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Topic: Genetic alleles

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allele frequencies

genetic alleles

frequency distribution of alleles

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	Genetic linkage - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Genetic linkage was first discovered by the British geneticists William Bateson and Reginald Punnett shortly after Mendel's laws were rediscovered.
		This distance is called a genetic map unit (m.u.), or a centimorgan and is defined as the distance between genes for which one product of meiosis in 100 is recombinant.
		In this case, called linkage disequilibrium, it is possible to search potential markers in the subpopulation and identify which marker the mutation is close to, thus determining the mutation's location on the map and identifying the gene at which the mutation occurred.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_linkage (793 words)

	Gene - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		During reproduction, the genetic material is passed on from the parent(s) to the offspring.
		Following the discovery that DNA is the genetic material, the growth of biotechnology, and the project to sequence the human genome, the common usage of the word "gene" has increasingly reflected its meaning in molecular biology, namely the segments of DNA which cells transcribe into RNA and translate, at least in part, into proteins.
		The genetic code is essentially the same for all known life, from bacteria to humans.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Gene (2737 words)

	MGI_3.22 - Rules for Nomenclature of Genes, Genetic Markers, Alleles, and Mutations in Mouse and Rat Revised: Jan, ...
		All mutant alleles, whether of spontaneous or induced origin, targeted mutations, gene traps, or transgenics should be submitted to MGD (mouse) or RGD/RatMap (rat) for an allele or gene accession identifier.
		However, a particular allele may be found in several inbred strains, and, furthermore, it may be difficult to establish whether an allele in one strain is identical to one in another.
		In most cases, the alleles should be named according to their strain of origin and symbolized by adding the strain abbreviation as superscript, although for resistance and sensitivity, variants r and s may be used.
	rgd.mcw.edu /nomen_rules.html (7860 words)

	Inbreeding and brood stock management
		Genetic drift is random changes in gene frequency; it is a major factor in evolution and population biology, but most aquaculturists have not heard of it.
		The major damage that is caused by genetic drift occurs when the frequency of an allele goes to 0.0; i.e., the allele is lost and no longer exists in the population.
		Genetic drift has been shown to have robbed an important aquacultured population of Nile tilapia of so many alleles that there was no detectable heterozygosity and there was virtually no heritable variance for growth.
	www.fao.org /docrep/006/x3840e/X3840E05.htm (1482 words)

	What's Driving Evolution; Mutations or Genetic Recombination?
		There are two possible sources of the genetic variability which is required and able to drive evolution; genetic recombination and mutation.
		In contrast, genetic recombination is performed by the cell during the preparation of gametes (sperm, egg, pollen) which are used for sexual reproduction.
		Nevertheless, the genetic changes that the breeders have been isolating are not the result of random mutation, and it is these same type of variations in nature that are attributed to mutation.
	www.nwcreation.net /geneticrecombination.html (1009 words)

	Introduction to Evolutionary Biology
		This allele subsequently increases in frequency to fixation in the population.
		Alleles are added to the gene pool by mutation at the same rate they are lost to drift.
		Population genetics is a field of biology that attempts to measure and explain the levels of genetic variation in populations.
	www.talkorigins.org /faqs/faq-intro-to-biology.html (15764 words)

	AN INTRODUCTION TO EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY BY CHRIS COLBY * INTRODUCTION Evolution is one of
		GENETIC VARIATION ----------------- Bringing about a change in the gene pool assumes that there is genetic variation in the population to begin with, or a way to generate it.
		If an allele "A" mutates to another allele "a", the frequency of "a" has increased from zero to some small number (1/2N in a diploid population where N is the effective population size).
		Most new alleles added to the gene pool are lost almost immediately due to drift or selection; only a small percent ever reach a high frequency in the population.
	www.skepticfiles.org /evolut/evolutfa.htm (8775 words)

	Bio-industry - Xenon Genetics Inc.
		The allele for wrinkled peas is said to be recessive to the allele for smooth peas.
		In any population, all the different alleles for all the genes that members of a given community collectively share are known as the gene pool.
		Human genetic studies with large families in Europe and South Africa who have high occurrences of diabetes are underway in an attempt to identify these genes.
	www.bioteach.ubc.ca /Bio-industry/Xenon (2257 words)

	The Parblue Puzzle - Part 3
		In these circumstances, to say that such and such genes are alleles, or even that one gene is an allele of another, is perhaps a little vague and ambiguous.
		Although there are six genetic types of bird in the table, I have made the assumption that the wild-type allele is fully dominant to both the parblue and blue alleles and also that these latter two alleles are co-dominant with each other.
		It is probably the most simple genetic model capable of this explanation and is the theory, as we shall see later, accepted to be true for each of the Parblue varieties in the budgerigar.
	www.birdhobbyist.com /parrotcolour/parblu03.html (1043 words)

	Zoology 304, Evolution
		Genetic bottlenecks and the founder effect reduce variation through drastic reduction in population size.
		However, most observations in quantitative genetics can in principle be explained by presuming that allelic variation at several independent loci contributes to phenotypic variation, and that phenotypes are additionally affected by environmental (i.e., non-genetic) variation.
		One of the significant challenges for quantitative genetics is distinguishing between that proportion of phenotypic variance [P] which is due to genetic variance [G] and that proportion which is due to environmental variance [E].
	www.science.siu.edu /zoology/king/304/ch04.htm (1249 words)

	Genetic Definitions
		Allele: One of the different forms of a gene or DNA sequence that can exist at a single locus.
		Genetic code: The set of correspondences between nucleotide pair triplets in DNA and amino acids in protein.
		Genetic Markers: Alleles of genes, or DNA polymorphisms, used as experimental probes to keep track of an individual, a tissue, a cell, a nucleus, a chromosome, or a gene.
	www.duerinck.com /define.html (1651 words)

	Evolution of Polygenic Traits
		Since natural selection decreases genetic variation, we would expect low heritability (since heritability is a measure of genetic variation in a population) in many quantitative traits.
		In this situation, loss of genetic variation will be slow, and the loss of variation through selection may be balanced by the creation of genetic variation that occurs through mutation.
		A third situation in which genetic variation may be maintained in quantitative traits occurs if one extreme of a trait has higher fitness at one point in the life or for one reason, but the opposite extreme of the trait has higher fitness in a different context.
	www.utm.edu /departments/cens/biology/rirwin/391/391QuantEvol.htm (2367 words)

	Modeling Population Genetic Data in Autotetraploid Species -- Luo et al. 172 (1): 639 -- Genetics
		to characterize genetic segregation of alleles at genetic marker
		in the population genetics of polyploids is the formation of
		genetic segregation of alleles at genetic marker loci, an autotetraploid
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/172/1/639 (2768 words)

	The Genetics of Meiosis
		Meiosis produces genetic recombination, because each daughter cell is given half of the genetic material as the original dividing cell.
		Dominant alleles are expressed as a capital letter-A and recessive alleles are expressed as a lowercase letter-a.
		Alleles of genetic diseases either code for the wrong protein of lack of protein, but the disease is only displayed when both recessive alles are present (aa).
	www.brown.edu /Courses/BI0032/gentherp/genIB2.html (920 words)

	GENETIC DISEASES; GLOSSARY
		Alleles: Alternative forms of a genetic locus; a single allele for each locus is inherited separately from each parent (e.g., at a locus for eye color the allele might result in blue or brown eyes).
		Genetic code: The sequence of nucleotides, coded in triplets (codons) along the mRNA, that determines the sequence of amino acids in protein synthesis.
		Genome: All the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism; its size is generally given as its total number of base pairs.
	www.bioscience.org /atlases/disease/genedis/glossary.htm (3886 words)

	The Parblue Puzzle - Part 4
		The wild-type allele is dominant to all the others, which are themselves co-dominant with each other.
		This suggests not only that the marine and lavender genes are alleles (different forms) of the same wild-type gene, but also that neither is fully dominant to the other; that they are co-dominant.
		Although the terminology used is suspect, it is clear that in the last two paragraphs a multiple allelic series of three genes is being discussed in which the whiteface is recessive to the paleface, which in turn is recessive to the wild-type.
	ourworld.compuserve.com /homepages/clivehesford/parblu04.html (2563 words)

	A Marker-Based Approach to Broadening the Genetic Base of Rice in the USA -- Xu et al. 44 (6): 1947 -- Crop Science
		was identified that embodied 95% of RFLP and 74% of SSR alleles.
		One was a 25-kb XbaI allele at locus CDO202 on chromosome 5,
		Genetic diversity among East Asian accessions of the barley core collection as revealed by six isozyme loci.
	crop.scijournals.org /cgi/content/full/44/6/1947 (5759 words)

	Effect of E(sev) and Su(Raf) Hsp83 Mutants and Trans-heterozygotes on Bristle Trait Means and Variation in Drosophila ...
		The two different genetic backgrounds are indicated by open and shaded bars.
		The two different genetic backgrounds are indicated by open and shaded bars, while the trans-heterozygote cross is indicated by a patterned bar.
		allele on the thoracic bristle phenotype disappears in the trans-heterozygotes;
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/171/1/119 (4356 words)

	Genetic Analysis of Inherited Hypertension in the Rat -- Rapp 80 (1): 135 -- Physiological Reviews
		for genetic dissection of the causes of inherited hypertension.
		A is a quantitative trait locus (QTL) with alleles A
		Logarithm of the odds favoring linkage of BP to genetic markers (LOD plot) is shown for the same data as in Figure 2.
	physrev.physiology.org /cgi/content/full/80/1/135 (10257 words)

	Additive genetic effects definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Additive genetic effects definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Additive genetic effects: A mechanism of quantitative inheritance such that the combined effects of genetic alleles at two or more gene loci are equal to the sum of their individual effects.
		MedicineNet does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=25508 (81 words)

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