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Topic: General circulation model

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	CMIP Model References
		Katayama, A., 1978: Parameterization of the planetary boundary layer in atmospheric general circulation models.
		Louis, J.F., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere.
		Semtner, A.J., 1976: A model for the thermodynamic growth of sea ice in numerical investigations of climate.
	www-pcmdi.llnl.gov /projects/modeldoc/cmip/cmiprefs.html (5860 words)

	NASA GISS: General Circulation Models (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The GCMs are all Cartesian grid-point models which can be run at a variety of horizontal and vertical resolutions; e.g., 8°×10°, 4°×5°, or 2°×2.5° in the horizontal (latitude × longitude) and nine-layer, eighteen-layer, 23-layer, and 31-layer in the vertical.
		Model II used a second-order scheme for the advection of momentum, temperature, and humidity, but a higher-order numerical scheme for advection of temperature and specific humidity has been incorporated into Model II' ("two-prime").
		The new model includes the option of coupling to a variety of ocean models, up to and including fully dynamic three-dimensional (3D) ocean general circulation models (OGCMs) and the full incoporation into the model of a number of tracer subsystems including atmospheric chemistry and aerosol transport.
	www.giss.nasa.gov /research/modeling/gcms.html (330 words)

	untitled (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Atmospheric part of the model is identical to that used for the Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (AMIP) and its performance is described in Kitoh et al.
		Oceanic part of the model (OGCM) is a global ocean general circulation model developed at the Meteorological Research Institute (MRI)(see Nagai et al., 1992).
		The model is now extended to include a realistic ocean bottom topography and a variable resolution in the meridional direction, ranging from 0.5 degree at the equator to 2.0 degree at 12 degree latitude and further poleward.
	www.chem.brown.edu /chem12/GlWarmMod/model.html (1292 words)

	CCCma: Models, The Third Generation Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM3)
		The third-generation model domain extends from the surface to the stratopause region (1hPa, approximately 50km above the surface).This region is spanned by 32 layers.
		A significant difference between the second and third generation models is in the treatment of water vapour transport.
		While the spectral transport algorithm is retained as in the earlier generation models, the quantity that is transported is the hybrid moisture variable proposed by Boer (1995).
	www.cccma.bc.ec.gc.ca /models/gcm3.shtml (902 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A model is developed for tropical air-sea interaction studies, which is intermediate in complexity between the large coupled general circulation models (coupled GCMs) coming into use and the simple two-level models with which pioneering El Niño-Southern Oscillation studies were carried out.
		The model consists of a stripped-down tropical Pacific ocean GCM, coupled to an atmospheric model which is sufficiently simple that steady state solutions may be found for low level flow and surface stress, given oceanic boundary conditions.
		This hybrid coupling of an ocean GCM to a steady atmospheric model permits examination of the nature of interannual coupled oscillations in the absence of atmospheric noise.
	www.atmos.ucla.edu /~csi/REF/abstracts/absN90.html (264 words)

	Quasi-equilibrium Tropical Circulation model
		Quasi-equilibrium Tropical Circulation Models (QTCMs) are part of the research effort of the Climate Systems Interaction (CSI) group, in the Dept.
		QTCMs are models of intermediate complexity suitable for the modeling of tropical climate and its variability.
		Model (QTCM1V2.0) simulated monthly mean precipitation on the equator through the period 1982-1998.
	www.atmos.ucla.edu /~csi/QTCM (271 words)

	Can an eddy-resolving general circulation model adequately represent the Labrador Sea deep convection cycle? (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The deepest convection in the model is to a depth of approximately 1500 meters in mid-March in the southwest side of the interior Labrador Sea, consistent with observation.
		The mean circulation and density structure of the model agrees with observation except in a thin surface layer in part due to a lack of mixed layer physics.
		The vertical structure of kinetic energy is dominated by the barotropic and 1st baroclinic modes, which is consistent with high latitude observations, and the shape of vertical kinetic energy profiles is reasonable with a small sample of current meter observations.
	www.mit.edu /~gebbie/labseareport/compareGCM3b/compareGCM3b.html (334 words)

	CCCma: Models, The First Generation Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM1)
		The basic structure of the model is similar to that of the spectral forecast model of Daley et al.
		In the atmospheric general circulation model described here the specification of ocean surface temperatures implies that the fluxes of heat and moisture from the oceans do not depend directly on the radiative balance of the ocean surface.
		In the model the surface of the earth may be bare or snow-covered soil, glacial or sea ice, or open ocean.
	www.cccma.bc.ec.gc.ca /models/gcm1.shtml (1139 words)

	OGCM/ML --Ocean General Circulation/ Mixed Layer Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The OGCM was that of Haney (1974), and the bulk second-order turbulence closure model was that of Garwood (1977).
		(1981) applied the model to the case of an ocean mixed layer being forced by a stationary radially-symmetric hurricane, with extreme contrasts in wind stress and heat flux.
		Of particular interest in all of these developmental efforts was the demonstrated ability of the model to simulate the balance of advective and vertical mixing processes for unsteady cases.
	www.oc.nps.navy.mil /~bird/OGCM.html (327 words)

	General circulation model : GCM
		GCMs employ parameterizations that have usually been derived empirically to represent processes that are not directly accounted for in the model but must be represented in the model, such as waves above the Nyquist frequency.
		A minimal GCM (also SGCM, for simple general circulation model) consists of a dynamical core[?], for example the primitive equations[?], energy input into the model in the from of radiative cooling, and energy dissipation in the form of scale-dependent friction, so that atmospheric waves[?] with the highest wavenumbers are the ones most strongly attenuated.
		A recent trend in GCMs is to extend them to become Earth system models[?], that would include such things as submodels for economic growth and its effect on carbon dioxide emissions.
	www.fastload.org /gc/GCM.html (227 words)

	Climatology of the SKYHI Troposphere-Stratosphere-Mesosphere General Circulation Model
		The versions considered have 3-degree-by-3.6-degree, 2-degree-by-2.4-degree, and 1-degree-by-1.2-degree latitude-longitude resolution, and in each case the model is run with 40 levels from the ground to 0.0096 mb.
		The SKYHI model simulates the reversed equator-pole temperature gradient near the summer mesopause.
		In the tropical lower stratosphere of the 3-degree model the zonal-mean zonal wind displays a very weak (~3 m/s peak-to-peak) interannual variation, which - while rather irregular - does display a roughly biennial period and the downward phase propagation that is characteristic of the observed quasi-biennial oscillation.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /~kph/abs3.html (724 words)

	A GENERAL CIRCULATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		This paper examines the effects of imposed tropical Pacific sea surface temperature perturbations on the December-February mean circulation in the Northern Hemisphere stratosphere as simulated by the GFDL SKYHI troposphere-stratosphere-mesosphere general circulation model.
		The results are in impressive agreement with observational studies that have shown that, on average, ENSO events are associated with a mixed zonal wave 1 and 2 perturbation to the stratospheric stationary wave field (phased so that the Aleutian High at midstratospheric levels is intensified).
		This is a useful test of the sensitivity of the model stratospheric climate to changes in tropospheric forcing.
	www.soest.hawaii.edu /~kph/abs12.html (172 words)

	Register of Ecological Models: AGCM
		Arakawa A., Suarez M.J., 1983: Vertical differencing of the primitive equations in sigma coodinates.
		Louis, J., 1979: A parametric model of vertical eddy fluxes in the atmosphere.
		Miller, M.J., A.C.M. Beljaars and T.N. Palmer, 1992: The sensitivity of the ECMWF model to the parameterization of evaporation from the tropical oceans.
	eco.wiz.uni-kassel.de /model_db/mdb/agcm.html (519 words)

	HPCC 4DDA Report on the Message-Passing General Circulation Model (GCM) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Note, this is an earlier model than the fvGCM which is the model for the next generation GEOS DAS, although a number of the software and parallel programming issues are common to both models.
		In particular, GCM requires a different parallelization strategies for: the transport with special treatment of poles; the Shapiro filter; the high-latitude spectral filter; the polar rotation; and the Physics and History routines (only the last one of which is embarrassingly parallel).
		The last document on Benchmarks and Unit tests for the GCM was generated specifically for this submission, and in addition to the document on the Computational Complexity of Atmospheric Data Assimilation Systems provide a lot of the concrete assessment and numbers that support items 2 and 3 above.
	ess.gsfc.nasa.gov /lys/hpccgcm (1250 words)

	LODYC OPA MODEL (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		OPA is an ocean general circulation model in primitive equations.
		The prognostic variables of the model are the horizontal components of the velocity, the temperature and the salinity.
		One release of OPA model is developped to simulate the world ocean circulation.
	www.ipsl.jussieu.fr /modelisation/lodyc/english/opa_GB.html (85 words)

	Dr. Michael E. Schlesinger (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		He is an expert in the modeling, simulation and analysis of climate and climate change, with interests in simulating and understanding past, present and possible future climates, climate impacts and climate policy.
		Model Projections of the Climatic Changes Induced by Increased Atmospheric CO In Climate and the Geo-Sciences: A Challenge for Science and Society in the 21st Century, A Berger, S. Schneider and J. Cl. Duplessy, Eds., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 375-415, 1989.
		Model projections of the equilibrium climatic response to increased CO In The Potential Climatic Effects of Increasing Carbon Dioxide, M. MacCracken and F. Luther, Eds., U.S. Department of Energy, DOE/ER-0237, 81-147, 1985 (M. Schlesinger and J. Mitchell).
	crgd.atmos.uiuc.edu /people/mes.html (5138 words)

	The HOPE Ocean General Circulation Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The ocean model we use is the Hamburg Ocean Primitive Equation (HOPE) model, version 2.4, produced by the Max Plank Institut for Meteorologie in Hamburg, Germany.
		The model is formulated on an "E-grid", which is laid out in a diamond shape rather than a box.
		Because of this, it's somewhat problematical quoting the resolution of the model in a constant latitude/longitude framework.
	meteora.ucsd.edu /~pierce/elnino/hope.html (211 words)

	Subsidence and Upper-Tropospheric Drying along Trajectories in a General Circulation Model
		Thus, accurately modeling the distribution of tropical convection and the relationship between convective moistening and subsidence drying along trajectories is critical to satisfactorily simulating the tropical climate.
		The model, however, was unable to adequately simulate the moisture patterns observed for the 1983 El Niño sea surface temperature anomaly.
		Thus, the ability of the model to simulate the processes controlling moisture is masked by its inability to precisely simulate the location of dynamical features on a monthly time scale, given only the weak forcing of observed sea surface temperature.
	www.atmos.washington.edu /~salathe/papers/ccm3traj/ccm3traj.html (4680 words)

	General circulation, systematic model errors and predictability
		The main goal of this module of the ECMWF training course is to give some information about the ability of General Circulation Models (GCMs) in general (and of the ECMWF global models in particular) to represent the main characteristics of the Atmospheric General Circulation (AGC).
		This last term expresses clearly the main essence of the problem: when a GCM integration is initiated from real-data initial conditions (that is from a single realisation of the observed distribution of atmospheric states, the `climate'), a progressive drift takes place from that single realisation of the real climate towards the model's own climatic distribution.
		In order to be able to diagnose and describe model deficiencies in representing the observed circulation, we need first to describe the real atmosphere, albeit in a synthetic way.
	www.ecmwf.int /newsevents/training/rcourse_notes/PREDICTABILITY/GENERAL_CIRCULATION/General_circulation2.html (298 words)

	Test of the Dynamical Core
		Weather prediction models or generally speaking atmospheric general circulation models are the discrete, numerical representatives of the underlying governing physical laws.
		I.M. Held and M.J. Suarez, (1994), "A proposal for the intercomparison of the dynamical cores of atmospheric general circulation models", Bull.
		As far as the model GME is concerned it becomes obvious that the whole circulation is dominated by a wave number 5 structure which is connected to the icosahedral grid.
	www.scd.ucar.edu /css/staff/cjablono/project.html (1605 words)

	General circulation model - Education - Information - Educational Resources - Encyclopedia - Music
		A general circulation model (GCM) aims to describe geophysical flow by integrating a variety of fluid-dynamical, chemical, or even biological equations that are either derived directly from physical laws (e.g.
		When coupled together (along with other components such as a sea ice model and a land model) an ocean-atmosphere coupled general circulation model (O-A GCM) forms the basis for a full climate model.
		A minimal GCM (also SGCM, for simple general circulation model) consists of a dynamical core, for example the primitive equations, energy input into the model, and energy dissipation in the form of scale-dependent friction, so that atmospheric waves with the highest wavenumbers are the ones most strongly attenuated.
	education.music.us /G/General-circulation-model.htm (460 words)

	Professor Jin-Yi Yu at UC Irvine (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Yu is one of the models able to produce ENSO-like climate variability with reasonable frequency and amplitude.
		The generation mechanism of IOZM and its relationship with ENSO are studied.
		Yu, J.-Y. : A general circulation model of the atmosphere using the full-Galerkin method.
	www.ess.uci.edu /~yu (790 words)

	Visualization of GENESIS Oceanic General Circulation Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		A 3-D tour through a single time step of the the ocean model: the ocean is revealed behind a cut plane ascending from the South pole to the North Pole.
		After the globe is complete, isothermal layers are stripped away, showing the thermal structure from the surface to the sea floor in exaggerated vertical scale.
		Temperatures and vegetation anamations are synchronized but are not the result of coupling the two models.
	www.essc.psu.edu /genesis/viz-ogcm.html (150 words)

	JNNIE Application: GFDL OGCM - Ocean General Circulation Model (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The underlying model imposes a rigid-lid condition that prevents vertical displacements of the ocean surface.
		External gravity waves are excluded from the model without disturbance to the steady-state ocean circulation and very low distortion of low frequency motions.
		For the CASA project the parallelized MOM code is coupled with an atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM), with the applications exchanging boundary data at the ocean-atmosphere interface.
	www.sdsc.edu /SDSC/Metacenter/Collab/JNNIE/OGCM/OGCM.html (1209 words)

	Response of an atmospheric general circulation model to radiative forcing of tropical clouds
		The effects of upper tropospheric cloud radiative forcing (CRF) on the atmosphere have been examined using a recent version of the atmospheric general circulation model (AGCM) developed by the Max Planck Institute of Meteorology and the University of Hamburg.
		The removal of cloud radiative forcing significantly alters the circulation of the model atmosphere, as in previous AGCM studies, showing that a seemingly moderate heat source such as CRF is nonetheless capable of widespread influence over the global circulation and precipitation.
		The experiment circulation changes are diagnosed in terms of simple energy budget arguments, which suggest that the importance of CRF is enabled by the small magnitude of the atmospheric moist energy transport in the tropics.
	www.agu.org /pubs/crossref/1994/94JD01632.shtml (510 words)

	Albedo from General Circulation Model output
		A simulation of land surface process by using COLA atmospheric general circulation model (GCM) and SSiB was conducted (Fennessy and Xue 1996).
		COLA GCM is a spectral model with 18 levels in the vertical with 4 levels above 200 hPa.
		An interactive cloud scheme, which is similar to the one developed by slingo (1987), was incorporated into the GCM for the radiation calculations (Hou, 1990).
	www.science.gmu.edu /~jwang/albedo/node9.html (288 words)

	MITgcm: News
		The MITgcm (MIT General Circulation Model) is a numerical model designed for study of the atmosphere, ocean, and climate.
		Its non-hydrostatic formulation enables it to simulate fluid phenomena over a wide range of scales; its adjoint capability enables it to be applied to parameter and state estimation problems.
		Congratulations to Ed and Boo on the birth this morning of a 7lb 1oz, baby girl, Alexandra Sophia.
	mitgcm.org (443 words)

	Sensitivity of the LMD General Circulation Model to Greenhouse Forcing Associated with Two Different Cloud Water ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abstract: The atmospheric General Circulation Model of the Laboratoire de M'et'eorologie Dynamique (LMD) is coupled to a slab ocean model and is used to investigate the climatic impact of a CO 2 doubling.
		Two versions of the model are used with two different representations of the cloudradiation interaction.
		2 Sensitivity of an atmospheric general circulation model to p..
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /153422.html (605 words)

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