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	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Sejm
		The Sejm (pronounced:) is the lower house of the Polish parliament.
		Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		The legislation was commonly negotiated by a deputation from the lower house (Sejm) with the upper chamber (Senate) and the reigning monarch (considered to be a third, separate Sejm chamber on his own).
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Sejm (2113 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		General Jaruzelski opted not to employ his available powers, leaving the initiative to Parliament and the government which, in practice, was a ruling system at odds with the April Amendment, but the system was much closer to the Polish pre-WW II tradition.
		According to general parliamentary principles, the prime minister is responsible to the Sejm for his counter-signatures, but it is important to remember that this responsibility can be exercised only in the process of a “constructive vote of no confidence” (Art.
		The Constitution was created in the Sejm and it reflects their fear of an authoritarian presidency as much as it reflects the Sejm’s tendency to take the lead in governing.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol6num2/feature/presidency.html (5364 words)

	Sejmik - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		A Sejmik (diminutive of the Polish "Sejm," or Parliament) was a regional sejm in the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, and earlier in the Kingdom of Poland.
		In the first third of the 15th century, general sejmiks were fist held, which gave rise in 1493 to the national Sejm.
		Their goal was to agree on a position for the Sejm Walny (General Sejm) and issue instructions for the deputies on how they were supposed to vote during the General Sejm.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sejmik (580 words)

	PrivacyExchange.org
		General Inspector is appointed and discharged by the Sejm of the Polish Republic with the consent of the Senate.
		General Inspector may not be detained or arrested, except when apprehended red-handed and his detention is necessary to observe the due course of proceedings.
		General Inspector and the employees of the Bureau, hereinafter called the inspectors, are obliged to provide sufficient protection of the information constituting state or trade secrets, disclosed to them during the inspection of data processing activities.
	www.ics.uci.edu /~kobsa/privacy/Poland.htm (5482 words)

	Great Sejm (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The intention of Catherine II of Russia, who treated the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth as a vassal state, was for the Sejm to raise a 100,000 strong military force to aid Russian Empire in their recent war with the Ottoman Empire.
		Since the beginning of its deliberations in Warsaw, the Sejm was accompanied by increasing publicity and interest of the general population, one of the most famous being the "fl procession" of burghers demanding more equality with the nobility (szlachta).
		The Sejm abolished the Permanent Council and from 1790 was dominated by the pro-reform king and his political supporters.
	www.tocatch.info /en/Great_Diet.htm (724 words)

	FTR 2002 / UN Treaty Bodies
		Legislative authority is exercised by the Sejm (lower house of parliament) and Senate, executive authority is vested in the President of the Republic of Poland and the Council of Ministers (the cabinet), and judicial authority is the domain of the courts and tribunals.
		The Senate is composed of 100 senators elected in voivodships (provinces) for the duration of the Sejm’s term.
		The Sejm exercises legislative authority, establishes the Council of Ministers (which is politically responsible to it) and is endowed with authority of appointment.
	www.hri.ca /fortherecord2002/documentation/tbodies/crc-c-70-add12.htm (7149 words)

	THE PROTECTION OF NATIONAL MINORITIES IN POLAND
		General processes of social and economic transformations that took place in Poland at that time, mainly industrialization, migration from countryside to cities as well as development of mass culture in the Polish language (radio and television broadcasts), were conducive to the policy of assimilation of national minorities.
		It is understood as a group of a distinct origin, traditionally residing on the territory of the Polish state and constituting [numerical] minority as compared to the rest of the citizens, and which is characterized by the objective to sustain its culture, traditions, language, national or ethnic consciousness” (article 2).
		The education level of the majority of the representatives of national minorities is generally equal to that of the whole population of Poles, however, it is substantially lower in case of Romanies.
	www.minelres.lv /reports/poland/poland_NGO.htm (13658 words)

	EuroSight.Info -- Poland Government Information Page (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		The presidential election of 1990, the general elections to Sejm and Senate in 1991, and the constitutional changes that reinstated democratic electoral law in Poland highlighted this transformation.
		During a parliamentary vote, neither members of Sejm nor senators are bound in any way by the instructions of their electorate, but do have the constitutional obligation to be guided by the well-being of the entire Republic.
		Drafts for new legislation are also discussed within the committees (voting on bills in Sejm committees is a necessary part of the legislative procedure, sicne it leads to the enactment of new legislation binding on all Polish citizens).
	www.eurosight.info /eurosight/poland/PLgovernment.aspx (1189 words)

	500 Years of Poland's Sejm - The Sejm Chronicle Special Edition
		Following the Union of Lublin (1569), the composition of the General Sejm was extended to include senators and deputies representing the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		The 10th Sejm's decision to disband and shorten its term and the passing of a new electoral law on June 28, 1991, made it possible for the President to order the first fully democratic parliamentary elections in postwar Poland.
		The inaugural sitting of the Sejm was held on October 14 and that of the Senate on October 15, 1993.
	kronika.sejm.gov.pl /kronika.97/text/spec/spec0.htm (1353 words)

	Konstytucja
		As to general laws, that is, constitutional, civil, criminal, or for the institution of perpetual taxes: in which matters proposals submitted by the throne to the provinces (wojewodztwa), lands (ziemie) and counties (powiaty) for discussion, and by instructions coming to the chamber, shall be taken for decision first.
		We stipulate that senators and ministers shall not have a votum decisivum (decisive vote) in the sejm in matters concerning their conduct of office, either in the guardianship or in commission, and at such time shall have a seat in the senate only to give explication upon demand of the sejm.
		That it fulfill this destiny unfailingly, it shall remain always in obedience to the executive authority, in accordance with the provisions of law, and shall execute an oath of fidelity to the nation and to the king and to the defense of the national constitution.
	www.polishconstitution.org /Konstytucja.html (2471 words)

	Sejm - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		1.1 Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		[edit] Sejm of the Kingdom of Poland and the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
		In 1791, the "Great" or Four-Year Sejm of 1788–1792 adopts the May 3rd Constitution at the Royal Castle, Warsaw.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Sejm (1885 words)

	University of Minnesota Human Rights Library
		It is responsible, and reports to the Sejm and, between the terms of office of the Sejm, to the President.
		According to the general principles of criminal procedure the evidence should be taken in such a manner that the circumstances of the case are clarified in a comprehensive way.
		In case of disclosing an offence committed by an alien in the territory of the Republic of Poland the competence of the Polish courts results from the principle of territorial jurisdiction, which was discussed in the remarks on article 5 of the Convention.
	www1.umn.edu /humanrts/cat/poland1999.html (10881 words)

	Constitution of May 3, 1791 - Wikisource
		We desire that such a constitutional sejm be extraordinary in accordance with the provisions of a separate law.
		Thus the nation's military may be used for the general defense of the country, for the safeguarding of fortresses and borders, or in aid of law, if any not be obedient to its execution.
		Kazimierz, Prince Sapieha, General of Lithuanian artillery, Marshal of the confederation of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
	en.wikisource.org /wiki/Constitution_of_May_3,_1791 (4926 words)

	Constitutions (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		According to the "Nihil Novi" constitution of 1505, a law passed by the Sejm had to be agreed by the three estates sitting there: the King, the lords of the council (the Senate) and deputies of the landed gentry (the House of Deputies).
		From the end of the 16th century, the constitutions they signed were printed and--stamped with the royal seal and bearing the signatures of the Sejm speaker and the chancellor--sent to the chancelleries of the municipal councils of all Provinces and lands of the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
		In the 18th century (1732-1782), all the Sejm constitutions from the 14th to the 18th century were published in eight volumes under the general title of "Volumina Legum," by Stanisław Konarski and Józef Załuski.
	www.senat.gov.pl /k4eng/historia/noty/nota16e.htm (560 words)

	East European Constitutional Review
		On December 3, by a vote of 275 to 7, with 109 abstentions, the Sejm passed a law establishing that judges, who served between 1944 and 1989, may be brought before a disciplinary court and charged with the issuing of unjust sentences or impairing an accused person's right to a defense.
		In January, two EAS cabinet members, who sit in the Sejm as deputies, defied the government's position and voted in favor of amendments to the Law on the Prosecutor General's Office, which would empower the office to appeal privatization decisions that it deemed inappropriate.
		On January 21, the Sejm rejected a DLA motion for a vote of no-confidence in the minister of health.
	www.law.nyu.edu /eecr/vol8num1-2/constitutionwatch/poland.html (2304 words)

	Polish History - Part 5
		Sigismund's policy was also carried on by his son, Sigismund Augustus (1548-1572), but the war against Moscow, the necessity to collect levy and taxes, as well as the problem of the succession to the throne (in the absence of natural heirs,) compelled the ruler to cooperate with the noblemen.
		The Sejms of the 1560s decided on the execution of the estates distributed after 1504 and resolved to make a list of royal estates and their incomes (the so-called "musters",) as well as to create a separate fund out of those incomes for the maintenance of a regular army.
		During the Sejm of Lublin (1569), Sigismund Augustus overcame the opposition of magnates from Lithuania and incorporated the southeastern Ruthenian Lands of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania into the Crown.
	www.poloniatoday.com /history5.htm (1827 words)

	Holocaust History - Poland's Holocaust - Maps & Info
		The President is elected to office by general election for a five year term.
		The Parliament or National Assembly is composed of two chambers; the Sejm with 460 seats and the Senate with 100 seats, both elected to a four year term.
		The September 1993 election to the Sejm was held according to the new election law with a 5% vote required for representation in the Parliament (for electoral coalitions (this threshold was set at 8%).
	www.holocaustforgotten.com /info.htm (1581 words)

	McNair Paper 39 - Chapter 4
		According to the round-table agreement, 299 of the Sejm's 460 seats were reserved for the PUWP and subservient parties and 161 seats (35 percent) for the opposition.
		Elected in general elections (Article 29.2), the president has a veto requiring a two-thirds Sejm vote for override, has the right to approve all top military appointments and is the commander of the armed forces, and has authority to introduce martial law and declare a state of emergency (Articles 36.1 and 37.1).
		On 4 November the Sejm Defense Committee Chairman Jerzy Szmajdzinski announced that the Committee approved a report on the Drawsko affair (by a vote of 18 to 6) that criticized all of the sides involved in the dispute.
	www.ndu.edu /inss/McNair/mcnair39/m039ch04.html (9248 words)

	International Chronicle - KS Nr 126 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-30)
		General Naumann was in Poland at the invitation of the minister of defence and as guests of the 13th International NATO Workshops, which just opened in Warsaw at that time.
		General Naumann said that NATO fully appreciated the fact that Poland secured democratic control over the armed forces and a successful development of cooperation with its neighbours.
		On June 20, Sejm Marshal Józef Zych met in Narewka, near Bialowieza, with Syamyon Sharetski, chairman of the Supreme Council of Belarus.
	kronika.sejm.gov.pl /kronika/ic-126.htm (431 words)

	Sejm - IBWiki
		For example, king Marcin I the Snorist filled the Koziel almost entirely with members of his own family, while his successor, August VI the Henpecked, evoked quite a scandal when he first appointed his driver, subsequently his cook, and at last three of his mistresses members of the Koziel.
		This huge number of polical parties is not only due to the aforementioned national spirit, but also to the Republic's multinational character: almost every possible space in the matrix of nationality and political orientation is representated by one or more parties.
		Because it is particularly hard to build a parliamentary majority, most governments are occasional coalitions of many parties (at least four, sometimes up to fifteen), and they rarely last longer than a year; by fulfilling its four-year term, the previous government of prime minister Jan Sacz has established a post-war record.
	ib.frath.net /w/Sejm (628 words)

	Poland - Judicial System
		Misdemeanors generally are handled by panels of "social adjudicators," who are elected by local government councils.
		Selected by the Sejm for their superior legal expertise, the members of the Constitutional Tribunal are independent and bound only by the constitution.
		The body's twenty-seven members are appointed by the Sejm from outside its membership for a term coinciding with that of the Sejm.
	countrystudies.us /poland/79.htm (1257 words)

	Constitutions
		The term "constitution" was used in Poland from the late 15th century onwards to define resolutions by the national assembly, called the General Sejm.
		According to the "Nihil Novi" constitution of 1505, a law passed by the Sejm had to be agreed by the three estates sitting there - the king, the lords of the councils (the Senate) and deputies from the landed gentry (the House of Deputies).
		From the end of the 16th century, the constitutions they signed were printed and - stamped with the royal seal and bearing the signatures of the Sejm speaker and the chancellor - sent to the chancelleries of the municipal councils of all Provinces and lands of the Crown and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.
	www.senat.gov.pl /k5eng/historia/noty/nota16a.htm (1167 words)

	wnc
		The Chairman of the Council of Ministers notifies the Sejm of the intent to submit to the President of the Republic for ratification international agreements whose ratification does not require legally defined consent.
		The Sejm exercises control over the activities of the Council of Ministers to the extent defined by the provisions of the Constitution and the laws.
		For violating the prohibitions referred to in Paragraph 1 a deputy may be held accountable before the Tribunal of State by a Sejm resolution adopted on the recommendation of the Speaker of the Sejm.
	www.uta.edu /cpsees/POLCON.htm (6298 words)

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