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Topic: General anaesthetic

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General anesthetic

Inhalation anaesthetics

Volatile anaesthetics

General anesthesia

Local anesthesia

Ion channel

Anesthetic

Bispectral index monitor

Anesthesia

Epidural anesthesia

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Analgesia

Sevoflurane

Intraoperative awareness

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	Info and facts on 'General anaesthetic' (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A general anaesthetic drug is an anaesthetic (or anesthetic AE) drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness (An alert cognitive state in which you are aware of yourself and your situation).
		ketamine (A general anesthetic and tranquilizer (not a barbiturate) that is administered intravenously or intramuscularly; used mainly by veterinarians or for minor surgery with geriatric or pediatric patients; taken in large doses it causes hallucinations similar).
		It is now known that general anaesthetics act on the central nervous system (The portion of the vertebrate nervous system consisting of the brain and spinal cord) by modifying the electrical activity of neurons at a molecular level by modifying the function of ion channel (additional info and facts about ion channel) s.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/general_anaesthetic.htm (568 words)

	General anaesthesia - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The general anaesthetic will then be administered in either the operating theatre itself or a special ante-room.
		General anaesthetic can be given by injection, or inhaled by mask, or by both.
		With the loss of consciousness caused by general anesthesia, there is loss of protective airway reflexes, such as coughing, loss of airway patency and sometimes loss of a regular breathing pattern due to the effect of anesthetics, opioids, or muscle relaxants.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/General_anesthesia (1131 words)

	Encyclopedia: General anaesthetic
		Inhalational anaesthetic substances are either volatile liquids or gases and are usually delivered using an anaesthesia machine.
		A general anaesthetic drug is an anaesthetic (or anesthetic AE) drug that brings about a reversible loss of consciousness Consciousness is a quality of the mind generally regarded to comprise qualities such as subjectivity, self-awareness, sentience, sapience, and the ability to perceive the relationship between oneself and one's environment.
		, halothane Halothane vapour is an inhalational general anaesthetic.
	www.nationmaster.com /encyclopedia/General-anaesthetic (1538 words)

	Anaesthesia Information Page
		A major advantage of the epidural anaesthetic is that further local anaesthetic can be injected into the epidural drip for days after the operation maintaining excellent pain relief no matter how painful the operation might have been.
		Under general anaesthesia you are more likely to wake up at the end with some pain, nausea and drowsiness, but it has the obvious advantage of one injection and the next thing you know you're awake and it's over.
		A common practice is to combine regional and general anaesthesia to capitalise on the advantages of both and decrease the disadvantages of using one alone.
	members.optusnet.com.au /ckolivas/aip/choices.html (1745 words)

	Anaesthesia - local, regional, general anaesthetic & complications
		With regional anaesthesia, a small amount of an anaesthetic drug is injected near to the nerves that supply a part of the body.
		The anaesthetic temporarily prevents the nerves from sending any messages to the brain — where pain is registered — so the part of the body is completely insensitive to pain.
		It involves an injection of anaesthetic into the fluid that surrounds the nerves in lower part of the spine, and is used for operations below the waist or in the pelvic region.
	hcd2.bupa.co.uk /fact_sheets/html/anaesthesia.html (1212 words)

	BBC NEWS \| Health \| Medical notes \| C-D \| Dental anaesthesia
		Yet it was not until 10 November 1998 that the General Dental Council (GDC), the regulatory body for dentists, restricted UK dentists' ability to operate on patients under general anaesthetic in the humble setting of the dental surgery.
		The safest place to have a general anaesthetic is in a hospital, where an emergency team is ready to resuscitate any patients who have problems.
		Although the majority of dentists who offered general anaesthetics were qualified to give them, he said, this year had seen a rise in the number of cases where things went wrong in dental surgeries.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/medical_notes/c-d/211884.stm (717 words)

	General anaesthetics
		General anaesthetics can be given in a number of ways.
		A qualified anaesthetist, who is a medical doctor with special training in anaesthetics, administers the general anaesthetic.The anaesthetist may administer the anaesthetic intravenously or by gas mask, or both.
		It is estimated that around one in every 10,000 people undergoing general anaesthetic die from an unforeseen complication, such as an allergic reaction or a heart attack.
	www.disability.vic.gov.au /dsonline/dsarticles.nsf/pages/General_anaesthetics (868 words)

	What every patient should learn about anaesthesia. J.Oyston , A.De Nicola
		General anaesthesia may be given either by injection or by mask, or both.
		Often, additional anaesthetic can be given, either by repeating the original block, doing a different block of the same area, or injecting local anaesthetic into the incision, during surgery.
		Epidural analgesia may avoid the potential complications of an emergency general anaesthetic, and is especially useful for women with high blood pressure, twins, or breech presentation.
	www.salus.it /anest/patient.html (2643 words)

	Anaesthetic
		An anaesthetic is used to temporarily reduce or take away sensation, usually so that otherwise painful procedures or surgery can be performed.
		For some operations, the best option is to combine a local anaesthetic such as spinal or epidural anaesthesia with medicines to make the patient sleepy.
		Anaesthetics are almost entirely safe, but every operation carries a very slight risk.
	www.tiscali.co.uk /lifestyle/healthfitness/health_advice/netdoctor/archive/000145.html (558 words)

	April issue.indd
		Over the time period of this retrospective study although the waiting times for both local and general anaesthetic procedures did not extend past three months the wait for local procedures was shorter, as is the case in most hospitals.
		A variety of `standard` general anaesthetic techniques were used, variations being dependent on the individual preference of either of the two consultant anaesthetists administering the anaesthesia.
		The argument against percutaneous infiltration of local anaesthetic in children hinges on the discomfort of infiltration and the consequent negative psychological effects especially related to subsequent hospital attendance.
	www.rcsed.ac.uk /journal/svol1_2/10200006.html (1816 words)

	[No title]
		A general anaesthetic is a drug or other agent (eg a gas) that causes a complete loss of sensation in the body including loss of consciousness.
		General anaesthetics are used in hospitals so that surgery can be carried out on a patient without pain or distress.
		The type of general anaesthetic used will depend on the operation being carried out and how long you need to be unconscious.
	www.nhsdirect.nhs.uk /he.asp?ArticleID=472 (147 words)

	Regional (spinal, epidural, caudal) versus general anaesthesia in preterm infants undergoing inguinal herniorrhaphy in ...
		Inhaled anaesthetics produce a decrease in the muscle tone in the airways, chest wall and diaphragm and may further induce apnoea by augmenting central respiratory responsiveness to inhibitory afferents and reducing the responsiveness to ventilatory stimulants.
		The one patient with a failed spinal anaesthetic who was given a general anaesthetic was counted as a member of the general anaesthetic group.
		Anaesthetic failure was analysed in three categories: anaesthetic placement failure, anaesthetic agent failure, and need of repeated attempts to achieve successful placement of anaesthesia.
	www.nichd.nih.gov /cochrane/Craven/CRAVEN.HTM (5358 words)

	BBC News \| Health \| Dentists call for anaesthesia limits
		Dentists have already been told not to perform operations under general anaesthetic unless there is a specialist anaesthetist present an there is immediate access to emergency care facilities.
		But they suggested that the more horizontal position of patients under general anaesthetic may be to blame, or possibly that dentists may be able to use more of their strength on an unconscious patient.
		The report says: "It is possible that the degree of surgical force is greater under general anaesthetic, and that a conscious patient, whether sedated or not, presents the surgeon with a series of cues which tends to limit soft tissue retraction and surgical force, and therefore the risk of nerve damage.
	news.bbc.co.uk /1/hi/health/349948.stm (440 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Of the few anaesthetic agents known to the ancients, opium and hemp were the most important.
		He failed to publish his findings however and the credit for the discovery of the anaesthetic properties of ether was given to the American dentist William Morton, who in 1846 publically demostrated it's use during a tooth extraction.
		Local anaesthetics are used in most areas of medicine from the dentists chair to the chiropodists table.
	www.sunderland.ac.uk /~hs0dad/profile/procaine/banas.htm (432 words)

	Parkvets General Anaesthesia and Your Pet (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Once the procedure is finished the anaesthetic gas is turned off but we continue to supply all of our patients with pure oxygen until they have regained the ability to swallow, at which point the ET tube is removed.
		The recovery can be one of the riskiest times during the anaesthetic and our nurses stay with our patients and monitor their recovery until we are totally satisfied that everything is fine.
		That said anaesthetics are performed on older patients at the Parkvets hospital on a daily basis.
	www.parkvets.com /clientinformation-anaesthesia2.html (1216 words)

	Anaesthetic methods for ambulatory knee surgery
		Sevoflurane is one of the new generation of inhalational general anaesthetic agents, and it was synthesised in 1971 (Wallin
		The partial pressure of the gas in the brain increases more rapidly than it does with the older inhaled anaesthetics (Yurino & Kimura 1993), and when the administration of sevoflurane is discontinued, the fall in the partial pressure of the gas in the brain is rapid, resulting in rapid recovery.
		Opioids are frequently administered in the immediate preinduction period to suppress autonomic responses to endotracheal intubation and during the maintenance of general anaesthesia to prevent autonomic responses to painful stimuli.
	herkules.oulu.fi /isbn9514267729/html/x318.html (4154 words)

	Your child is having a general anae sthetic - Family factsheets - GOSH and ICH
		When used, a premed is given an hour or so before the anaesthetic - usually in the form of a liquid for your child to swallow, but occasionally it may be given by injection because of the nature of either the operation or the anaesthesia.
		The anaesthetist generally cups a hand over your child's mouth and nose, or uses a face mask to give the anaesthetic gas.
		Caudal block: An injection of local anaesthetic solution given at the bottom of the back to block the pain sensation in the area of the operation.
	www.ich.ucl.ac.uk /factsheets/families/F010273 (1594 words)

	Essay on The nurses role in the positioning of the patient perioperatively under general anaesthetic.
		Essay on The nurses role in the positioning of the patient perioperatively under general anaesthetic.
		The nurses role in the positioning of the patient perioperatively under general anaesthetic.
		This statement could not be truer but in the age of advancing medicine and technology basic nursing skills such as perioperative patient positioning are gaining more emphasis from nurses as the medical profession disregards their importance.
	www.dedicatedwriters.com /paper/The_nurses_role_in_the_positio-140587.html (238 words)

	Patient Guide to General Anaesthesia
		In Canada, most anaesthetics are given by doctors who, after completing their medical training, take additional training in anaesthesia.
		In addition to all these mechanical monitors, and the alarm systems built into the anaesthetic machine, the anaesthetist remains with the patient from the time the patient goes to sleep until he or she is safe and stable in the recovery room.
		In general, if you need medications, especially for serious conditions such as high blood pressure, angina or asthma, you should continue to take them on the day of surgery, with a sip of water.
	www.oyston.com /ptinfo/patientga.htm (1180 words)

	Consent, sectionalisation and the concept of a medical procedure -- Maclean 28 (4): 249 -- Journal of Medical Ethics
		was thus subsumed by her consent to the general anaesthetic.
		As with the caudal anaesthetic in Davis, the insertion of a
		A caudal anaesthetic is a type of epidural anaesthetic, which involves the insertion of a needle into the patient’s lower back (at the level of the cleft of the buttocks) and the injection of local anaesthetic into the "space" just outside the tissues surrounding the spinal cord.
	jme.bmjjournals.com /cgi/content/full/28/4/249 (3894 words)

	Boy, 10, dies after visit to dentist
		THE mother of a boy of 10 who died after visiting a dentist said last night that general anaesthetic should not be given in dental practices, but only in hospitals.
		It is thought he may have had an allergic reaction to general anaesthetic.
		Mrs Denholm said he had been referred to a specialist for a general anaesthetic, and she and his grandmother went with him to the clinic.
	www.telegraph.co.uk /htmlContent.jhtml?html=/archive/1998/10/14/ndent14.html (324 words)

	If the implant surgery is going to take a long time can you have a sedation or a general anaesthetic? - Association of ...
		This is known as a ‘conscious sedation’ and is distinctly different from a general anaesthetic, because you remain alert enough to respond to simple instructions which may be helpful to the surgeon - however you will remember almost nothing about the treatment stage.
		General anaesthetics require a hospital admission and are mainly, but not exclusively used for complex cases such as where bone is being grafted from the hip to the mouth, or where large numbers of implants are being placed at the same time.
		Most patients will not require a general anaesthetic since conscious sedation is very much safer and has fewer post-operative complications.
	www.adi.org.uk /public/implant/sedation.htm (547 words)

	Patients' Guide to Local and Regional Anaesthesia
		Often, additional anaesthetic can be given, either by repeating the original block, doing a different block of the same area, or by having the surgeon inject local anaesthetic into the incision.
		The major disadvantage of a spinal anaesthetic is a drop in blood pressure, caused by temporary blockage of the nerves that control blood flow into the legs, so that blood collects in them.
		Epidural or extradural anaesthesia uses a larger volume of anaesthetic, positioned in the fat and veins further away from the spinal cord.
	www.oyston.com /anaes/local.html#2.2 (2328 words)

	Dentists find alternative to ’potentially risky’ general anaesthetic
		The results, which are published in the September issue of the academic journal Anaesthesia, showed that giving patients a sedative known as midazolam and a measured amount of two gases with normal local anaesthetic was a viable alternative to a GA for dental procedures.
		The children, whose condition or anxiety was too severe to be treated using conventional techniques such as local anaesthetic alone, felt no pain under sedation, and although they remained conscious throughout they did not remember their treatment after it was completed.
		Not only did they avoid the risks of a general anaesthetic, they were sedated in a dentist’s chair, which suggests the procedure could be used as a way of reducing hospital waiting lists and freeing beds.
	www.innovations-report.com /html/reports/medicine_health/report-33086.html (628 words)

	Mapping of general anaesthetic target sites provides a molecular basis for cutoff effects (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Here we demonstrate cutoff effects for the anaesthetic inhibition of a soluble protein (firefly luciferase) which mirror those found for general anaesthesia, and we describe how the molecular architecture of the binding site accounts for the different cutoffs in the different homologous series.
		We show that this behaviour is a natural consequence of anaesthetics binding to an amphiphilic protein pocket of circumscribed dimensions.
		When general anaesthetic target sites in animals and the luciferase protein are mapped out using the fine details of the potency data, remarkable similarities are revealed.
	www.nature.com /doifinder/10.1038/316349a0 (339 words)

	General anaesthetic action at transmitter-gated inhibitory amino acid receptors. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		General anaesthetic action at transmitter-gated inhibitory amino acid receptors.Research within the past decade has provided compelling evidence that anaesthetics can act directly as allosteric modulators of transmitter-gated ion channels.
		In this article, the differential effects of general anaesthetics across inhibitory amino acid receptors and the potential relevance of such actions to general anaesthesia will be discussed.
		Recent comparative studies of the effects of general anaesthetics across a structurally homologous family of inhibitory amino acid receptors that includes mammalian GABAA, glycine and Drosophila RDL GABA receptors have provided new insights into the structural basis of anaesthetic action at transmitter-gated channels.
	www.pdg.cnb.uam.es /UniPub/iHOP/gp/2081839.html (108 words)

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