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Topic: Genetic information

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	Genetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Within organisms, genetic information generally is carried in chromosomes, where it is represented in the chemical structure of particular DNA molecules.
		An important area within molecular genetics is the use of molecular information to determine the patterns of descent, and therefore the correct scientific classification of organisms: this is called molecular systematics.
		The foundational discipline is population genetics which studies the distribution of and change in allele frequencies of genes under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and migration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetics (1545 words)

	Genetic Information and the Workplace (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		In addition, because an individual’s genetic information has implications for his or her family members and future generations, misuse of genetic information could have intergenerational effects that are far broader than any individual incident of misuse.
		Genetic screening can also be used to detect the presence of genetically determined traits that render an employee susceptible, or “hypersusceptible,” to a certain disease if exposed to specific environmental factors or substances that may be present in the workplace.
		Genetic predisposition or conditions can lead to workplace discrimination, even in cases where workers are healthy and unlikely to develop disease or where the genetic condition has no effect on the ability to perform work.
	www.dol.gov /asp/programs/history/herman/reports/genetics.htm (4562 words)

	genetic information (HIPAA) - Privacy / Data Protection Project (c)2002-2005
		Information carried within the DNA is of a highly sensitive, personal and intimate nature, and therefore protecting that information is of concern to individuals, families and groups.
		Protection of genetic information in the research setting will depend upon whether a researcher or institution is functioning as a provider (a type of covered entity) and whether the provider conducts insurance-related transactions.
		For researcher who are not providers, use and disclosure of genetic information will be affected by HIPAA where the PHI was obtained from a provider who (or an entity which) must comply with the regulation (i.e., is a covered entity or in a business associate relationship with one).
	privacy.med.miami.edu /glossary/xd_genetics_hipaa.htm (580 words)

	genome.gov \| Genetic Information and the Workplace Report
		Such genetic tests identify specific DNA features in people who have already developed a disease, in healthy people who may be at risk of developing a genetic disorder later in life, or in people who are at risk of having a child with an inherited disorder.
		Given the substantial gaps in state and federal protections against employment discrimination based on genetic information, comprehensive federal legislation is needed to ensure that advances in genetic technology and research are used to address the health needs of the nation-and not to deny individuals employment opportunities and benefits.
		Genetic testing and the use of genetic information by employers should be permitted in the following situations to ensure workplace safety and health and to preserve research opportunities.
	www.genome.gov /10001732 (4194 words)

	Should Genetic Information Be Protected?
		In certain cases where the results of genetic testing may impact the patient’s well-being, or in cases where the patient has experienced a traumatic personal experience (such as the death of a close family member) between the time of testing and the time of disclosure, the physician or counselor is justified in withholding test results.
		In domestic relations, genetic information is relevant to predict future health, not merely to determine parentage, as in a child custody dispute where the issue is whether one parent’s predisposition to illness justifies granting custody to the other parent.
		Genetic information is also useful in schools for public health purposes; in commercial enterprises such as mortgage companies, banks, or other lending institutions to predict an individual’s health; in government recommendations to predict future mental health for security clearances or safety-sensitive jobs (Rothstein, 1997).
	www.bc.edu /bc_org/avp/law/st_org/iptf/commentary/content/weiss.html (4799 words)

	Executive Order 13145 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Genetic services means health services, including genetic tests, provided to obtain, assess, or interpret genetic information for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes, or for genetic education or counseling.
		Information about an individual's current health status (including infor-mation about sex, age, physical exams, and chemical, blood, or urine analyses) is not protected genetic information unless it is described in subparagraph (1).
		The employing department or agency shall not maintain protected genetic infor-mation or information about a request for or the receipt of genetic services in general personnel files; such information shall be treated as confidential medical records and kept separate from personnel files.
	www.eeoc.gov /abouteeoc/35th/thelaw/13145.html (1262 words)

	CB102: Mutations adding information
		A mechanism that is likely to be particularly common for adding information is gene duplication, in which a long stretch of DNA is copied, followed by point mutations that change one or both of the copies.
		Genetic sequencing has revealed several instances in which this is likely the origin of some proteins.
		Natural selection is the process by which information about the environment is transferred to an organism's genome and thus to the organism (Adami et al.
	www.talkorigins.org /indexcc/CB/CB102.html (620 words)

	AMA (Professionalism) E-2.136 Genetic Information and the Criminal Justice System
		The release of genetic information from a physician's records without the consent of the patient constitutes a breach of confidentiality.
		The circumstances in which law enforcement may seek a suspect's genetic information from the suspect's physician depend on whether any specific suspect has been identified, and if the suspect is in custody.
		Physicians participating in the creation of genetic databases for the exclusive use of the criminal justice system should ensure that the database is not used inappropriately for purposes other than identification.
	www.ama-assn.org /ama/pub/category/8437.html (418 words)

	Say no to genetic engineering \| Greenpeace International (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Genetic engineering enables scientists to create plants, animals and micro-organisms by manipulating genes in a way that does not occur naturally.
		Their release is 'genetic pollution' and is a major threat because GMOs cannot be recalled once released into the environment.
		For example, the huge expansion of (genetically engineered) soy monoculture in Argentina has resulted in a sharp decline of traditional food crops such as maize and wheat and also in many small farmers being driven from the land1.
	www.greenpeace.org /international/campaigns/genetic-engineering (758 words)

	Bioethics: The Privacy of Genetic Information
		Family members and potential mates, employers, insurers, the press (in the case of a celebrity) and the government all may desire information about a person's genetic endowment, and their interests may have nothing to do with -- or be antithetical to -- the welfare of the proband.
		One issue that arises is whether a physician or other health professional providing genetic testing services should be permitted without the patient's consent or over their objection to reveal test results (or even the fact that a patient has sought genetic counseling or testing) to third parties.
		The rule is no different than for medical information in general: confidential information that can be linked to an identifiable patient should be disclosed without the patient's authorization only when necessary to protect third parties from harm or when disclosure is compelled by law (e.g., reporting HIV test results to public health officials).
	www.thedoctorwillseeyounow.com /articles/bioethics/geneticinfo_1 (1160 words)

	genome.gov \| Genetics FAQ
		A genetic disorder is a disease caused in whole or in part by a "variation" (an unusual form) or "mutation" (alteration) of a gene.
		Genetics counselors are health care professionals with specialized graduate degrees and experience in medical genetics and counseling.
		Genetic counselors work as members of health care teams providing information and support to individuals or families who have genetic disorders or may be at risk for inherited conditions.
	www.genome.gov /10001191 (2142 words)

	Genetic weapons: a 21st-century nightmare?
		Similarly, genetic testing for predisposition to a range of illnesses could become feasible, and by using what is known as gene therapy doctors would be able to replace deficient genes or repair defective ones.
		Genetic information is already being used in some countries to “improve” biological weapons, e.g.
		The fact is that genetic research which develops specific therapeutic agents is scientifically indistinguishable from research to develop a lethal or disabling agent targeted at specific clusters of genes in an ethnic group.
	www.unesco.org /courier/1999_03/uk/ethique/txt1.htm (2020 words)

	Gene -- Facts, Info, and Encyclopedia article (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The (The ordering of nucleotides in DNA molecules that carries the genetic information in living cells) genetic code determines the sequence of the amino acids that make up a protein.
		These organisms are called ((genetics) an organism or cell having two sets of chromosomes or twice the haploid number) diploid if they have two copies, or ((genetics) an organism or cell having more than twice the haploid number of chromosomes) polyploid if they have more than two copies.
		The existence of genes was first suggested by (Augustinian monk and botanist whose experiments in breeding garden peas led to his eventual recognition as founder of the science of genetics (1822-1884)) Gregor Mendel, who studied inheritance in pea plants and hypothesized a factor that conveys traits from parent to offspring.
	www.absoluteastronomy.com /encyclopedia/g/ge/gene.htm (2839 words)

	Genetic Counseling
		Genetic counselors are health professionals with specialized graduate degrees and experience in the areas of medical genetics and counseling.
		Genetic counselors work as members of a healthcare team, providing information and support to families who have members with birth defects or genetic disorders and to families who may be at risk for a variety of inherited conditions.
		Genetic counselors also provide supportive counseling to families, serve as patient advocates, and refer individuals and families to community or state support services.
	ornl.gov /sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/genecounseling.shtml (629 words)

	SHRM urges caution on genetic discrimination legislation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		The Oct. 18 meeting of the HHS advisory committee was dominated by presenters urging a strong legislative response to the threat of genetic bias.
		“Should a new federal genetic discrimination law be enacted, it is essential that it is developed to reflect the requirements and protections of existing employment statutes and that it not conflict with current laws or disrupt existing nondiscriminatory practices,” he said.
		Under the ADA, he said, medical information may be used to determine if an employee has an impairment, and medical data is often “an integral part of determining a reasonable accommodation of disabled employees.” Yet some proposals would bar employers from having that information.
	www.shrm.org /hrnews_published/archives/CMS_010065.asp (874 words)

	Genetic Disease Information
		A genetic disorder is a disease caused by abnormalities in an individual’s genetic material (genome).
		With specialized backgrounds in medical genetics and counseling, genetic counselors work with medical personnel (usually M.D. Medical Geneticists) to give information, answer questions, and offer support to persons and families who have genetic disorders, are undergoing gene testing, or may be at risk for inheriting genetic disorders.
		If you are tested for or diagnosed with a genetic disorder and this information becomes a part of your medical record, insurance companies, employers, and other agencies mat be able to access this information.
	www.ornl.gov /sci/techresources/Human_Genome/medicine/assist.shtml (2023 words)

	MASSMED \| New State Genetic Privacy Act
		Obtain the required written consents both to conduct a genetic test and to release the test results to anyone other than the patient (patient consent to a genetic test must include a representation that the physician provided information to the patient about the reliability of the test and the availability of genetic counseling).
		Understand that genetic testing may affect a patient's ability to obtain disability, long-term care and life insurance because insurers may ask whether an individual has had genetic testing.
		The new law contains a specific definition of protected “genetic information.” Although a family history is not included in the definition, it is important that physicians be aware when a family history reveals information from the protected results of a genetic test.
	www.massmed.org /AM/Template.cfm?Section=Home&CONTENTID=6063&TEMPLATE=/CM/HTMLDisplay.cfm (434 words)

	National Society of Genetic Counselors, Inc. - Careers (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Genetic counselors work as members of a health care team, providing information and support to families who have members with birth defects or genetic disorders and to families who may be at risk for a variety of inherited conditions.
		Membership information is collected yearly in October, while a detailed Professional Status Survey is taken in even years.
		The predominant undergraduate majors of genetic counselors are: biology/biosciences, psychology, genetics and nursing.
	www.nsgc.org /careers/index.asp (815 words)

	Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center - Office of Rare Diseases (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Established by the National Human Genome Research Institute (NHGRI) and the Office of Rare Diseases (ORD), the Genetic and Rare Diseases Information Center employs experienced information specialists to answer in English or Spanish questions from the general public, including patients and their families, health care professionals and biomedical researchers.
		Information on 20 specific genetic disorders (most of which are rare,) including Charcot-Marie-Tooth, Huntington's, Parkinson's, Progeria and Tay-Sachs.
		Provides information about participation in clinical trials, glossary of clinical trial terms, and links to general information on clinical trials.
	rarediseases.info.nih.gov /html/resources/info_cntr.html (317 words)

	Adoption, Birthparents, and Genetic Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		By knowing that there is a genetic predisposition, it may even be possible to prevent the onset of certain conditions.
		Although experts agree that updating medical information in the files of adopted children is extremely important, this procedure is rarely done.
		If you have new information to pass on to your child, you can contact the agency through which the child was placed, ask your physician to contact the agency, or ask about the rules in your state by contacting the National Adoption Information Clearinghouse (NAIC), a government resource on all aspects of adoption.
	www.genetichealth.com /Resources_Birthparents_and_Genetic_Information.shtml (1283 words)

	Genetic Alliance – Advocacy, Education & Empowerment
		The Genetics Services Branch of the Health Resources and Services Administration, Department of Health and Human Services, has funded the development of a non-medically based family history tool.
		Genetic Alliance has received a Centers for Disease Control (CDC) Cooperative Agreement Award to develop the Single Gene Resource Network.
		This fall, building off the momentum of the summer, the Coalition for Genetic Fairness continues working with lawmakers to ensure passage of the Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act (H.R.1227).
	www.geneticalliance.org (245 words)

	Genetic Disorder :: Lorenzo's oil for debilitating disease adrenoleukodystrophy (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Health is a unity and harmony within the mind, body and spirit which is unique to each person, and is as defined by that person.
		Treatment of boys with X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy (ALD) with Lorenzo's oil (LO) reduced their risk of developing the severe debilitating form of the disease, according to a study in the July issue of the Archives of Neurology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.
		The course of the disease results in a number of different manifestations [phenotypes], according to background information in the article.
	www.spiritindia.com /health-care-news-article-1203.html (719 words)

	Genetic Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Each pair of genes determines the genotype for a different characteristic although it may not be visible.
		This classification is made on the basis of genetic formulas.
		Phenotype - The composition of visible, genetically determined characteristics (such as color) which may appear alike, but which may differ in genetic makeup.
	www.mutationchinchillas.com /genetic_information.htm (816 words)

	Help/Information for CENSOR - GIRI
		Positives are pairs of bases that produce positive scores in the alignment matrix.
		This information is particularly useful for estimating the quality of protein alignments.
		Genetic Information Research Institute and its employees are not liable for any and all losses or damages (real or perceived) associated directly or indirectly with the application of this server and/or software.
	www.girinst.org /Censor_Server.html (448 words)

	In the Beginning: Compelling Evidence for Creation and the Flood - 33. Genetic Information
		The genetic information in the DNA of each human cell is roughly equivalent to a library of 4,000 books.
		Even if matter and life (perhaps a bacterium) somehow arose, the probability that mutations and natural selection produced this vast amount of information is essentially zero.
		S: “The work I do in genetic research is honorable.
	www.creationscience.com /onlinebook/LifeSciences38.html (736 words)

	Genomics\|Links\|Genetics Databases
		This information is collected from original articles in the literature or from the proceedings of Human Gene Mapping and Single Chromosome Workshop.
		The free, searchable database currently focuses on the following subject areas: genetic testing and counseling; insurance and employment discrimination, newborn screening; privacy of genetic information and confidentiality; informed consent; and commercialization and patenting.
		The aim of this database is to provide brief, up-to-date information for medical professionals on the genetic basis of disease and its public health implications.
	www.cdc.gov /genomics/info/database.htm (979 words)

	Genetic Information About Baldness - Quality Hair Loss Resources (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-29)
		Scientific information on the cloning and genetic engineering of human hair plus updates on various aspects of male pattern baldness.
		Pattern baldness is genetically determined, but it's not a simple issue.
		Offers genetic information about baldness, genetics behind baldness and male pattern baldness disease.
	hairloss.inquirynet.com /genetic-information-about-baldness.html (236 words)

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