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Topic: General principle of relativity

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	Chapter 18. Special and General Principle of Relativity. Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special and General ...
		the principle of the physical relativity of all uniform motion.
		The carriage is in motion relative to the embankment.
		The principle we have made use of not only maintains that we may equally well choose the carriage or the embankment as our reference-body for the description of any event (for this, too, is self-evident).
	www.bartleby.com /173/18.html (910 words)

	Principle of relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The term "relativity" was coined by Max Planck in 1908 to emphasize that special relativity (and later, general relativity) uses the the principle of Galilean relativity.
		General relativity postulates that the global Lorentz covariance of special relativity becomes a local Lorentz covariance in the presence of matter.
		General relativity uses the mathematics of differential geometry and tensors in order to describe gravitation as an effect of the geometry of spacetime.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Principle_of_relativity (530 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		A principle of relativity is a criterion for judging physical theories, stating that they are inadequate if they do not prescribe the exact same laws of physics in certain similar situations.
		He replaced the Galilean transformation with the Lorentz transformation in general, and required the speed of light in a vacuum to be the same for all observers, regardless of their motion or the motion of the source of the light.
		General relativity uses the mathematics of differential geometry and tensors in order to describe gravitation as an effect of the geometry of spacetime.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=principle_of_relativity (1147 words)

	General covariance - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In the context of Einstein's general theory of relativity, a physical law expressed in a generally covariant fashion takes the same mathematical form in all coordinate systems, and is implemented by expressing the equations of physics in terms of tensor fields.
		Armed with general covariance Einstein was then able to extend the global Lorentz covariance in Special Relativity (which applies to all inertial frames) to a local Lorentz covariance in General Relativity (which applies to all frames, inertial and non-inertial).
		General covariance and the foundations of general relativity: eight decades of controversy, by J. Norton
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/General_principle_of_relativity (260 words)

	[No title]
		The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Relativity is Not a Eculidean Continuum 28.
		If the principle of relativity were not valid we should therefore expect that the direction of motion of the earth at any moment would enter into the laws of nature, and also that physical systems in their behaviour would be dependent on the orientation in space with respect to the earth.
		The velocity of light relative to the liquid and the velocity of the latter relative to the tube are thus known, and we require the velocity of light relative to the tube.
	www.gutenberg.org /dirs/etext04/relat10.txt (19921 words)

	General relativity
		General relativity is a theory of gravitation and to understand the background to the theory we have to look at how theories of gravitation developed.
		This assumption extends the principle of relativity to the case of uniformly accelerated motion of the reference frame.
		Hilbert applied the variational principle to gravitation and attributed one of the main theorem's concerning identities that arise to Emmy Noether who was in Göttingen in 1915.
	www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk /~history/HistTopics/General_relativity.html (1995 words)

	NASA - Relativity
		So the principle of Galilean relativity could be stated as: "The laws of nature are the same in all inertial frames," where the laws of nature were understood to be Newton's laws of motion and any laws based on them.
		The speed of light relative to the lab would therefore be different for light rays moving in different directions relative to the lab.
		This principle has two parts: (1) There is no ether, and the speed of light is the same for all observers, whatever their relative motion.
	www.nasa.gov /worldbook/relativity_worldbook.html (3533 words)

	General Relativity
		One way of stating this fundamental principle of general relativity is to say that gravitational mass is identical to inertial mass.
		General relativity predicts an additional 43 seconds of arc and was one of the first triumphs of Einstein's theory.
		Einstein's calculations in his newly developed general relativity indicated that the light from a star which just grazed the sun should be deflected by 1.75 seconds of arc.
	hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu /hbase/relativ/grel.html (296 words)

	Chapter 28. Exact Formulation of the General Principle of Relativity. Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special ...
		are now in a position to replace the provisional formulation of the general principle of relativity given in Section XVIII by an exact formulation.
		The general principle of relativity requires that all these mollusks can be used as reference-bodies with equal right and equal success in the formulation of the general laws of nature; the laws themselves must be quite independent of the choice of mollusk.
		The great power possessed by the general principle of relativity lies in the comprehensive limitation which is imposed on the laws of nature in consequence of what we have seen above.
	www.bartleby.com /173/28.html (668 words)

	More on General Relativity
		General relativity's mathematical foundations go back to the axioms of Euclidean geometry and the many attempts over the centuries to prove Euclid's fifth postulate, that parallel lines remain always equidistant, culminating with the realisation by Lobachevsky, Bolyai and Gauss that this axiom need not be true.
		In the general theory it is recognised that we can only define local frames to given accuracy for finite time periods and finite regions of space (similarly we can draw flat maps of regions of the surface of the earth but we cannot extend them to cover the whole surface without distortion).
		Physical assumptions of GR The conceptual core of general relativity, from which its other consequences largely follow, is Einstein's general principle of relativity which states that the laws of physics are the same in all reference frames.
	www.artilifes.com /general-relativity.htm (2856 words)

	Chapter 28. Exact Formulation of the General Principle of Relativity. Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		are now in a position to replace the provisional formulation of the general principle of relativity given in Section XVIII by an exact formulation.
		The general principle of relativity requires that all these mollusks can be used as reference-bodies with equal right and equal success in the formulation of the general laws of nature; the laws themselves must be quite independent of the choice of mollusk.
		The great power possessed by the general principle of relativity lies in the comprehensive limitation which is imposed on the laws of nature in consequence of what we have seen above.
	www.bonus.com /contour/bartlettqu/http@@/www.bartleby.com/173/28.html (668 words)

	Whitehead’s Principle of Relativity
		This principle is doubly relevant to the task at hand because it is characterized by Whitehead both as blurring the sharp distinction between universals and particulars and as constituting "the first step in the description of the universe as a solidarity of many actual entities" (PR 65).
		The principle of relativity, in turn, establishes the metaphysical character which each unit-product shares with all entities of all types -- namely, that they are, each and all, capacities for the determination of unit-processes and that they exercise their respective capacities by being reproduced within each unit-process that finds them already in existence.
		Thus, the principle of creativity is ultimate in one sense, and the principle of relativity is basic in another; thus, too, what is indefinable in one notion is presupposed by, or is relevant to, what is indefinable in the other.
	www.religion-online.org /showarticle.asp?title=2477 (8957 words)

	Early Philosophical Interpretations of General Relativity
		Relativity theory itself is a shining exemplar of this method for it has shown that the metric of spacetime describes an "objective property" of the world, once the subjective freedom to make coordinate transformations (the coordinating principle of general covariance) is recognized (1920, 86-7; 1965, 90).
		Thus, the theory of general relativity, on adoption of the coordinative definition of rigid rods ("universal forces = 0"), affirms that the geometry of spacetime in this region is of a non-euclidean kind.
		Despite the influence of this argument on the subsequent generation of philosophers of science, Reichenbach's analysis of spacetime measurement treatment is plainly inappropriate, manifesting a fallacious tendency to view the generically curved spacetimes of general relativity as stiched together from little bits of flat Minskowski spacetimes.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/genrel-early (11439 words)

	Principle of relativity information - Search.com
		In Galilean relativity, reference frames are related to each other in an intuitive way: to transform the velocity of an object from one frame to another, the vector representing the velocity of the object is added to the vector representing the velocity difference between the two reference frames.
		General relativity unifies the description of gravitation and the description of inertia.
		General relativity is a theory of gravitation that describes the properties of the mediator of gravitational interaction, which is the deformation of space-time geometry.
	www.search.com /reference/Galilean-Newtonian_relativity (974 words)

	NOVA \| Einstein's Big Idea \| Relativity (Lightman Essay) \| PBS
		The key idea of general relativity, called the equivalence principle, is that gravity pulling in one direction is completely equivalent to an acceleration in the opposite direction.
		Many of the predictions of general relativity, such as the bending of starlight by gravity and a tiny shift in the orbit of the planet Mercury, have been quantitatively confirmed by experiment.
		General relativity may be the biggest leap of the scientific imagination in history.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity (1248 words)

	General Relativity
		The general laws of nature are to be expressed by equations which hold good for all systems of co-ordinates, that is, are co-variant with respect to any substitutions whatever (generally co-variant).
		As we have seen, we cannot interpret the general principle of relativity as an indistinguishability requirement, for the indistinguishability group of the general theory is just the restricted group of transformations from one local inertial frame to another.
		That is, we interpret the general principle of relativity s the requirement that the symmetry group of our theory include all differentiable transformations: in effect, that it be just the group M.
	www.bun.kyoto-u.ac.jp /~suchii/gen.relativity.html (1697 words)

	The general principle of relativity does not exist. Current publications. Nauka i Tekhnica
		Not in vain Einstein proclaimed the new principle of the development of the physics: "...it (physics) is the creation of human intellect with its free contrived ideas and conceptions".
		Already after appearance of the special theory of relativity experiments that should restore the justice in respect to ether and turn down the special theory of relativity were implemented.
		Hence the adaptation of the mechanic laws for the general principle of relativity is not competent.
	www.n-t.org /tpe/ng/opo.htm (2526 words)

	[No title]
		In his formulation of the principle of equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses, he unnecessarily treats this principle as an extension of the equivalence of all inertial systems (the special principle of relativity) under a fixed reference system.
		In the view of Einstein, the great power possessed by the general principle of relativity is "the comprehensive limitation which is imposed on the laws of nature" under the general principle of relativity.
		The general principle of relativity as formulated by Einstein necessarily had to be limited to Gaussian co-ordinate systems as a result of Einstein`s treatment of light as radiant energy in a closed system.
	www.geocities.com /wilsonogg/NatRefSys.html (2602 words)

	COSMOLOGY MODELS - general relativity
		Cosmologists generally use some concepts and equations of general relativity as the most appropriate approach to describe space and to get models fitting the observations and the big bang picture.
		The concepts and equations of general relativity are used in the development of most cosmological models favored by cosmologists, however, and these concepts are used in what follows.
		One such concept of general relativity is that we should not think of galaxies rushing away from us through a fixed space, we should think of galaxies more or less standing still in their local space but that space itself is expanding.
	www.cosmologymodels.com /general.html (2267 words)

	Relativity: Chpt. 18
		The basal principle, which was the pivot of all our previous considerations, was the special principle of relativity, i.e.
		(b) The embankment is in motion relative to the carriage.
		, etc., are equivalent for the description of natural phenomena (formulation of the general laws of nature), whatever may be their state of motion.
	www.marxists.org /reference/archive/einstein/works/1910s/relative/ch18.htm (950 words)

	Spartanburg SC \| GoUpstate.com \| Spartanburg Herald-Journal
		Certain principles of relativity have been ubiquitously assumed in most scientific disciplines.
		Living Reviews in Relativity — An open access, peer-referred, solely online physics journal publishing invited reviews covering all areas of relativity research.
		A Relativity Tutorial at Caltech — A basic introduction to concepts of Special and General Relativity, as well as astrophysics.
	www.goupstate.com /apps/pbcs.dll/section?category=NEWS&template=wiki&text=general_principle_of_relativity (1147 words)

	Relativity
		At the general relativity principle is open, how the experimenter can win those immensely many single values from the single-coordinates; and how he could bring this into the theory.
		The general relativity handles effects which reach from particles and bodies surface out; not the effects in the interior; and it does consider no particles below a not nearer defined minimum of size and gravitation.
		The general relativity is not an idea, which derives from the basic.
	www.quantum-universe.com /html/relativity.html (1727 words)

	Albert Einstein Relativity: The Special and General Theory
		The Principle of Relativity (in the Restricted Sense)
		The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Realtiivty is Not a Eculidean Continuum
		The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity (sup.
	www.beyondweird.com /einstein (267 words)

	General Relativity & Black Holes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Einstein applied his General Theory to the motion of Mercury and found that the somewhat higher gravitational pull as the planet approaches the sun in General Relativity causes Mercury to move a bit further around the sun each time it passes.
		In General Relativity gravity is viewed as a curvature of Spacetime so Gravitational Waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time itself.
		NASA scientists do not use General Relativity to calculate the paths of spacecraft that are sent to explore the solar system (not because it would be too complicated or difficult, but because it would be a waste of time - Newton was right as far as most things in the Solar System are concerned).
	cassfos02.ucsd.edu /public/tutorial/GR.html (3331 words)

	GENERAL RELATIVITY
		It is important that you should understand that the fact that all objects “fall at the same speed” in a gravitational field is a direct consequence of the equality of inertial and gravitational masses (in classical mechanics).
		A spacecraft traveling at 0.98c (98% of the velocity of light) relative to Earth represents an example of two separate inertial reference frames, one reference frame (the spacecraft) is moving at a relativistic velocity when compared to the to the other reference frame (the Earth).
		The first observer is on Earth at rest relative to the aircraft hanger and the second observer is onboard a second spacecraft moving at a velocity of 0.98c in parallel with the Flying Disc Spacecraft, therefore, at rest relative to the Flying Disc Spacecraft.
	www.gravitywarpdrive.com /General_Relativity.htm (6867 words)

	Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special and General Theory
		The Apparent Incompatibility of the Law of Propagation of Light with the Principle of Relativity
		The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity
		The Space-Time Continuum of the General Theory of Relativity Is not a Euclidean Continuum
	www.bartleby.com /173 (321 words)

	Amazon.com: The Principle of Relativity (Dover Books on Physics): Books: Albert Einstein,Frances A. Davis (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Here are the 11 papers that forged the general and special theories of relativity: seven papers by Einstein, plus two papers by Lorentz and one each by Minkowski and Weyl.
		In contrast, the great paper on general relativity "Foundations of general relativity" has pedagogical preocupations, and is quite readable, including an interesting introduction to tensors which clearly shows that, master of the physics of the problem, Einstein was a novice at the mathematics of it.
		The second part, the general theory, explains the nature of gravity as a consequence of the curvature of Minkowski's four-dimensional space-time.
	www.amazon.com /exec/obidos/ASIN/0486600815/commonsense-20 (1249 words)

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