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Topic: Generalised phrase structure grammar

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	Generalised phrase structure grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Generalised phrase structure grammar (GPSG) is a framework for describing the syntax and semantics of natural languages.
		GPSG was initially developed in the late 1970s by Gerald Gazdar.
		GPSG is in part a reaction against transformational theories of syntax.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Generalised_phrase_structure_grammar (280 words)

	Transformational grammar - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The deep structure was (more-or-less) a direct representation of the basic semantic relations underlying a sentence, and was mapped onto the surface structure (which followed the phonological form of the sentence very closely) via transformations.
		A descriptively adequate grammar for a particular language defines the (infinite) set of grammatical sentences in that language; that is, it describes the language in its entirity.
		A grammar which achieves explanatory adequacy has the additional property that it gives an insight into the underlying linguistic structures in the human mind; that is, it does not merely describe the grammar of a language, but makes predictions about how linguistic knowledge is mentally represented.
	open-encyclopedia.com /Transformational-generative_grammar (2058 words)

	Grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Grammar is the study of the rules governing the use of a language.
		Prescriptive grammar -- an attempt to tell the users of the language how to use it in order to speak correctly.
		Teaching grammar -- a combination of prescriptive and descriptive approaches with the aim of teaching a language to children and foreigners.
	www.bidprobe.com /en/wikipedia/g/gr/grammar.html (752 words)

	Head-driven phrase structure grammar - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) is a non-derivational generative grammar theory developed by Carl Pollard and Ivan Sag (1985).
		A HPSG grammar includes principles and grammar rules and lexicon entries which are normally not considered to belong to a grammar.
		Carl Pollard, Ivan A. Sag (1994): Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Head-driven_phrase_structure_grammar (235 words)

	Grammar article - Grammar rules language linguistics phonetics phonology morphology syntax - What-Means.com (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Descriptive grammar -- an attempt to describe the language as it is being used, regardless of whether it is considered correct or not.
		Formal grammars are codifications of usage that are developed by observation.
		Grammar article - Grammar definition - what means Grammar
	www.what-means.com /encyclopedia/Grammar (795 words)

	Generalised phrase structure grammar - Encyclopedia.WorldSearch (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		One of the chief goals of GPSG is to show that the syntax of natural languages can be described by context-free grammars, with some suitable conventions intended to make writing such grammars easier for syntacticians.
		A parser for generalised phrase-structure grammars (Research paper.
		Practical parsing of generalised phrase structure grammars (Technical report.
	encyclopedia.worldsearch.com /generalised_phrase_structure_grammar.htm (282 words)

	Lectures Notes
		A phrase exhibiting a distribution similar to that of a lexical adjective and semantically acting as a modifier of a noun or a noun phrase.
		A number of linguist argue that the same verb phrase can be represented with the help of a much richer structure: a structure that encompasses at least all four major phrasal categories.
		Grammars discussed are declarative and generally based on a decomposition of syntactic categories into components known as features.
	www.computing.surrey.ac.uk /courses/cs364-ai/syntax.html (2718 words)

	manual1
		Phrase structure grammars were developed by linguists attempting to describe the syntactic characteristics of natural languages.
		The notion that NL strings have a complex constituent structure is fundamental to linguistic theory; parsing is a function that, given an NL string as input, outputs a description of its constituent structure.
		It was noted that the process of generating a string using a phrase structure grammar is the successive rewriting of sentential forms using the productions of the grammar, starting with the sentential form S. The sequence of sentential forms required to generate a string constitutes the derivation of the string according to the grammar.
	www.staff.ncl.ac.uk /hermann.moisl/ell236/manual1.htm (13130 words)

	All words on Lexical functional grammar
		'''Lexical functional grammar''' (LFG) is a reaction to the direction research in the area of transformational grammar began to take in the 1970s.
		In technical terms, LFG rejects the "projection principle" characterising recent work in transformational grammar, which states that syntactic structures are direct representations of certain kinds of semantic information.
		A central goal is to create a model of grammar with a depth which appeals to linguists while at the same time being efficiently parseable and having the rigidity of formalism which computational linguists require.
	www.allwords.org /le/lexical-functional-grammar.html (479 words)

	[No title] (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The theory surrounding HPSG borrows extensively from categorical grammars, discourse representation theory, generalised phrase structure grammar, government binding theory, lexical functional grammar and situation semantics.
		The notion of the head constituent of a phrase is of central importance in HPSG.
		HPSG differs from all the theories that have influenced it in one respect: it is not centrally a theory of syntax, rather it intertwines the syntactic and semantic aspects of grammatical theory and considers the interaction between the two when analysing language.
	www.qucis.queensu.ca /home/cisc481/harger.html (319 words)

	Practical Parsing of Generalised Phrase Structure Grammars (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Abstract: An efficient algorithm is described for parsing a dialect of generalised phrase structure grammar (GPSG).
		The dialect of GPSG which the parsing system accepts is smaller, but considerably "purer" (closer to the original definition of GPSG) and mathematically "cleaner" than that which is accepted by other practical parsing systems.
		1 Generalised phrase structure grammar (context) - Amsterdam - 1985
	citeseer.csail.mit.edu /31856.html (403 words)

	Citations: Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar - Gazdar, Klein, Pullum, Sag (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		We axiomatise a head relation: thus verbs are the heads of verb phrases, and verb phrases are the heads of....
		and LFG [Kaplan and Bresnan 1982] have impor tant phrase structure components in addition to their feature passing mechanisms, and the study of feature logic was originally intended to throw light only on the latter.
		This incorporated a Montagovian notion of compositionality whereby the syntactic rule applications in a phrase structure are correlated with semantic operations.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /context/154826/0 (2304 words)

	[No title]
		Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar augments context-free grammars with features (function-free DCG arguments) slash categories(as here) rule schemas (as done badly here) meta-rules (sort of like transformations, but not really) in such a way that only the notational convenience is increased, the grammars still have only context-free power.
		As I understand it, Gazdar doesn't claim that English is a context-free language, only that the arguments to date that it is not are about as sound as a 3-dollar note.
		Grammar rules are checked a bit, % but ordinary clauses (basically dictionary information) are not, though % it does check that a predicate doesn't have grammar rules and ordinary % clauses both.
	www.ling.ohio-state.edu /~dm/2001/autumn/795E/code/cmu_library/dcsg.pl (1395 words)

	Generalised logistic curve - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Generalised logistic curve (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Generalised logistic curve - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Generalised logistic curve.
		The generalised logistic (or Richard's) curve is a widely used and flexible function for growth modelling.
		The orginal Generalised logistic curve article can be editet
	www.encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Generalised-logistic-curve.html (161 words)

	Head-driven phrase structure grammar - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Head-driven phrase structure grammar (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Head-driven phrase structure grammar - Encyclopedia Glossary Meaning Explanation Head-driven phrase structure grammar.
		* Carl Pollard, Ivan A. Sag (1994): Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar.
		The orginal Head-driven phrase structure grammar article can be editet
	encyclopedia-glossary.com /en/Head-driven-phrase-structure-grammar.html (264 words)

	Formal Properties of Feature Grammars (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		It shows how such grammars relate to context-free grammar (Chomsky type 2) and which extensions cause the formalism to increase in power to context-sensitive grammar and beyond.
		Also, it describes how any Turing machine can be implemented as a feature grammar showing that the power of such grammars is beyond context-free.
		1 A Parser for Generalised Phrase-Structure Grammar (context) - Phillips, Thompson - 1986
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /28088.html (269 words)

	Effective Parsing With Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (ResearchIndex)
		Effective Parsing With Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (ResearchIndex)
		Abstract: Generalised phrase structure grammars (GPSG's) appear to offer a means by which the syntactic properties of natural languages may be very con- cisely described.
		The main reason for this is that the GPSG framework allows you to state a variety of meta-grammatical rules which generate new rules from old ones, so that you can specify rules with a wide variety of realisations via a very small number of explicit statements.
	citeseer.ist.psu.edu /577340.html (199 words)

	LINGUIST List 6.1509: HPSG Grammars, PhD in Ling, Lang & Law, Grad Position
		Background Modern constraint-based grammars are the next logical step for people familiar either with Prolog or unification-based formalisms such as Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG).
		A recent constraint-based approach is Head Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG) [Pollard and Sag, 1994].
		HPSG has taken the computational linguistics community by storm and is the driving force in research into grammars that can be readily integrated into practical application systems.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/6/6-1509.html (980 words)

	Natural Language Processing FAQ
		Probabilistic Parsing: Ted Briscoe and John Carroll, "Generalised Probabilistic LR Parsing of Natural Language (Corpora) with Unification-based Grammars", University of Cambridge Computer Laboratory, Technical Report Number 224, 1991.
		Proceedings of the ACL Workshop on Reversible Grammar in Natural Language Processing, UC Berkeley, 1991.
		Cognitive Grammar: Ronald W. Langacker, "Foundations of cognitive grammar" Stanford University Press, 1987.
	www-2.cs.cmu.edu /Groups/AI/html/faqs/ai/nlp/nlp_faq/faq.html (2846 words)

	Good Practice Guide \| Subject Centre for Languages, Linguistics and Area Studies (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Generative Grammar is an approach to dealing with linguistic phenomena which assumes that these phenomena are amenable to formal analysis, and, in fact, can be best explained in such terms.
		It is therefore opposed, at least in part, to approaches which take a functional perspective, and which assume that linguistic phenomena can be analysed in terms of extra-linguistic pressures (the fact that language can be used to communicate, the signifier-signifiee relationship, etc.).
		The latter approaches are best represented in the UK by Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG), and its successor Head-Driven Phrase Structure Grammar (HPSG); by Lexical Functional Grammar (LFG) and by various forms of Categorial Grammar (CG).
	www.lang.ltsn.ac.uk /resources/goodpractice.aspx?resourceid=402 (677 words)

	Linguistics, Logic, and Finite Trees (ResearchIndex) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The relevant class of tree models is defined and three linguistic applications of this language are discussed: context free grammars, command relations, and trees decorated with feature structures.
		0.2: Structures, Languages and Translations: the Structural Approach..
		23 Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (context) - Gazdar, Klein et al.
	citeseer.lcs.mit.edu /14317.html (396 words)

	User: Cadr - Open Encyclopedia (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Generalised phrase structure grammar (stub) (redirect: Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar)
		Transformational grammar (redirects: Minimalist syntax, Minimalist program, Minimalist Program)
		Bullshit bingo (stub, now merged with Buzzword bingo)
	users.open-encyclopedia.com /Cadr (172 words)

	LINGUIST List 2.211: Greek Parser, MIT Publications, IJCAI, Workshop
		Six years ago a partial GPSG analysis of classical Greek was written as a PhD thesis by Ronnie Cann.
		I attempted to implement this analysis on a sun3 using the Grammar Development Environment(GDE), a Lisp tool developed by the Alvey project.
		RESULT: Given a sentence of NT Greek a parse tree is produced showing the structure of the sentence ie what is the direct or indirect object of the verb, which adjective agrees with which noun etc. The work was done as a 5-month MSc project and so is incomplete.
	www.ling.ed.ac.uk /linguist/issues/2/2-211.html (395 words)

	HPSG Course (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Modern constraint-based grammars are the next logical step for people familiar either with Prolog or unification-based formalisms such as Generalised Phrase Structure Grammar (GPSG).
		A detailed look at what is involved in developing complex grammars for particular domains.
		Suresh Manandhar (PhD in Artificial Intelligence, Edinburgh University) has conducted research both in the logical foundations of constraint formalisms and on their implementations.
	www.ltg.ed.ac.uk /courseannounce.html (485 words)

	Grammar Details, Meaning Grammar Article and Explanation Guide
		Grammar Details, Meaning Grammar Article and Explanation Guide
		Descriptive grammar takes the approach that speakerss of a language follow that language's grammar as a common convention of mutual intelligibility.
		Page Contains Information, Facts Details or Explanation Guide About Grammar
	www.e-paranoids.com /g/gr/grammar.html (788 words)

	EACL 1985
		A Two-Way Approach To Structural Transfer In MT. 70-72
		Augmented Dependency Grammar: A Simple Interface between the Grammar Rule and the Knowledge.
		The Structure Of Communicative Context Of Dialogue Interaction.
	www.vldb.org /dblp/db/conf/eacl/eacl1985.html (259 words)

	Technical reports and dissertations (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		(249) Judy Delin and Jon Oberlander: Syntactic constraints on discourse structure: the case of It-clefts
		(129) Allan Ramsay: The semantic structure of noun phrases
		(007) Gerald Gazdar and Geoffrey K. Pullum: Generalized Phrase Structure Grammar: a theoretical synopsis
	www.cogs.susx.ac.uk /research/nlp/misc/csrp.html (678 words)

	ACL Anthology
		A TWO-WAY APPROACH TO STRUCTURAL TRANSFER IN MT
		NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING AND IHE AUTOMATIC ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE: A SIMULATIVE APPROACH
		TOWARDS AN AUTOMATIC IDENTIPEATION OF TOPIC AND FOCUS
	www.cs.mu.oz.au /acl/E/E85 (234 words)

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