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Topic: Generative phonology

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	Evolution of Language - Abstracts
		Generative Phonology is suggested by many to provide an alternative approach to the evolution of speech.
		Consequently generative phonology has no ability to cope with the evident fact that speech has evolved from simpler initial forms to present forms historically, and develops from simpler forms to more complex forms in infants.
		In addition while the core of phonology is considered to be abstract, the currently favored set of distinctive features is defined in concrete (articulatory) terms, which results in difficulties in characterizing aspects of sound patterns that are perceptually motivated.
	www.infres.enst.fr /~evolang/actes/_actes44.html (717 words)

	Phonology - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages).
		In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes which interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed are language-specific.
		Government Phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Phonology (2042 words)

	Encyclopedia :: encyclopedia : Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics closely associated with phonetics.
		Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle presented 1968 in The Sound Pattern of English a view of phonology where a phonological representation (surface syntactic form) is a structure whose phonetic part is a sequence of units which have characteristic features.
		Nicholas Trubetskoy's posthumously published work, the Principles of Phonology (1939), is usually taken as a starting point in the history of phonology as a linguistic discipline quite distinct from phonetics.
	www.hallencyclopedia.com /Phonology (1442 words)

	Introduction to Two-level Phonology
		Rather, the comparison of two-level phonology to classical generative phonology is done mainly for expository purposes, recognizing that while classical generative phonology has been superseded by subsequent theoretical work, it constitutes a historically coherent view of phonology that continues to influence current theory and practice.
		Rules in generative phonology are described in terms of their relative order of application and their effect on the input of other rules (the so-called feeding and bleeding relations).
		Lexical Phonology and the rebirth of the phoneme.
	www.sil.org /pckimmo/two-level_phon.html (4462 words)

	Phonology - an introduction - Citizendium
		Initially, defining syllables was such a difficult task that early generative phonology ignored it; only in the 1970s and 1980s was a serious reanalysis attempted.
		Government Phonology, which originated in the early 1980s as an attempt to unify theoretical notions of syntactic and phonological structures, is based on the notion that all languages necessarily follow a small set of principles and vary according to their selection of certain binary parameters.
		In this view, phonology is based on a set of universal phonological processes which interact with one another; which ones are active and which are suppressed are language-specific.
	en.citizendium.org /wiki/Phonology (2103 words)

	HighBeam Encyclopedia - phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		It is distinguished from phonetics, which is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.
		In phonology, speech sounds are analyzed into phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word.
		Disentangling the necessarily entangled: the phonology and phonetics of Spanish spirantization.
	www.encyclopedia.com /html/p/phonolog.asp (420 words)

	Phonology
		Phonology (Greek phone = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages).
		The principles of phonological theory have also been applied to the analysis of signed languages, with gestures and their relationships as the object of study.
		In 1968, Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle published The Sound Pattern of English, the basis for Generative Phonology.
	www.brainyencyclopedia.com /encyclopedia/p/ph/phonology.html (1888 words)

	Detailed Description
		In their terms, the simpler, more general pole is the unmarked term of the opposition and the complex, focused pole is the marked one.
		Contrast has reappeared in generative phonology since SPE in a variety of guises, playing a role in theories of underspecification (Steriade 1987), as well as in notions such as Structure Preservation (Kiparsky 1982, 1985).
		With regard to the general survey, we would like to continue a group project to compile and analyze published work that is relevant to the project, concentrating on proposals and analyses that appear to support or contradict our working hypotheses.
	www.chass.utoronto.ca /~contrast/details.html (2359 words)

	Phonology Summary
		Phonology rests on a series of presumptions—each supported by a vast body of observations—that together entail that the sounds of natural languages are not arbitrary human noises, on a par with grunts or snorts, whose individuating attributes lie entirely outside the domain of grammar.
		Phonology is of philosophic interest, not only because it brings into question analogies between contrived notational systems and natural languages, but also because it raises conceptual issues of its own.
		Phonology (Greek phonē = voice/sound and logos = word/speech), is a subfield of linguistics which studies the sound system of a specific language (or languages).
	www.bookrags.com /Phonology (3009 words)

	Precis of: Foundations of Language: Brain, Meaning, Grammar, Evolution
		Generative grammar was correct to focus on the child's acquisition of language as its central problem, leading to the hypothesis of an innate Universal Grammar.
		An important reason for the spectacular reception of early generative grammar was that it went beyond merely claiming that language needs rules: it offered rigorous formal techniques for characterizing the rules, based on approaches to the foundations of mathematics and computability developed earlier in the century.
		One of the primary interface rules between phonology and syntax is that the linear order of units in phonology corresponds to the linear order of the corresponding units in syntax.
	www.bbsonline.org /Preprints/Jackendoff-07252002/Referees (8148 words)

	The Application of Natural Phonology to Computerized Speech Understanding
		The true advantage of Natural Phonology for the development of speech understanding technology depends not just on its applicability to the lexical access problem, but on what it tells us about the types of knowledge sources that must be available if a speech processing system is to make intelligent guesses about what is being said.
		Natural Phonology, unlike generative theories of phonology, is equipped to deal directly with the issue of ill-formedness, since its purview of the data goes beyond just distinguishing well-formedness from ill-formedness.
		Our proposal to use Natural Phonology as a basis for improving speech recognition only makes sense in the context of a full-fledged interleaved language understanding system that is capable of resolving the immense amount of potential ambiguity generated by the rule and process components.
	home.comcast.net /~wojcikr/bern.html (3970 words)

	ipedia.com: Phonology Article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Phonology is a subfield of grammar (see also linguistics).
		Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle presented in The sound pattern of English a view of phonology where a phonological representation (surface syntactic form) is a structure whose phonetic part is a sequence of units which have characteristic features.
		Although there are no phonemes in generative phonology, these units are often loosely referred to as phonemes, nonetheless.
	www.ipedia.com /phonology.html (1035 words)

	University of Connecticut
		Working within the framework of Chomskian transformational generative grammar, we are concerned with the syntactic structure of human language.
		Such study, apart from serving a purpose in itself, helps to reveal those properties of language that are modality-dependent as opposed to deeper linguistic universals that hold true of both spoken and signed languages.
		This field stands at the juncture between phonology and syntax and is studied in combination with these other areas.
	www.linguistics.uconn.edu /research.htm (683 words)

	More on Phonology
		This is one reason why most people have an accent when they attempt to speak a language that they did not grow up hearing; their brains sort the sounds they hear in terms of the phonemes of their own native language.
		The posthumous work of Nicholas Trubetskoy, the Principles of Phonology (1939), is usually taken as a starting point in the history of phonology as a linguistic discipline quite distinct from phonetics.
		The approach was soon extended to morphology by John McCarthy and Alan Prince, and became a dominant trend in phonology of the 1990s and beyond.
	www.artilifes.com /phonology.htm (1287 words)

	Longman Argentina
		The first introduces readers to basic concepts of articulatory phonetics, classical phonemics and standard generative phonology; the topics covered include distinctiveness, naturalness, abstractness and rule interaction.
		The second part is devoted to current issues in phonological theory; both the nature and organization of phonological representations in nonlinear generative phonology are explored.
		It discusses such areas as the role of syllable in nonlinear generative phonology, metrical phonology and the study of stress, autosegmental approaches to tone, the place of intonation, lexical phonology and morphology, and the syntax-phonology interface viewed in terms of domain of phonological rules.
	www.longman.com /longman_argentina/catalogue/catalogue_files/met_introductiontophono.html (156 words)

	AllRefer.com - phonology (Language And Linguistics) - Encyclopedia
		It is distinguished from phonetics, which is the study of the production, perception, and physical properties of speech sounds; phonology attempts to account for how they are combined, organized, and convey meaning in particular languages.
		In phonology, speech sounds are analyzed into phonemes, the smallest units of sound that can change the meaning of a word.
		A phoneme may have several allophones, related sounds that are distinct but do not change the meaning of a word when they are interchanged.
	reference.allrefer.com /encyclopedia/P/phonolog.html (300 words)

	General Course Descriptions: College of Liberal Arts
		LING 311: Fundamentals of Phonology and Morphology; Prerequisite or corequisite: LING 201 or equivalent.
		Primary emphasis is on autosegmental phonology, metrical phonology, lexical phonology, and optimality theory.
		A general examination of the ways in which languages and their subsystems change over time and of the forces that produce change.
	www.cla.purdue.edu /linguistics/courses/descriptions.cfm (927 words)

	Yawelmani Phonology - The MIT Press
		Generative phonology, a comparatively recent development on the linguistic front, has stimulated a reconsideration of the conceptual scheme of phonology in general in the past ten years.
		The ground gained is certainly evident in the present study, a technical reorganization according to generative phonology of the phonological description of Yawelmani--one of the six dialects analyzed in Stanley Newman's classic book of 1944, The Yokuts Language of California.
		Organized heuristically--so that the presentation of phonological rules proceeds evenly from the general to the specific--the material can be easily adapted to serve as a short introduction to the theory and method of generative phonology.
	mitpress.mit.edu /catalog/item/default.asp?ttype=2&tid=9844 (340 words)

	Phonological Representations - Cambridge University Press
		Rewriting rules, derivations and underlying representations is an enduring characteristic of generative phonology.
		This framework, now called Declarative Phonology, is based on a detailed examination of the formalisms of feature-theory, syllable theory and the leading varieties of nonlinear phonology.
		As Declarative Phonology is surface-based and highly restrictive, it is consistent with cognitive psychology and amenable to straightforward computational implementation.
	www.cambridge.org /catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=0521472083 (195 words)

	Chapter 8
		Yet it is generally assumed that phonological structures (phonological forms, phonological representations) underlying speech consist of linear sequences of discrete, static segments.
		In general, one may say that phonologists abstract totally from the time-distributed nature of the phonetic signal and perform their analysis of phonological structure as if they were indeed concerned with nothing but strings of graphic symbols.
		According to traditional phonology, the most reasonable interpretation of the notion "phonological (or phonetic) rule" would be something like "rule for the language-specific exploitation of certain phonetic mechanisms"; thus, a phonological rule covers a regularity in the phonetic behavior pertaining to a specific language or dialect.
	eserver.org /langs/linell/chapter08.html (3064 words)

	UMass Amherst :: Linguistics Department :: Courses
		Introduction to generative phonology primarily for graduate students in linguistics.
		Introduction to the theory and practice of phonetics research, with emphasis on the relationships of phonetics to phonology.
		Typical areas include formal morphology (con-catenative and non-concatenative), Lexical Phonology and lexical phonology, syntax-phonology interactions, and the connections between phonology and phonetic implementation.
	www.umass.edu /linguist/courses/2004/course_offerings.shtml (735 words)

	courses required
		This course is a general introduction to phonology in which the relationship between phonetics and phonology in a structural framework and the principle of phonology are discussed.
		In this course an introduction to morphology is given situating the level in its relationship to phonology and syntax with a structural framework.
		This is an introduction to the history, theory and practice of the generative transformation model with emphasis on the explanation of the basic assumptions and concepts postulated in the model (e.g.
	www.uiowa.edu /intlinet/unijos/departments/linguistics/coursereqcontent4.4.htm (2047 words)

	What is basic linguistic theory?
		The influence largely reflects the fact that early generative grammar examined many aspects of the syntax of English in great detail, and the insights of that research have influenced how basic linguistic theory looks at the syntax of other languages, especially in terms of how one can argue for particular analyses.
		The influence of generative grammar can be seen in the way that certain constructions in other languages are identified and characterized in ways reminiscent of constructions in English, from cleft constructions to "topicalizations" to reflexive constructions.
		But generative phonology has also influenced basic linguistic theory: language descriptions often find the generative notion of phonological rule useful, and the descriptive tools of more recent phonological theories, especially autosegmental phonology, have proven useful for descriptive linguists.
	wings.buffalo.edu /soc-sci/linguistics/people/faculty/dryer/dryer/blt (715 words)

	THEORIES AND MODELS OF ACCENT
		Generative theory is riddled with quantitative measures of complexity, from underspecification theory and phonological markedness considerations (both informal versions of information theory) and its intellectual grandfather, phonemic theory, all the way to the generative evaluation metric, which proposes a theory of grammar selection based on minimal length of grammar.
		Equation (3), as it stands, deals only with 1:1 phase locking, but it can be generalized to the more general case of M:N phase locking (M, N integers) by dropping the assumption that each oscillator is a "pure tone" (that is, of constant angular velocity) and assuming only that it is periodic.
		Phonology can be a sophisticated descriptive domain, playing by its own rules.
	humanities.uchicago.edu /faculty/goldsmith/MIT_handout/index.htm (1662 words)

	What is basic linguistic theory?
		The influence largely reflects the fact that early generative grammar examined many aspects of the syntax of English in great detail, and the insights of that research have influenced how basic linguistic theory looks at the syntax of other languages, especially in terms of how one can argue for particular analyses.
		The influence of generative grammar can be seen in the way that certain constructions in other languages are identified and characterized in ways reminiscent of constructions in English, from cleft constructions to "topicalizations" to reflexive constructions.
		But generative phonology has also influenced basic linguistic theory: language descriptions often find the generative notion of phonological rule useful, and the descriptive tools of more recent phonological theories, especially autosegmental phonology, have proven useful for descriptive linguists.
	linguistics.buffalo.edu /people/faculty/dryer/dryer/blt (715 words)

	Phonology - Linguistics- University of Connecticut (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Phonology is a subsystem or component of the grammar that accounts for the knowledge permitting language users to store in memory, produce, and understand the perceptible form.
		The phonological system, being a mental system, is abstract and potentially neutral with respect to whether the perceptible form is manifested in speech or sign.
		Our research follows the tradition of generative phonology in accounting for the phonological system in terms of primitives (‘features’), constraints, and parameters that characterize complex constellations of these primitives and (repair) processes, at various levels of representation (lexical, post-lexical).
	www.ucc.uconn.edu /~WWWLING/Phonology.html (155 words)

	From Classical Phonetics to Generative Phonology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-09-06)
		Both were right, of course, in their own ways – but Halle’s position was, for me at any rate, rather stronger: Ladefoged either could not see, or refused to accept, that there is a factual difference between what is happening in the mind and what is happening at the physical level.
		It is perfectly appropriate that this difference should emerge in phonology and phonetics as the sciences respectively responsible for characterising speech at the two levels.
		Although this argument persisted for too long it did serve to trigger the idea among many phoneticians that an appropriate area of research would be the development of a theory able to reconcile the two positions.
	www.essex.ac.uk /speech/teaching-01/206/changes-1.html (383 words)

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