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Topic: General of the Army (USSR)

	General of the Army (USSR) - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		General of the Army (Russian: генерал армии, general armii) was a rank of the Soviet Union which was first established in June 1940 as the highest rank for Red Army generals, inferior only to the Marshal of the Soviet Union.
		The contemporary Russian Army retains the rank of General of the Army and it is still frequently used.
		After the dissolution of the USSR the ranks of Marshal of the Air Forces etc. were abolished, and the most senior officers of these branches may also now hold the rank of General of the Army.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/General_of_the_Army_(USSR) (418 words)

	Polish II Corps - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The 3rd Carpathian Division was formed in Middle East from smaller Polish units fighting in Egypt and Tobruk, as well as the Polish Army in the East that was evacuated from the USSR through the Persian Corridor.
		Its creation was based on British Army Act of 1940 that allowed the allied units of the exiled government of Poland to be grouped on one theatre of war.
		The majority of the forces were composed mostly of Polish citizens who were deported by the NKVD to the Soviet Gulags during the annexation of Eastern Poland (Kresy Wschodnie) in 1939 by the Soviet Union.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Polish_II_Corps (808 words)

	Under the Red Star - Army Caps
		This piped army general's version of the field visor cap was introduced in 1970.
		The army generals' cap shown here is made of khaki cloth, with band and the saddle form crown piped in red.
		This striking parade cap was worn by Soviet armor and artillery generals from 1970 until red-banded caps were standardized for all Army generals in 1989.
	www.stewartsattic.com /undertheredstar/army.htm (930 words)

	Dwight David Eisenhower
		An obscure Army officer in 1940, he was internationally known four years later as the Supreme Allied Commander who was leading the Allied armies, navies, and air forces in the crusade in Europe.
		Thus the consequences of peace for the Army were reduced budgets and a smaller force, and for its officers, a succession of dreary postings to the little forts and camps that made up the interwar service.
		The eventual consequence of Eisenhower's attendance at the Army's senior military schools was a posting to the War Department in the early 1930s, the first of a series of high-level assignments that accustomed him to dealing with issues of Army-wide significance.
	www.army.mil /cmh-pg/brochures/ike/ike.htm (8182 words)

	Chapter 5: The Battle of the Changjin Reservoir
		General Walker's 27 and 28 November reports of the Chinese attacks on the Eighth Army and General Almond's messages that the X Corps, too, had been attacked swept away General MacArthur's previous certainty that the Chinese would not intervene in strength.
		General Choi's 26th Regiment was in Tanch'on, near the coast due south of Hapsu, en route to the 7th Division zone as a substitute for forces of the 7th being shifted to the Changjin Reservoir area to accommodate the 1st Marine Division's advance on Mup'yong-ni.
		In considering General Smith's call for an attack by the 7th Marines to reopen the road to Hagaru-ri, Colonels Litzenberg and Murray felt that both the 5th and 7th Marines were needed at Yudam-ni and therefore substituted a composite battalion built from reserve units for the rescue mission.
	www.army.mil /CMH/books/korea/ebb/ch5.htm (7439 words)

	USSR VVS Lt. General P. F. Zhigarev, Commander Soviet Air Force
		General Zhigarev was the commander of the Red Air Force in 1940 but was moved aside to make way for a more forceful commander as war loomed.
		General Zhigarev's records and the position of the order holes showed that he would have worn only these two awards in 1940.
		For General Zhigarev to have received this award in 1937 and to have survived Stalin's subsequent purges of most of the senior officers in 1937-38 shows that he was a very shrewd commander.
	www.rathbonemuseum.com /USSR/LuLtGn/SuLtGn.html (482 words)

	Vets With A Mission - Bio of General Vo Nguyen Giap
		Senior General Vo Nguyen Giap was, and is, the only PAVN figure known at all well outside of Vietnam, the only PAVN general mentioned in most counts of the Vietnam war, and the only Vietnamese communist military leader about whom a full length biography has been written.
		He did this against the French in 1951, infiltrating an entire army through their lines in the Red River Delta, and again in advance of the Tet offensive in 1968 when he positioned thousands of men and tons of supplies for a simultaneous attack on thirty-five major South Vietnamese population centers.
		General Giap's strategic thinking early in the Vietnam War, from 1959 until at least 1966, was to let the NLF and PLAF do it by the Viet Minh War book.
	www.vwam.com /vets/nva/giap.html (2114 words)

	PARAMETERS, US Army War College Quarterly - Winter 1995
		General Lincoln suggested that the Soviets would be unlikely to accept a boundary that excluded them from Dairen and that it would be difficult to get American forces to the two seaports before the Russians arrived.
		General MacArthur, still under the impression that the occupation was to be on a quadripartite basis, sent a message to the War Department requesting information on the agreements reached with the allied nations (especially Russia) regarding Korea.
		General Bonesteel was Commander in Chief of the United Nations Command in Korea at the time of the Pueblo Incident.
	www.carlisle.army.mil /usawc/Parameters/1995/boose.htm (7976 words)

	Biographies of Cuban Military Commanders - Ramon Espinosa Martin
		General Espinosa was awarded the medal of Hero of the Rebublic of Cuba in 1989.
		General Espinosa was the president of the Special Military tribunal that tried and sentenced Arnaldo Ochoa and other officers involved in the narcotics-corruption scandal that rocked Cuba in 1989.
		General Espinosa is not perceived as a member of the inner circle of the Castro brothers.
	www.cubapolidata.com /cafr/cafr_espinosa.html (452 words)

	The Polish Army 2nd Corps - The Unforgetable General Anders (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		Anders’ Army was not invited to participate in the Grand Victory Parade held in London on June 8, 1946, a celebration in which many countries who fought against Germany participated.
		Wladyslaw Anders, Lieutenant General, Polish Army, for exceptionally meritorious conduct in the performance of outstanding services to the United States and the Allied Nations in Italy from October 1943 to July 1944.
		As Commanding General of the Second Polish Corps, General Anders brilliantly led his men in the final overwhelming drive that resulted in the retreat of the German Army from the strongly defended Cassino.
	www.mpvone.co.uk /polish/anders.htm (1546 words)

	Library of Congress / Federal Research Division / Country Studies / Area Handbook Series/ Soviet Union / Glossary
		A United States Army doctrine, adopted in the early 1980s, for generating combat power by using air and land assets on an extended and integrated battlefield.
		The term is derived from the Mongol altan ordo or the Tatar altun ordu, literally meaning golden palace or camp, apparently based on the color of the tent used by Batu Khan (died 1255), the leader or ruler, during the Golden Horde's conquest of the region.
		The Great Terror encompassed the general population and peaked in 1937 and 1938 when it included extensive purges of party members, many of whom held high positions in the government, economy, armed forces, party, and secret police itself.
	lcweb2.loc.gov /frd/cs/soviet_union/su_glos.html (9351 words)

	"GENERAL LUDVIK SVOBODA: COMMANDER OF THE 1ST CZECHOSLOVAK ARMY CORPS" by Vladimir Baumgarten
		General Heliodor Pika was dispatched to Moscow as head of a military mission, and he negotiated the release of those interned.
		Under an agreement between the Soviet and British military commands, the Anders army was relegated to the jurisdiction of the latter.
		General Vedral, commander of the 1st Brigade, was killed by a mine less than one kilometer after crossing the border.(46) An estimated 6,500 men of the 1st Army Corps had been killed, almost half of its original strength.
	www.lemko.org /rusyn/svoboda.html (13647 words)

	The American Experience \| Race for the Superbomb \| General Lee Butler's Speech
		General Lee Butler, ex-commander of the Strategic Air Command, called for the elimination of all nuclear weapons at a National Press Club luncheon on December 4, 1996.
		He has been a role model for generations of younger officers, and most certainly was for me. His views of the risks inherent in nuclear weapons and the consequences of their use have long been a matter of public record.
		The creation of nuclear-free zones in different parts of the world, confidence-building and transparency measures in the general field of defense, strict implementation of all treaties in the area of disarmament and arms control, and mutual assistance in the process of disarmament are also important in helping to bring about a nuclear -- free world.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/amex/bomb/filmmore/reference/primary/leebutler.html (3921 words)

	Under the Red Star - Army Caps
		Real generals' cockades are somewhat difficult to buy separately, so make sure the cap has the right one before buying it (or if you do buy it, pay less for an "incomplete" cap).
		Although the Russian Army and its uniform manufacturers had pretty well transitioned to their own look by 1995, a few tailor shops and small factories continued to produce small numbers of high-demand Soviet collector items thereafter (such as Marshall/General/Admiral pieces); perhaps even to this day.
		It is a basic late 80's-early 90's style cap in all respects except for the cockade, which is an imaginative (and impressive) combination of the soldier's parade star superimposed (in order) on a cut-out officer's parade cockade, which was then attached to a cut-out fl felt wreath and then to a white plastic backing.
	www.undertheredstar.com /fakes.htm (4277 words)

	[No title]
		Marshals and Fleet Admirals of the USSR, by A.Kutsenko - 2001.
		Joined the Red Army in 1920, Army Commander during WWII Army Commander, General of the Army, Commander of Moscow military district, 1953-60; Commander-in-Chief of the Missile Forces, 1960-62, Chief Inspector of the Defence Ministry, 1962-82.
		Domestically he was conservative; abroad the USSR was established as a military and political superpower during the Brezhnev era, extending its influence in Africa and Asia.
	www.russian-medals.net /marshals.htm (1892 words)

	Israel (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The UN General Assembly passed the non-binding Resolution 194 in December 1948, granting a conditional "right of return" to Palestinian refugees - however, the resolution only refers to "refugees", arguably implying that it was intended for both Arab and Jewish refugee populations.
		These talks generated the Oslo Accords in 1993, which established mutual recognition between Israel and the PLO, and granted the new Palestinian Authority partial autonomy in areas of the Judea/Samaria and Gaza Strip.
		The influx of Jewish immigrants from the former USSR topped 750,000 during the period 1989-1999, bringing the population of Israel from the former Soviet Union to 1 million, one-sixth of the total population, and adding scientific and professional expertise of substantial value for the economy's future.
	israel.iqnaut.net (5016 words)

	Sandafayre Stamp Auctions \| Stamp Atlas
		It is almost impossible to assemble a collection of stamps without some knowledge of or interest in the political history of the country or countries by which the stamps were issued.
		For the postal historian, a knowledge of geographical changes and history is an essential part of his study, and this calls for an understanding of the political changes and military intervention which have led to changes in boundaries and allegiances.
		It is intended as a work of general reference and one which will lead to a greater understanding of the boundary changes, stamp issues, and policies which have taken place.
	www.sandafayre.com /html/Atlas.htm (848 words)

	Jew (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The word Jew (Hebrew: &1497;&1492;&1493;&1491;&1497;) is used in a wide number of ways, but generally refers to a follower of the Jewish faith, a child of a Jewish mother, or someone of Jewish descent with a connection to Jewish culture or ethnicity and often a combination of these attributes.
		In the Diaspora, in almost every country the Jewish Population in general is either declining or steady, but Orthodox and Haredi Jewish communities, whose members often shun birth control for religious reasons, have experienced rapid Population growth, with Rates near 4% per year for Haredi Jews in Israel, and similar Rates in other countires.
		The Kingdom of Judah continued as an independent State until it was conquered by a Babylonian army in the early 6th century BC, destroying the First Temple that was at the centre of Jewish worship.
	jew.iqnaut.net (4155 words)

	Decades History Timelines - American Revolutionary War (1777) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		General George Washington's army routed the British led by Cornwallis in the Battle of Princeton, N.J. New Connecticut declares independence
		General George Washington and his troops were defeated by the British under General Sir William Howe at the Battle of Brandywine in Pennsylvania.
		General George Washington led his army of about 11,000 men to Valley Forge, PA, to camp for the winter.
	www.decades.com /Timeline/n/2460_2570.htm (569 words)

	Walter Bedell Smith, General, United States Army
		He entered the U.S. Army in 1917 as an Infantry Reserve Officer, and served in France with the 4th Division in World War I. When General George C. Marshall became the Army's wartime Chief of Staff, he called in Major Smith, a protege, to be Assistant to the Secretary of the General Staff.
		He died as a Full General at the age of 65 of a heart attack on August 9, 1961 at Walter Reed Army Hospital in Washington.
		As General Eisenhower's, representative, he negotiated and signed the terms of surrender with Italy in 1943, and Germany in 1945.
	www.arlingtoncemetery.net /wbsmith.htm (386 words)

	Romania, 9 February 1966 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-09)
		The delegations were headed by the chiefs of general staff and were composed of five to seven officers (in general, the chiefs of the Operations Directions or their deputies, specialists in equipment, aviation, navy).
		On behalf of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR there participated a delegation of three generals headed by the deputy minister of defense in charge of combat readiness training preparations, Army General Penkovsky.
		The General Staff of the Soviet Union will lead the combat actions in accordance with the decisions of General Headquarters, but who will this General Headquarters be, who is it composed of, Marshal Grechko asserted that “he cannot know and we are not to read in the coffee cup.
	www.isn.ethz.ch /php/documents/collection_14/02091966.htm (2033 words)

	Lend-Lease Tanks, general info
		When 11 M3m tanks had been affiliated in units of the Karelian front the total amount of these tanks supplied in the USSR in 1943 ran up to 175.
		Thus the total amount of halftrack armored carriers supplied in the USSR by lend-lease was 1200 units.
		In 1943 - 1945 one T26 "General Pershing" heavy tank, five M5 light tanks, two M24 "General Chaffy" light tanks and five T-70 SP guns were delivered in the USSR from USA for testing and familiarization.
	rkkaww2.armchairgeneral.com /weapons/LL_general1.htm (268 words)

	Collect Russia Autograph of Nikolay Vatutin, General of the Army, Hero of the Soviet Union (1965 posthumous award. ...
		Collect Russia Autograph of Nikolay Vatutin, General of the Army, Hero of the Soviet Union (1965 posthumous award.
		Autograph of Nikolay Vatutin, General of the Army, Hero of the Soviet Union (1965 posthumous award.
		Autograph of Nikolay Vatutin, General of the Army, Hero of the Soviet Union (1965 posthumous award.) and one of the highest ranking Soviet generals killed in action.
	collectrussia.com /DISPITEMWINDOW.HTM?ITEM=8580 (214 words)

	Foreign Ministry
		Totskiy was born in the town of Kagan in Uzbekistan on February 23, 1950.
		Totskiy was chief of the Khorog detachment of the Central Asian border guard district from 1985 to 1989, led the Lenkoran detachment of the Trans-Caucasus border guard district from 1989 to 1991, and was deputy chief-of-staff of the Trans-Caucasus district in 1991 to 1993.
		He was involved in combat operations in Afghanistan, was chief-of-staff of the Northwestern district until 1996 and head of the Federal Border Guard Academy in 1996 to 1998.
	www.fas.org /irp/world/russia/fbis/ForeignAffairsMinistry.html (717 words)

	GI -- World War II Commemoration
		Marshall, who was trying to cut the deadwood out of the Army's general officer ranks and was looking for vigorous younger men to lead the war effort, was impressed.
		It was generally for retrenchment of American commitments abroad and critical of the Truman administration for aiding Europe at the expense of Asia.
		Shortly thereafter the USSR began to arm Egypt, which was engaged in an undeclared war with Israel.
	www.grolier.com /wwii/wwii_eisenhower.html (5791 words)

	Pravda.RU Russian Chief Of General Staff Meets Tajik President
		The Committee of Chiefs of General Staffs of CIS countries' Armed Forces gathers for a scheduled session in Moscow, September 26, with Army General Anatoli Kvashnin, Russia's Chief of General Staff, in the chair, reports the Russian Defence Ministry.
		Russia's Chief of General Staff, General of the Army Anatoly Kvashnin, believes there is no need to reinforce the 201th motorized division stationed in Tajikistan.
		General of the army Anatoly Kvashnin, chief of general staff of the Russian Armed Forces, arrived in Dushanbe (capital of Tajikistan) on Wednesday at the head of a delegation of Russian military experts for consultations on ensuring regional security and counter-acting international terrorism, RIA Novosti learned from the Defence Ministry of Tajikistan.
	newsfromrussia.com /cis/2001/09/19/15660.html (1964 words)

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