of governments--both military and civilian, nationalist and progressive, paternalist and tailored to the free capitalist market.
		According to the press, Videla was at once elite and Everyman; modest and successful; a man of the missal and the sword.
		In his first address to the nation, Videla stressed the theme of "subordination," which, he said, "is not submission, nor blind obedience to capricious orders.
	partners.nytimes.com /books/first/f/feitlowitz-terror.html (2815 words)

	Human Rights Internet - The Human Rights Databank
		The alleged goal was to ensure that the next generation of Argentinian children would be raised by "good conservative families".
		Videla, Massera, Franco, Bignone, Suárez and two other former junta leaders are currently under house arrest in Argentina as Argentinian law allows detainees over 70 years of age to serve house sentences.
		This latter warrant was addressed to the Argentine government for the arrest and extradition of 98 Argentinian citizens, including Videla, Massera and Bussi, for their involvement with human rights abuses committed during the late 1970s and early 1980s.
	www.hri.ca /Tribune/viewArticle.asp?ID=2538 (1070 words)

	Kissinger Declassified - International Justice - Global Policy Forum
		General Videla is now under house arrest in his own country for, among other things, trading the babies of the tortured rape victims who were held in his own secret prison.
		But the general had felt he had to answer my questions, and his goons didn't feel quite up to menacing me further, because the whole context had recently changed.
		General Pinochet twice makes nasty references to the former Chilean foreign minister Orlando Letelier, who had gone into exile in Washington, D.C., and who was making life hard for the regime by his lobbying of senators and congressmen.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/wanted/2004/1201declass.htm (2555 words)

	SOA Watch
		GENERAL LEOPOLDO GALTIERI, who died yesterday aged 76, was the Argentine President who ordered the invasion of the Falkland Islands in April 1982, a decision which briefly made him wildly popular at home; he suffered the consequences when the islands were recaptured by Britain two months later, and was eventually sentenced to 12 years' imprisonment.
		He had risen to major general in 1977 and within three years was appointed commander-in-chief of the army as a lieutenant general.
		General Roberto Viola, the former army chief, became president only to find that Argentina's economic performance was not as sound as it seemed.
	www.soaw.org /new/newswire_detail.php?id=259 (1746 words)

	Relevant History of Argentina (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		In 1955, insurgent groupings in all three branches of the armed forces staged a rebellion; after three days of civil war, during which 4000 persons were killed, Peron resigned and took refuge on a Paraguayan gunboat in Buenos Aires Harbor.
		When general elections were held in 1958, Frondizi won the presidency.
		Videla was succeeded as president in 1981 by Field Marshal Viola, who was himself deposed in 1981 by the commander in chief of the army, General Galtieri.
	cla.calpoly.edu /~rsimon/Hum410/Argentina.htm (696 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Americas \| Argentine junta head has 'stroke'
		General Videla led a military junta from 1976 to 1981
		The 79-year-old general was said to be in a stable condition, in a Buenos Aires hospital.
		Gen Videla, who led the country's military junta from 1976 to 1981, has been under house arrest since 1998.
	news.bbc.co.uk /2/hi/americas/4106075.stm (171 words)

	ARGENTINA
		General Balza sent the judge a copy of Nicolaides' original telegram to the Federal Police (ultimately responsible to Bignone as Head of State) ordering the destruction of the documents.
		Coupled with the psychological impact on the family group, its environment, and on the social fabric in general, this systematic practice was one more tool using terror as part of a system of social control imposed by an illegitimate de facto regime with hegemonic pretensions.
		In ruling on an appeal by Videla claiming that the crimes were covered by a statute of limitations, the court found that the effects of the theft and concealment of a baby continued until the child was located and returned to its legitimate family, and that in the cases in which this had occurred
	www.hrw.org /reports/2001/argentina/argen1201-05.htm (2397 words)

	RC Groups - Argentina's Dirty War
		In Honduras, General Humberto Ragalado Hernandez, was trained at the SOA at the same time that he was linked to Columbian drug cartels, and the highest ranking officers in the Honduran Death Squad were trained at SOA as well.
		General Manuel Antonio Callejas y Callejas, Chief of Army Intelligence at the time, was cited by the UN as the individual responsible for most of those murders.
		General, dictator, and a former president from 1982-83, Rios Montt was proud of his political philosophy of "beans for the obedient; bullets for the rest".
	www.rcgroups.com /forums/archive/index.php/t-167098.html (3738 words)

	United Nations - OCHA IRIN \| In-Depth \| Justice for a Lawless world? Rights and reconciliation in a new era of ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		Known for their English-cut suits and commitment to “western Christian civilization”, behind the scenes, General Jorge Rafael Videla and his fellow military leaders oversaw a regime of clandestine kidnappings, torture and murder.
		General Videla and fellow junta member Emilio Massera were sentenced to life imprisonment.
		In 1999, a Federal Court reopened cases against Videla and Massera for the kidnapping of children born to political dissidents.
	www.irinnews.org /webspecials/RightsAndReconciliation/54260.asp (1763 words)

	Commanding Heights : Argentina Political \| on PBS
		Lieutenant-General Jorge Videla, the self-proclaimed president, amends the constitution and bans union activity.
		His successors, Generals Roberto Viola and Leopoldo Galtieri, promise to return to democracy but continue his policies.
		1982-1983: General Galtieri, seeking popular support and wishing to distract attention from the deteriorating economy, orders the invasion of the Islas Malvinas (Falkland Islands) over which Britain has sovereignty.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/commandingheights/lo/countries/ar/ar_political.html (876 words)

	Argentina
		In June 1998, one of the investigations led to the house arrest of former army General Jorge Rafael Videla, the de facto President from 1979 to 1981.
		Although a court convicted Videla for the crimes he committed during the dirty war and sentenced him to life in prison in 1985, President Menem pardoned him in 1990.
		In late December, Congress voted to block former General Antonio Bussi, who is charged with human rights abuses including torture and deprivation of liberty during the period of the dirty war, from taking his seat in the legislature.
	www.state.gov /g/drl/rls/hrrpt/1999/372.htm (7989 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-25)
		General Videla, who led the coup and assumed executive control, looked back at General Ongania's failure in 1969, to adequately deal with the groundswell of opposition, as the primary reason for the demise of the Ongania regime and the subsequent return of Juan Peron from exile and reassumption of the presidency in 1973.
		Videla and his military government simply would not allow military power to be subverted again, and thus repression was seen by them as a primary way to prevent oppositional demonstrations from usurping military power, while the military attempted to right the wrongs created by the inept civilian government of Isabel Peron.
		Uncertainties of action, wherever they may exist are overridden by the regime's desire to fulfill the ideological final objectives of their policy.44 The Argentine military had made the decision that force was necessary but an ideological framework or doctrine was needed to "legitimate" the use of force by the military.
	www.is.rhodes.edu /modus/95/Githens.html (4158 words)

	Spanish judge demands extradition of Argentine officers
		Amongst the officers indicted were former President General Jorge Videla and navy chief Admiral Emilio Massera.
		Garzon was responsible for extradition proceedings against former Chilean dictator General Augusto Pinochet and has attempted to question former US Secretary of State Henry Kissinger about Operation Condor—the military intelligence agreement between several South American countries that resulted in cross-border abductions and assassinations in the 1970s.
		Videla and Massera were again in court in 1998-1999 for activities related to ESMA not covered by the amnesty laws or pardons, allowing the illegal adoption by military couples of babies belonging to disappeared mothers.
	www.wsws.org /articles/2003/jul2003/garz-j16.shtml (1451 words)

	[No title]
		This general was in turn replaced by General Levingston, who was later replaced by General Lanusse.
		He was replaced by General Viola some years later and General Galtieri had his turn after him.
		I saw the different actors in a theater of inequity whose play I already knew: the harsh, messianic postures of the general and the pious look of the bishop, their sense of ownership -- some of bodies, others of souls.
	www.zonezero.com /exposiciones/fotografos/diego (492 words)

	Argentines Face Human Rights Trials in Europe -Global Policy Forum - International Justice
		The two men, Gen. Jorge Rafael Videla and Adm. Emilio Massera, both 77, were facing other criminal charges stemming from actions not covered by the amnesty and were already under house arrest.
		In 1985, General Videla and Admiral Massera were among nine members of the military junta who were tried by an Argentine court and found guilty of human rights violations ranging from kidnapping to murder.
		With the 30th anniversary of the coup that brought General Pinochet to power now less than two months away, Argentina's actions are certain to add to an already heated debate in Chile about how to deal with military human rights abusers there.
	www.globalpolicy.org /intljustice/universal/2003/0728argentina.htm (934 words)

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