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Topic: Genetic engineering

	Genetic engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		An iconic image of genetic engineering; this "autoluminograph" from 1986 of a glowing transgenic tobacco plant bearing the luciferase gene of the firefly, illustrating the possibilities of genetic engineering.
		Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM) and gene splicing are terms for the process of manipulating genes, usually outside the organism's normal reproductive process.
		Many opponents of current genetic engineering believe the increasing use of GM in major crops has caused a power shift in agriculture towards Biotechnology companies, which are gaining excessive control over the production chain of crops and food, and over the farmers that use their products, as well.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_engineering (2248 words)

	Learn more about Genetic engineering in the online encyclopedia. (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Many opponents of the use of the term 'genetic engineering' argue the operations of genes in combination with cell biochemistry are rather poorly understood and sometimes lead to unexpected side effects.
		Defenders of the term genetic engineering argue that animal husbandry and crop breeding are also forms of genetic engineering that use articial selection instead of modern genetic modification techniques.
		Genetic engineering proponents argue that the technology is harmless and necessary for food production to continue to match population growth.
	www.onlineencyclopedia.org /g/ge/genetic_engineering.html (1624 words)

	genetic engineering - Hutchinson encyclopedia article about genetic engineering
		The process of genetic engineering involves several steps: the formation of DNA fragments, the insertion of DNA fragments into a vector plasmid, cloning of the plasmid, use of the plasmid to introduce the DNA into the organism, and expression of the gene.
		In genetic engineering, the splicing and reconciliation of genes is used to increase knowledge of cell function and reproduction, but it can also achieve practical ends.
		Genetic engineering can be used in disease diagnosis by the use of gene probes or engineered antibodies to identify if a person has a particular gene connected with disease.
	encyclopedia.farlex.com /genetic+engineering (1283 words)

	Human genetic engineering - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		The distinguishing characteristic of somatic engineering is that it is non-inheritable, e.g.
		The potential of genetic engineering to cure medical conditions opens the question of exactly what such a condition is. Some advocates, known as immortalists (ie the methuselah foundation), see aging and death as medical conditions and engineering problems to be solved.
		The metaphysical (or "spiritual") implications of genetically engineered humans are vast in scope; e.g., were individual personality shown to be exclusively the result of genetic information acted upon by the environment, the concepts of the human soul and free will could be proven specious.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Human_genetic_engineering (2405 words)

	Genetic Engineering Report - Genetic Engineering - Sierra Club
		Genetic engineering is not bound by these limits in the possible exchanges of genes that can be made to occur using its techniques, which include the use of viruses as "vectors" to move foreign genes into host organisms.
		Genetic engineering should be considered an environmentally dangerous technology that is breaking down the barriers that have protected the integrity of species for millions of years.
		The Genetic Engineering Committee believes that genetically engineered farm crops are wrongly given the benefit of the doubt in the regulatory process, and that, under the precautionary principle, they should not be released into the environment or allowed to be part of the food supply.
	www.sierraclub.org /biotech/report.asp (3886 words)

	Genetic Engineering in Agriculture by Ariana Kissam - Rural America / In Motion Magazine
		Genetically engineered agricultural products were released on the market without a fair and open process to assess the risks on human health and the environment or the social and economic risks to farmers and rural communities.
		Genetic engineering empowers corporate agribusiness to accelerate capital and chemical intensive agriculture at the expense of family farmers and rural communities around the world, increases corporate concentration in agriculture, and poses unknown risks to the safety and security of the food supply.
		Genetically engineered seeds increase costs to farmers, have failed to perform as promised by corporate agribusiness, and, in some cases, yields have been lower and crops engineered to be herbicide tolerant have required increased use of herbicides manufactured by the corporations that market the seeds.
	www.inmotionmagazine.com /nfrel.html (1374 words)

	Genetic Engineering in Agriculture
		Genetic engineers also intend to produce a rice variety rich in iron, because iron-deficiency anemia is a common problem in the same rural populations.
		Genetic engineers have transferred genes for pest resistance and herbicide resistance into aspen and have tinkered with the genetic switches that promote growth to create a fast growing aspen that could supply our paper needs using considerably less land.
		Also, after a genetic engineer has created a useful new variety of plant with both useful genes and marker genes it is possible to eliminate the marker genes from future generations of the plant using conventional cross-breeding.
	members.tripod.com /c_rader0/gemod.htm (19037 words)

	Reference.com/Encyclopedia/Genetic engineering
		Genetic engineering, genetic modification (GM), and gene splicing (once in widespread use but now deprecated) are terms for the process of manipulating genes in an organism, usually outside the organism's normal reproductive process.
		Proponents of genetic engineering argue that the technology is safe, and that it is necessary in order to maintain food production that will continue to match population growth.
		Proponents say that genetically engineered crops are not significantly different from those modified by nature or humans in the past, and by extension are as safe or even safer than such methods.
	www.reference.com /browse/wiki/Genetic_engineering (1674 words)

	Genetic Engineering for non-scientists - introduction to genetic engineering for patenting genes and biotechnology
		Genetic Engineering is the heritable, directed alteration of an organism.
		Genetic engineering is performed by modifying an organism's own DNA or introducing new DNA to perform desired functions.
		Genetic engineering is the most powerful and least understood tool for biotechnology, and is the focus of these pages.
	www.dnapatent.com /science (105 words)

	Dangers of Genetic Engineering—Campaign for mandatory labeling of genetically engineered food
		Genetic engineering is the largest food experiment in the history of the world.
		There are about 40 varieties of genetically engineered crop approved for marketing in the U.S. As a result, 60-70% of the foods on your grocery shelves contain genetically engineered (GE) components.
		Genetically engineered foods contain substances that have never been a part of the human food supply.
	www.safe-food.org (110 words)

	GENETIC ENGINEERING (FDA Consumer Reprint)
		Genetic engineering already is improving lives in areas such as disease diagnostics and treatments, but at the moment it is a fledgling economic force in the commercial food business.
		To help assure the public that this system will work as well for genetically engineered foods as it has for the 30,000 products that can be found in the typical supermarket, FDA encourages firms to provide the agency with a summary of their assessment of the food's safety and nutritional makeup.
		The first genetically engineered whole product went on the market in May 1994 when FDA determined that a new tomato that can be shipped vine-ripened without rotting rapidly is as safe as other commercial tomatoes.
	www.fda.gov /bbs/topics/CONSUMER/geneng.html (2623 words)

	Page Title (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		The possibility of altering an individual's genetic makeup to cure or prevent cancer, for instance, is an enticing one that should be investigated, but with the greatest possible care because the ultimate effects on the individual and society are unknown.
		Organic farmers and gardeners protested the takeover of American seed companies by chemical companies which promote varieties genetically engineered to be resistant to the weedkillers they manufacture and are more likely to require the use of the pesticides they produce, all extensively tested on animals, of course.
		For the purpose of manipulating, replicating and transferring genes, genetic engineers make use of recombined versions of precisely those genetic parasites causing diseases including cancers and others that carry and spread virulence genes and antibiotic resistance genes.
	www.linkny.com /~civitas/page58.html (1102 words)

	What is Genetic Engineering? - An elementary introduction for the layman
		In genetic engineering, one gene or most commonly, a set of a few genes is taken out of the DNA of one organism and inserted into the DNA of another organism.
		A second fundamental difference is that, in genetic engineering, special constructs of genetic material derived from viruses and bacteria are added to the "desired gene".
		So technically, genetic engineering is an unnatural insertion of a foreign sequence of genetic codes in the midst of the orderly sequence of genetic codes of the recipient, developed through millions of years.
	www.psrast.org /whatisge.htm (1498 words)

	Human Cloning and Genetic Engineering
		Genetic Manipulation, the current state of the art in genetic engineering.
		Genetic Manipulations are becoming common as a means of genetic engineering.
		The genetic code itself is probably random, and there are rare occurences of non-standard genetic codes still found on earth, such as in the DNA of some cellular organelles and certain bacteria.
	www.biofact.com /cloning (1767 words)

	Genetic Engineering
		Germline engineering would have the distinct disadvantage, however, that its genetic modifications would be applied to the first cell of the embryo and hence (unlike somatic engineering) could not possibly be used to address problems later in adults.
		Two stages of the germline are suitable for genetic engineering, the released egg, (before or after fertilization with sperm (when it is known as a Zygote) and cells at the developmental stage of blastomeres, which are the cells into which the egg divides during cleavage.
		Geneticists are rapidly expanding their bag of techniques for genetic engineering and their knowledge about the genetic basis of disease.
	www.ess.ucla.edu /huge/genetic.html (1112 words)

	S/R 20: Ethical Dangers of Genetic Engineering
		You may be genetically engineered to be an enhanced clone of one of your parents, or of a celebrity whose genetic heritage your parents have purchased at great price.
		When genetically engineered organisms are released into the environment, they put us all at risk, not just their creators.
		This [genetic engineering] is a matter far too important to be left solely in the hands of the scientific and medical communities.
	www.greens.org /s-r/20/20-01.html (1703 words)

	Say no to genetic engineering \| Greenpeace International
		Genetic engineering enables scientists to create plants, animals and micro-organisms by manipulating genes in a way that does not occur naturally.
		Their release is 'genetic pollution' and is a major threat because GMOs cannot be recalled once released into the environment.
		Maize has been genetically engineered (GE) in a number of ways to produce different types of GE maize, including pharm GE maize types, which produce pharmaceuticals in the plant.
	www.greenpeace.org /~geneng (800 words)

	Genetic Engineering
		'Genetic engineering' or genetic manipulation as it should properly be called, relies essentially on the ability to manipulate molecules in vitro.
		In fact, the genetic code is not completely universal - there are minor differences in the codons which are recognised and used by different groups of organisms, e.g.
		A list of some of the products produced by genetic engineering is given elsewhere, but this is expanding very rapidly and new products of great medical, agricultural, environmental and industrial importance are constantly being produced by this route.
	www-micro.msb.le.ac.uk /109/GeneticEngineering.html (986 words)

	Genetic Engineering Methods
		The methods often used by genetic engineers are many and varied, but generally fall under one of three categories: the plasmid method, the vector method, and the biolistic method.
		The first technique of genetic engineering, the plasmid method, is the most familiar technique of the three, and is generally used for altering microorganisms such as bacteria.
		Many people strongly object to the plasmid method of genetic engineering because they fear that the engineered plasmids will be transferred into other bacteria which would cause problems if they expressed the gene.
	library.thinkquest.org /C004367/be9.shtml (1064 words)

	BBC - Religion & Ethics - Genetic Engineering (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-21)
		Genetic engineering is a subject for debate througthout the world and especially for religious communities where faith experts apply ancient laws and principals to cutting edge science.
		Partly because their community has an obvious application for the technology since there's a particular genetic disease, Tay Sachs, that targets some types of Jewish people and partly because Jewish law, Halakha, has examined medical issues in great depth throughout history.
		It's also a painful subject for the Jewish community, not just because of the suffering of individuals, but because false genetic and eugenic arguments were used to justify the Holocaust in which over 6 million Jews were murdered.
	www.bbc.co.uk /religion/ethics/issues/genetic_engineering/index.shtml (268 words)

	Global Action for a Global Problem
		Swedes protest against genetically modified organisms in their food and animal feed.
		Washington, DC, United States — To protect the public's health and prevent the contamination of the environment, we are confronting genetic engineering everywhere we can, be it along the export routes or along the food chain.
		In the spring of 2004, we coordinated activities around the world to highlight the continuing scandal of genetically engineered ingredients in our food, without our knowledge or consent.
	www.greenpeace.org /usa/news/global-action-for-a-global-pro (392 words)

	Welcome to GEN
		Genetic Engineering is now a hot topic within campaigning circles throughout the UK and indeed world-wide.
		One of the most exciting things about the wider campaign against genetic engineering is the number of groups active on varying levels.
		The Genetic Engineering Network (GEN) was set up in early 1997 to achieve these aims and exists as a clearing house for information.
	www.dmac.co.uk /gen.html (587 words)

	What is Genetic Engineering?
		Genetic engineering is a laboratory technique used by scientists to change the DNA of living organisms.
		Genetic engineers believe they can improve the foods we eat by doing this.
		Scientists identified a particular gene which enables a flounder to resist cold and used the technology of genetic engineering to insert this 'anti-freeze' gene into a tomato.
	www.safe-food.org /-issue/ge.html (243 words)

	GEENOR: Genetic Engineering Organization
		genetic engineering with humans is going to occur whether we like it or not
		Genetic engineering in science-fiction : movies and TV shows - new major movie, where genetics is used: Terminator 3 movie, playing now in cinemas.
		Quotations related to genetics, evolution and genetic engineering
	www.geneticengineering.org (356 words)

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