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	Genetics - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Genetics (from the Greek genno γεννώ= give birth) is the science of genes, heredity, and the variation of organisms.
		The word "genetics" was first suggested to describe the study of inheritance and the science of variation by the prominent British scientist William Bateson in a personal letter to Adam Sedgwick, dated April 18, 1905.
		The foundational discipline is population genetics which studies the distribution of and change in allele frequencies of genes under the influence of the four evolutionary forces: natural selection, genetic drift, mutation and migration.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetics (2007 words)

	Genetic Interactions Between the RhoA and Stubble-stubbloid Loci Suggest a Role for a Type II Transmembrane Serine ...
		Genetic Interactions Between the RhoA and Stubble-stubbloid Loci Suggest a Role for a Type II Transmembrane Serine Protease in Intracellular Signaling During Drosophila Imaginal Disc Morphogenesis -- Bayer et al.
		Sb-sbd mutations interact genetically with mutant alleles of
		, A., and J., 1988 Interaction of the Stubble-stubbloid locus and the Broad-Complex of Drosophila melanogaster.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/165/3/1417 (6595 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| Synthetic lethal analysis of Caenorhabditis elegansposterior embryonic patterning genes ...
		Forward and reverse genetic screens in flies and worms indicate that most genes are not essential to the development or viability of the organism [1-4].
		The pattern of interactions defining the muscle module suggests that hlh-1 is the most essential of the three genes, or that its function is the most potent, and hnd-1 the least (Figure 3), a model that accounts for the reported lack of genetic interaction between heterozygous hlh-1 and homozygous hnd-1 mutations [25].
		Interactions among and between vertebrate myogenic bHLH and MADS-box regulators is likely to be the result of cooperative activation of common target genes as well as their ability to activate each other transcriptionally [28-30].
	genomebiology.com /2005/6/5/R45 (3501 words)

	PA-03-141: GENE-ENVIRONMENT INTERACTIONS INFLUENCING ALCOHOL-RELATED PHENOTYPES AND DISEASES
		Several genetic factors have been associated with alcohol-related behaviors, alcohol-induced birth defects, and alcohol-induced organ damage; however, the role of environmental factors in modifying the risk of developing alcohol abuse, alcoholism, and/or organ damage remains undefined.
		Genetic factors leading to differential risk for alcoholism were demonstrated using twin and family studies.
		The dynamic multi-level interactions between genetic and environmental components are responsible for the heterogeneity and complexity of alcohol dependence phenotypes.
	grants.nih.gov /grants/guide/pa-files/PA-03-141.html (3125 words)

	BioMed Central \| Full text \| Commensurate distances and similar motifs in genetic congruence and protein interaction ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Genetic congruence is superior to genetic interaction in prediction of protein interactions and function associations.
		It has been suggested that the current genetic interaction network is at least four times denser than the protein interaction network; genetic interactions are significantly more abundant between physically interacting proteins and the number of common genetic neighbors between two genes correlates with a known protein-protein interaction [6].
		Genetic interactions from the high throughput study [6] were reported as an interaction between the query gene and the target gene.
	www.biomedcentral.com /1471-2105/6/270 (6262 words)

	Genome Biology \| Full text \| A strategy for extracting and analyzing large-scale quantitative epistatic interaction data
		Genetic (or epistatic) interactions, which describe the extent to which a mutation in one gene modulates the phenotype associated with altering a second gene, have long been used as a tool to investigate the relationship between pairs of genes participating in common or compensatory biological pathways [1,2].
		The structure of this network of genetic interactions contains information that will be critical for understanding cellular function, the interplay between genotypes and drug efficacy, as well as aspects of the process of evolution, such as the maintenance of sexual reproduction [8,9].
		From the two distributions (scores arising from interacting gene pairs and scores arising from noninteracting gene pairs), we computed the approximate fraction of observations at each average S score that were due to real genetic interactions (Figure 4c).
	genomebiology.com /2006/7/7/R63 (7424 words)

	Albert Ellingboe
		The information on the genetics of avirulence/virulence of the pathogen is used to identify the several classes of genes for resistance/susceptibility of the rice plants.
		Genetic analysis of avirulence/virulence of an isolate of Magnaporthe grisea from a rice field in Texas.
		Genetic interactions in Magnaporthe grisea that affect cultivar specific avirulence/virulence on rice.
	www.genetics.wisc.edu /faculty/profile.php?id=112 (316 words)

	Mendelian Genetics
		The interactions of the two genes which control comb type was revealed because we could identify and recognize the 9:3:3:1.
		Other genetic interactions were identified because the results of crossing two dihybrids produced a modified Mendelian ratio.
		Because the action of the dominant D allele masks the genes at the K locus, this interaction is termed dominant suppression epistasis.
	www.ndsu.nodak.edu /instruct/mcclean/plsc431/mendel/mendel6.htm (849 words)

	Systematic interpretation of genetic interactions using protein networks - Nature Biotechnology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Genetic interaction analysis,in which two mutations have a combined effect not exhibited by either mutation alone, is a powerful and widespread tool for establishing functional linkages between genes.
		Using a probabilistic model, we found that 1,922 genetic interactions are significantly associated with either between- or within-pathway explanations encoded in the physical networks, covering
		These models predict new functions for 343 proteins and suggest that between-pathway explanations are better than within-pathway explanations at interpreting genetic interactions identified in systematic screens.
	www.nature.com /nbt/journal/v23/n5/abs/nbt1096.html (218 words)

	Lab for Evolutionary Genetics
		In my research I strive to understand the evolutionary genetics of complex characters, with a special focus given to the evolution and genetics of early development and to characters involved in social interactions.
		Epistasis (gene interactions or genetic non-additivity) occurs when the effect of a gene on the phenotype is dependent upon the allelic state at other loci.
		Interacting phenotypes and the evolutionary process I: Indirect genetic effects and the evolution of social interactions.
	www.evolutionarygenetics.org (730 words)

	SGD Help: Phenotypes and Genetic Interactions
		synthetic interactions (in which a double or multiple mutant strain has a phenotype different from the phenotypes of isogenic strains carrying the individual mutations) are the only type of genetic interaction stored in SGD.
		Currently, genetic interactions in SGD are individually curated from the primary literature by SGD curators (indicated as 'SGD'), or obtained from the MIPS Comprehensive Yeast Genome Database (indicated as 'MIPS').
		If there are more than 30 genetic interactions for a given gene, a Navigation bar appears at the top and the bottom of the Genetic interactions table, to facilitate browsing and sorting of the entire list of interactions.
	www.yeastgenome.org /help/PhenoGenIntDetailsHelp.html (1079 words)

	Epistasis - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Epistasis and genetic interaction refer to the same phenomenon; however, epistasis is widely used in population genetics and refers especially to the statistical properties of the phenomenon.
		Understanding whether the majority of genetic interactions are synergistic or antagonistic will help solve such problems as the evolution of sex.
		Genetic interactions, however, can conceal the ratio, and make it appear to be something other.
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_interactions (574 words)

	Team 37: Signal Transduction in C. elegans (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Almost all genetic diseases are complex, arising from the combined effect of mutations in multiple different genes.
		However, we are currently unable to predict how multiple mutations interact to give disease since only a minute fraction of all genetic interactions have been tested in any animal.
		To this point, we have identified genetic interactions that modulate the development of a well-understood tissue, the vulva; have carried out exploratory screens to identify interactions affecting development more broadly; and constructed a computational framework for predicting new genetic interactions.
	www.sanger.ac.uk /Teams/Team37 (1031 words)

	Complex Traits In Yeast
		We have two goals: to know the number and types of polymorphisms causing natural phenotypic variation, and to understand the molecular basis of genetic interactions (epistasis).
		We are using a combination of functional genomics and quantitative genetics to identify the naturally occurring sequence polymorphisms causing differences in sporulation efficiency.
		We hope to gain an understanding of the genetic architecture of this trait that is sufficient to quantitatively predict the effects of allelic combinations we have not previously observed.
	www.genetics.wustl.edu /bclab/complex_traits.htm (204 words)

	Genetic Makeup: Factors Affecting Response to Drugs: Merck Manual Home Edition
		Differences in genetic (inherited) makeup among individuals affect what the body does to a drug and what the drug does to the body.
		The study of genetic differences in the response to drugs is called pharmacogenetics.
		Because of their genetic makeup, some people process (metabolize) drugs slowly; as a result, a drug may accumulate in the body, causing toxicity.
	www.merck.com /mmhe/sec02/ch013/ch013b.html (456 words)

	Patrick Phillips, Evolution of Genetic Networks (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		There is overwhelming evidence from molecular biology that genetic interactions are prevelent in biological systems.
		Another area where gene interactions are important is in the genetics of speciation.
		Along these lines, we have shown that a particular type of interaction, synthetic deleterious loci (SDL) can potentially achieve very high frequencies in natural popluations, although they probably do not generate much reproductive isolation because of the potential for the most advantageous genotypes to be regenerated via recombination.
	darkwing.uoregon.edu /~pphil/interactions.html (196 words)

	Penn State Genetics - Faculty
		Genetics, epigenetics, and genomics of X chromosome inactivation in human and mouse.
		Geiser, David M. Molecular population genetics and systematics of fungi, particularly cosmopolitan Ascomycetes that exist both as pathogens and saprobes.
		Reese, Joseph C. Molecular and genetic analysis of UV resistance pathways in eukaryotes.
	www.genetics.psu.edu:16080 /faculty.html (725 words)

	IU Biology Faculty: Michael Wade
		Although coordinated gene interactions (epistasis) are ubiquitous in development of all complex adaptations, epistasis has not yet been incorporated into evolutionary genetic theory.
		The evolutionary genetics of maternal effects not only shares the kin-structure of behavioral evolution but also offers unique opportunities for the evolution of epistatic gene interactions between maternal and offspring genotypes.
		Genetic caste determination in harvester ants: origin and maintenance by cyto-nuclear epistasis.
	www.bio.indiana.edu /facultyresearch/faculty/Wade.html (578 words)

	Genetic Interactions in Eae2 Control Collagen-Induced Arthritis and the CD4+/CD8+ T Cell Ratio -- Karlsson et al. 174 ...
		speculated that the Cia30-Cia26 genetic interactions or the
		Genetic linkage analysis of collagen-induced arthritis in the mouse.
		Genetic control of susceptibility to experimental Lyme arthritis is polygenic and exhibits consistent linkage to multiple loci on chromosome 5 in four independent mouse crosses.
	www.jimmunol.org /cgi/content/full/174/1/533 (5878 words)

	HHMI News: New Recipe for Discovery: An Online Blend of Worms, Flies, Yeast
		In this integration, they used criteria such as whether a pair of genes had identical anatomical expression, produced the same phenotype characteristics when perturbed, or showed similar expression levels when their activity was analyzed in DNA microarrays.
		In both cases, the researchers were able to use the database to correctly predict the genetic interactions that were revealed by experiments in which the researchers knocked out genes in the two biological pathways, said Sternberg.
		One of their future goals is to integrate data from other organisms, such as mice and even plants, and to determine whether the new data improve the predictive capability of their database.
	www.hhmi.org /news/sternberg20060310.html (1314 words)

	Epistatic Interactions between Skin Tumor Modifier Loci in Interspecific (spretus/musculus) Backcross Mice -- Nagase et ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Genetic interaction between Skts1 and Skts5; the average papilloma numbers of four genotypes: Homozygous-Homozygous, Homozygous-Heterozygous, Heterozygous-Homozygous, and Heterozygous-Heterozygous, at Skts1 and Skts5 on chromosomes 7 and 12, are plotted.
		Fijneman R., de Vries S., Jansen R., Demant P. Complex interactions of new quantitative trait loci, Sluc1, Sluc2, Sluc3, and Sluc4, that influence the susceptibility to lung cancer in the mouse..
		Genetic Analysis of Three-dimensional Shape of Mouse Lung Tumors Reveals Eight Lung Tumor Shape-Determining (Ltsd) Loci That Are Associated with Tumor Heterogeneity and Symmetry
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/61/4/1305 (2651 words)

	Environmental Genome Project Research Activities - Statistical Methods for Gene/Environment Interactions and Genetic ...
		Geneticists have proposed using cases and their parents (case-parents triads) to study genetic effects on disease risk while overcoming the problem of population stratification or admixture.
		If a population consists of a number of distinct subpopulations that differ in baseline disease rates and in the frequency of a genetic variant, case-control studies may find associations between the variant and disease that arise simply because of the differing characteristics of the subpopulations.
		We have previously demonstrated the efficacy of case-parent designs for studying both genetic effects and gene-environment interactions (although they are not able to study purely environmental or exposure effects).
	www.niehs.nih.gov /envgenom/abstract/z0145002.htm (201 words)

	Genetic Interactions between TFIIS and the Swi-Snf Chromatin-Remodeling Complex -- Davie and Kane 20 (16): 5960 -- ...
		Genetic Interactions between TFIIS and the Swi-Snf Chromatin-Remodeling Complex -- Davie and Kane 20 (16): 5960 -- Molecular and Cellular Biology
		Genetic Interactions between TFIIS and the Swi-Snf Chromatin-Remodeling Complex
		Genetic analysis of the mitotic transmission of minichromosomes.
	mcb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/20/16/5960 (5935 words)

	Quantitative Trait Loci for Life Span in Drosophila melanogaster: Interactions With Genetic Background and Larval ...
		interactions that were cross- and density-specific (Table 3).
		Values shown are the mean life spans of lines of a particular QTL genotype in the genetic background of another QTL.
		(C) The significant interaction between the marker genotypes at 50D and 76B in the cross to the 2b strain in low density.
	www.genetics.org /cgi/content/full/155/4/1773 (7521 words)

	First evidence that complex genetic interactions account for autism risk (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		Using a novel analysis of the interactions among related genes, Duke University Medical Center researchers have uncovered some of the first evidence that complex genetic interactions account for autism risk.
		The analytical method applied by the researchers allowed them to rigorously test for the role of such gene combinations in autism for the first time, she said.
		One of the most heritable of complex genetic disorders in neuropsychiatry, autism is characterized by impairments in social interaction and communication and restricted and repetitive patterns of interest or behavior.
	www.news-medical.net /?id=12239 (986 words)

	Age-Specific Changes in Epistatic Effects on Mortality Rate in Drosophila melanogaster -- Spencer and Promislow 96 (5): ...
		explicit quantitative genetic predictions for the MA and AP theories of senescence (Charlesworth 1990, 2001; Charlesworth and Hughes 1996;
		of nonlinear interactions in the genetics of aging is further
		Patterns of age-specific means and genetic variances of mortality rates predicted by the mutation-accumulation theory of ageing.
	jhered.oxfordjournals.org /cgi/content/full/96/5/513 (4227 words)

	Search for Interactions \| TheBioGRID.org (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-08)
		The BioGRID's curated set of physical and genetic interactions has been updated to include an additional 4540 interactions.
		New interactions will be added in curation updates on a monthly basis.
		The curated set of protein and genetic interactions described in Reguly et al.
	www.thebiogrid.org (446 words)

	Genetic Interactions between the Escherichia coli umuDC Gene Products and the {beta} Processivity Clamp of the ...
		Genetic Interactions between the Escherichia coli umuDC Gene Products and the {beta} Processivity Clamp of the Replicative DNA Polymerase -- Sutton et al.
		Interaction of the unknown factor(s) with UmuC and
		Interactions between epsilon, the proofreading subunit of DNA polymerase III, and proteins involved in the SOS response of Escherichia coli.
	jb.asm.org /cgi/content/full/183/9/2897 (7336 words)

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