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Topic: Theory of General Relativity

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	General relativity - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		In general relativity, phenomena that in classical mechanics are ascribed to the action of the force of gravity (such as freefall, orbital motion, and spacecraft trajectories) are taken in general relativity to represent inertial motion in a curved spacetime.
		General relativity is incompatible with quantum mechanics; it is generally held that one of the most important unsolved problems in modern physics is the problem of obtaining a true quantum theory of gravitation.
		General relativity was developed by Einstein in a process that began in 1907 with the publication of an article on the influence of gravity and acceleration on the behavior of light in special relativity.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/General_relativity (4156 words)

	General relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		General relativity (GR) or General relativity theory (GRT) is the theory of gravitation published by Albert Einstein in 1915.
		General relativity's mathematical foundations go back to the axioms of Euclidean geometry and the many attempts over the centuries to prove Euclid's fifth postulate, that parallel lines remain always equidistant, culminating with the realisation by Lobachevsky, Bolyai and Gauss that this axiom need not be true.
		General relativity is distinguished from other theories of gravity by the simplicity of the coupling between matter and curvature, although we still await the unification of general relativity and quantum mechanics and the replacement of the field equation with a deeper quantum law.
	www.sciencedaily.com /encyclopedia/general_relativity (2352 words)

	MSN Encarta - Relativity
		Relativity, theory, developed in the early 20th century, which originally attempted to account for certain anomalies in the concept of relative motion, but which in its ramifications has developed into one of the most important basic concepts in physical science (see Physics).
		The theory of relativity, developed primarily by German American physicist Albert Einstein, is the basis for later demonstration by physicists of the essential unity of matter and energy, of space and time, and of the forces of gravity and acceleration (see Acceleration; Energy; Gravitation).
		Physical laws generally accepted by scientists before the development of the theory of relativity, now called classical laws, were based on the principles of mechanics enunciated late in the 17th century by the English mathematician and physicist Isaac Newton.
	encarta.msn.com /encyclopedia_761558302_1____4/Relativity.html (1908 words)

	General Theory of Relativity
		Yet another phenomenon predicted by general relativity is the time-delay effect, in which signals sent past the sun to a planet or spacecraft on the far side of the sun experience a small delay, when relayed back, compared to the time of return as indicated by classical theory.
		The theory of relativity leads to the possibility that the universe is expanding; this is the most likely theoretical explanation of the experimentally observed fact that the spectral lines of all distant nebulae are shifted to the red; on the other hand the expanding-universe theory also supplies other possible explanations.
		A relativistic electron theory was developed in 1928 by the British mathematician and physicist Paul Dirac, and subsequently a satisfactory quantized field theory, called quantum electrodynamics, was evolved, unifying the concepts of relativity and quantum theory in relation of the interaction between electrons, positrons, and electromagnetic radiation.
	www.levity.com /mavericks/general.htm (1301 words)

	Einstein, Albert. 1920. Relativity: The Special and General Theory
		The Equality of Inertial and Gravitational Mass as an Argument for the General Postulate of Relativity
		The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity
		The Experimental Confirmation of the General Theory of Relativity
	www.bartleby.com /173 (321 words)

	Early Philosophical Interpretations of General Relativity
		A cornerstone of Reichenbach's "logical analysis" of the theory of general relativity is the thesis of "the relativity of geometry", that an arbitrary geometry may be ascribed to spacetime (holding constant the underlying topology) if the laws of physics are correspondingly modified through the introduction of "universal forces".
		Relativity theory itself is a shining exemplar of this method for it has shown that the metric of spacetime describes an "objective property" of the world, once the subjective freedom to make coordinate transformations (the coordinating principle of general covariance) is recognized (1920, 86-7; 1965, 90).
		Thus, the theory of general relativity, on adoption of the coordinative definition of rigid rods ("universal forces = 0"), affirms that the geometry of spacetime in this region is of a non-euclidean kind.
	plato.stanford.edu /entries/genrel-early (11439 words)

	General Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		General relativity is the theory of spacetime structure and gravitation formulated by Einstein in 1915.
		Although the classical theory of general relativity is a complete, well-formulated theory, the equations of the theory are sufficiently difficult to solve in general situations that we still do not know precisely what the theory predicts in a wide variety of circumstances.
		Although general relativity is believed to be the correct classical description of gravitation, at present their exists no satisfactory quantum theory of gravitation, i.e.
	efi.uchicago.edu /general_relativity.txt.html (484 words)

	NOVA \| Einstein's Big Idea \| Relativity (Lightman Essay) \| PBS
		Many of the predictions of general relativity, such as the bending of starlight by gravity and a tiny shift in the orbit of the planet Mercury, have been quantitatively confirmed by experiment.
		General relativity may be the biggest leap of the scientific imagination in history.
		According to the big bang theory, the universe may keep expanding forever, if its inward gravity is not sufficiently strong to counterbalance the outward motion of galaxies, or it may reach a maximum point of expansion and then start collapsing, growing denser and denser, gradually disrupting galaxies, stars, planets, people, and eventually even individual atoms.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/einstein/relativity (1248 words)

	General Relativity (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The theory predicts that a ray of light is deflected by a gravitational field; observations of starlight passing near the sun, first made by Arthur Eddington and colleagues during a 1919 eclipse of the sun, confirmed this.
		The theory also predicts a red shift of spectral lines of substances in a gravitational field, a result confirmed by observation of light from white dwarf stars.
		Superstring theory may be able to link quantum gravitation (the study of quantum fields in a curved space-time) with the other quantum theories.
	www.neutron.anl.gov /hyper-physics/rgeneral.html (209 words)

	General Relativity
		In 1916 Einstein expanded his Special Theory to include the effect of gravitation on the shape of space and the flow of time.
		When "generalized" to include gravitation, the equations of relativity predict that gravity, or the curvature of spacetime by matter, not only stretches or shrinks distances (depending on their direction with respect to the gravitational field) but also w ill appear to slow down or "dilate" the flow of time.
		In the decade after its publication in 1916, Einstein's Theory of General Relativity led to a burst of experimental activity in which many of its predictions were vindicated.
	archive.ncsa.uiuc.edu /Cyberia/NumRel/GenRelativity.html (683 words)

	Gravitation and the General Theory of Relativity
		The General Theory of Relativity was Einstein's stupendous effort to remove the restriction on Special Relativity that no accelerations (and therefore no forces) be present, so that he could apply his ideas to the gravitational force.
		General Relativity and Newton's gravitational theory make essentially identical predictions as long as the strength of the gravitational field is weak, which is our usual experience.
		The General Theory of Relativity predicts that light coming from a strong gravitational field should have its wavelength shifted to larger values (a redshift).
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr162/lect/cosmology/gravity.html (794 words)

	Cassini-Huygens: News-Press Releases-2003
		According to the theory of general relativity, a massive object like the Sun causes space-time to curve, and a beam of radio waves (or light) that passes by the Sun has to travel further because of the curvature.
		Although deviations from general relativity are expected in some cosmological models, none were found in this experiment.
		The question is not whether general relativity is true or false, but at which level of accuracy it ceases to describe gravity in a realistic way.
	saturn.jpl.nasa.gov /news/press-releases-03/20031002-pr-a.cfm (581 words)

	Gravity as Curved Space: Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
		It was not until Einstein published his work on the general theory of relativity that the perihelion shift of Mercury was truly understood.
		Einstein's General Theory of Relativity did away with all three of the above problems, and at the same time it radically altered physicists' view of the Universe.
		Finally, in Einstein's theory the instantaneous gravitational force is replaced by the curvature of spacetime.
	theory.uwinnipeg.ca /mod_tech/node60.html (587 words)

	Relativity : The Special and the General Theory: Current Amazon U.S.A. One-Edition Data (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		His major contribution to science was the special and the general theory of relativity, which gave a new dimension to that we call today "Modern Physics".
		Many people feel frustrated because when they try to understand relativity, they find some authors that expound in their books a complex arrangement of equations referring to the mathematical part of the theory, namely, the books are accessible for people with certain levels of knowledge (that is the case of engineers, physicists, mathematicians, among others).
		The General Theory is developed via a fine example: that of an observer on a rotating disk.
	www.negative-procreative.biz /stuff-0517884410.html (2543 words)

	Physics: Albert Einstein's Theory of General Relativity
		The establishment of this general principle of relativity is made easier by a fact of experience that has long been known, namely, that the weight and the inertia of a body are controlled by the same constant (equality of inertial and gravitational mass).
		In the general theory of relativity the doctrine of space and time, or kinematics, no longer figures as a fundamental independent of the rest of physics.
		the theory of gravitation is based on the principle of equivalence discussed above and rests on the following consideration: according to the theory of special relativity, light has a constant velocity of propagation.
	spaceandmotion.com /albert-einsteins-theory-of-general-relativity.htm (1746 words)

	Albert Einstein and the Theory of Relativity
		Newton's theory of gravitation was soon accepted without question, and it remained unquestioned until the beginning of this century.
		Einstein's theory predicts that the direction of light propagation should be changed in a gravitational field, contrary to the Newtonian predictions.
		The General Theory of Relativity predicts that light coming from a strong gravitational field should have its wavelength shifted to larger values (what astronomers call a "red shift"), again contary to Newton's theory.
	csep10.phys.utk.edu /astr161/lect/history/einstein.html (631 words)

	Physics 7 Lecture #12 - General Relativity & Black Holes (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Einstein applied his General Theory to the motion of Mercury and found that the somewhat higher gravitational pull as the planet approaches the sun in General Relativity causes Mercury to move a bit further around the sun each time it passes.
		In General Relativity gravity is viewed as a curvature of Spacetime so Gravitational Waves are ripples in the fabric of space and time itself.
		NASA scientists do not use General Relativity to calculate the paths of spacecraft that are sent to explore the solar system (not because it would be too complicated or difficult, but because it would be a waste of time - Newton was right as far as most things in the Solar System are concerned).
	cassfos02.ucsd.edu /physics/ph7/GR.html (3341 words)

	gr
		But, unless you are already familiar with general relativity, to understand these adventures you will need to look at the other material from time to time.
		General relativity is usually written with lots of superscripts and subscripts.
		It concentrates on the mathematics of general relativity and other gauge fields, such as Maxwell's equations and the Yang-Mills equations, which describe the strong and electroweak forces.
	math.ucr.edu /home/baez/gr/gr.html (732 words)

	General Theory of Relativity
		The mathematics of general relativity is like a secret religion in which the plebs are not able to understand anything, but must obey the priests.
		But having said all this, general relativity has a lot of parallels with my own theory of gravity.
		There is also a problem with the pure charge model in that as planets form from dust and gases, they form their own stasis and I have not yet decided how this affects the kinetic energy stored in their fields of motion.
	users.powernet.co.uk /bearsoft/GnRel.html (905 words)

	Physics Help and Math Help - Physics Forums - string theory, general relativity, diffeomorphism invariance
		In general, there exist different equivalent starting points\nwith different gauge symmetries that nevertheless reproduce the same\nphysics - because of Seiberg dualities and S-dualities, holography, matrix\nmodels, higgsing, unhiggshing, and confinement, and other equivalences.\n\nMoreover, in string theory, the diffeomorphism invariance is just a tiny\npart of the whole symmetry group.
		However such excitations which do not satisfy N_L=N_R\ndo in general not have a standard particle field theory interpretation !\n\nThis means that the intricate properties of string loops, and\nspecifically those which make they theory consistent, cannot be\ncaptured by summing naive particle QFT (well, that\'s not a theorem\nbut I think it is quite obvious).
		as a consequence of the conformal symmetry of the world-sheet theory.
	www.physicsforums.com /printthread.php?t=39976 (7737 words)

	GROUP THEORY AND GENERAL RELATIVITY
		It contains an extensive discussion on general relativity from the viewpoint of group theory and gauge fields.
		The entire book is self-contained in both group theory and general relativity theory, and no prior knowledge of either is assumed.
		It is invaluable to graduate students and research workers in quantum field theory, general relativity and elementary particle theory.
	www.worldscibooks.com /physics/p199.html (338 words)

	Relativity: The Special and General Theory [encyclopedia] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The Space-Time Continuum of the Speical Theory of Relativity Considered as a Euclidean Continuum
		The Structure of Space According to the General Theory of Relativity (sup.
		Note: The fifth appendix was added by Einstein at the time of the fifteenth re-printing of this book; and as a result is still under copyright restrictions so cannot be added without the permission of the publisher.
	kosmoi.com /Science/Physics/Relativity/Einstein (397 words)

	Re: Does a spinning top emit gravity waves?
		This is the sort of question that will lead down the path of studying gravity waves, in the astronomical sense -- you should note that the term gravity waves has a completely different meaning in the context of meterology.
		A few hours in your university's library should straighten this subject out :) "One of the first predictions of Einstein's Theory of General Relativity was the existence of gravitational waves.
		Gravitational waves are predicted to propagate at the speed of light and represent a time-dependent distortion of the local space and time coordinates.
	www.madsci.org /posts/archives/may99/927296012.Ph.r.html (423 words)

	Relativity: The Special and the General Theory--A Clear Explanation that Anyone Can Understand : Book
		The beauty of relativity (as opposed to QM and Strings) is that it IS accessible to us mere mortals and it IS a sensible and beautiful theory, once you strip away everything else and just think about.
		Einstein actually compiled the physics theories of the latest German and Italian physicists and wrote it as his entire theory.
		There are better books around for a beginner to understand relativity, but this is certainly not the worst.
	www.yezee.com /an/0517029618.html (1217 words)

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