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Topic: Genetic mutation

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	Genetic Therapy Cancer Treatment Information (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		The genetic mutation that causes cancer can be inherited from a parent or it can be a random mutation that occurs as a result of a mistake during cell division or in response to environmental factors.
		Determining the probability of inheriting a gene mutation and/or of developing cancer as a result of a gene mutation is a complicated process that requires an understanding of heredity, genetics and the role of genes.
		Genetic testing can be valuable if people can use the information to make medical and lifestyle decisions that could help to decrease their risk of developing cancer, or at least assist them in detecting the cancer early when it is most treatable.
	patient.cancerconsultants.com /genetic_treatment.aspx (1812 words)

	Ask A Scientist - Genetic testing
		Genetic testing and prediction of phenotype have been successful for diseases that result from a mutation in a single gene.
		In the case of behavioral traits or multigenic diseases with complex genetic inheritance, it is often difficult to infer the genotype of an individual from his or her phenotype, because the link between the two is no longer as firm.
		For instance, if someone with a genetic mutation does not display the phenotype that is associated with that mutation 100 percent of the time, the disease locus will not be associated with the disease 100 percent of the time either.
	www.hhmi.org /askascientist/answers/genetics/ans_020.html (677 words)

	SiriusDog.com - ELIMINATING MUTATION: THE IMPOSSIBLE DREAM
		Mutations are changes in an organism's DNA that potentially affect the correct functioning of genes.
		The mutation rate for dogs cannot be determined readily, but from indirect evidence and extrapolation from other species, geneticists believe that mutation rates are normally on the order of 1 in 100,000 or less.
		In terms of estimates of genetic diversity based on average heterozygosity, these genes are effectively monomorphic, as a screen of 50 or 100 individuals from the population would generally fail to reveal any differences for the majority of the these loci.
	siriusdog.com /articles/genetic-mutation-armstrong.htm (2152 words)

	Cancer Risk-assessment
		All cancer is genetic because it results from mutations in genes, however most cancerous mutations are random events, which are not passed on to offspring.
		Individuals with a parent who has a genetic mutation has a 50% chance of inheriting that gene, therefore it is important to understand that not all individuals from a high-risk family are at the same risk of inheriting genetic mutations.
		Even if a patient is shown to have a DNA mutation for these genetically linked cancers it does not mean that the patient will develop cancer, this means only that the patient may have a propensity toward developing one of these cancers and that the gene may be passed down to their children.
	www.cpmc.org /services/cancer-genetesting/hereditary/default.html (1157 words)

	gen mut
		Mutations are random, very rare, and almost invariably harmful to their possessors.
		A genetic mutation is typically described as the alteration of an organisms genetic sequence in such a way that it changes the genetic message carried.
		For instance, a mutation in the coagulation factor VII gene was shown to decrease the risk of heart attacks to those who posses it.
	www.msu.edu /~shawsar1/genetic_mutation.html (1396 words)

	Genetic Testing
		But other genetic tests measure your risk of developing a disease, even if you are healthy now (presymptomatic testing), or whether you and your partner are at risk of having a child with a genetic disorder (carrier screening).
		Because the nature of genetic testing is so complex, with implications for both the person being tested and his or her family, counseling is desirable before taking any genetic test and essential if results come back positive or uncertain.
		A genetic counselor is a health care professional who is an expert in counseling, genetics and genetic testing.
	www.healthywomen.org /healthtopics/genetictesting (7617 words)

	Genome Glossary
		Alternative form of a genetic locus; a single allele for each locus is inherited from each parent (e.g., at a locus for eye color the allele might result in blue or brown eyes).
		A genetic characteristic in which the genes are found outside the nucleus, in chloroplasts or mitochondria.
		All the genetic material in the chromosomes of a particular organism; its size is generally given as its total number of base pairs.
	www.ornl.gov /sci/techresources/Human_Genome/glossary/glossary.shtml (6582 words)

	Mutation - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
		Mutations can be caused by copying errors in the genetic material during cell division and by exposure to ultraviolet or ionizing radiation, chemical mutagens, or viruses, or can occur deliberately under cellular control during processes such as meiosis or hypermutation.
		Mutations create variation in the gene pool, and the less favorable (or deleterious) mutations are removed from the gene pool by natural selection, while more favorable (beneficial or advantageous) ones tend to accumulate, resulting in evolutionary change.
		One theory for the etiology of the relatively high frequency of CCR5-32 in the euopean population is that is conferred resistance to the bubonic plague in mid-14th century Europe [2].
	en.wikipedia.org /wiki/Genetic_mutation (2022 words)

	Screening Recommendations for People With FAP (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		However, if the genetic mutation that causes FAP has not been identified for your family, you need to assume that you are at very high risk of getting FAP and you should follow the more stringent guidelines outlined here.
		Genetic testing can only yield a truly negative result for FAP when a genetic mutation has already been identified for a particular family.
		Anyone at risk for FAP but who has not had their diagnosis confirmed by genetic testing should be screened yearly, by sigmoidoscopy, from age 10 to 24.
	www.genetichealth.com /CRC_FAP_Screening_and_Prevention.shtml (1480 words)

	Genetic testing for colon cancer: Should you consider it? - MayoClinic.com
		He or she can help you determine whether your family might be carrying a genetic mutation.
		Genetic syndromes that increase your risk of colon cancer
		Lynch syndrome is caused by an inherited mutation in one of four genes that regulate the replication of DNA in your cells.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/colon-cancer/HQ00448 (1085 words)

	Genetic testing for breast cancer: Who's it for? - MayoClinic.com
		Genetic counseling is a communication process between you and a genetic counselor.
		If you have a BRCA mutation, your chances of developing breast or ovarian cancer during your lifetime are substantially higher than are the rates for the general population.
		Genetic testing is expensive, and it may or may not be covered by your insurance.
	www.mayoclinic.com /health/genetic-testing-for-breast-cancer/HQ00350 (1005 words)

	Genetic Mutations in Humans: From Feet to Flippers
		Mutations -- Mutations are the only way to introduce new genetic material into an organism.
		I got to thinking about a person I personally know who had a genetic mutation she was born with on her feet, and she passed this gene on to her daughter.
		Below are photographs of the genetic mutation which occured when a non-webbed toed mother gave birth to a daughter who had the webbed toe gene, and twenty five years later passed that gene on to her daughter.
	www.edwardtbabinski.us /evolution/genetic_mutation.html (2466 words)

	Evolution: Library: A Mutation Story
		This segment tells the story of a genetic mutation affecting the population of West Africa.
		Ronald Nagel stresses the genetic diversity required for the survival of a species.
		The sickle cell mutation is a like a typographical error in the DNA code of the gene that tells the body how to make a form of hemoglobin (Hb), the oxygen-carrying molecule in our blood.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/evolution/library/01/2/l_012_02.html (600 words)

	Genetic Testing - Genetics Home Reference
		Genetic tests are performed on a sample of blood, hair, skin, amniotic fluid (the fluid that surrounds a fetus during pregnancy), or other tissue.
		Before a person has a genetic test, it is important that he or she understands the testing procedure, the benefits and limitations of the test, and the possible consequences of the test results.
		Genetic discrimination occurs when people are treated differently by their employer or insurance company because they have a gene mutation that causes or increases the risk of an inherited disorder.
	ghr.nlm.nih.gov /info=genetic_testing/show/alltopics (3440 words)

	Mutation (genetic algorithm) at AllExperts
		In genetic algorithms, mutation is a genetic operator used to maintain genetic diversity from one generation of a population of chromosomes to the next.
		The classic example of a mutation operator involves a probability that an arbitrary bit in a genetic sequence will be changed from its original state.
		The purpose of mutation in GAs is to allow the algorithm to avoid local minima by preventing the population of chromosomes from becoming too similar to each other, thus slowing or even stopping evolution.
	en.allexperts.com /e/m/mu/mutation_(genetic_algorithm).htm (226 words)

	NOVA \| Family That Walks on All Fours \| The Genetic Factor \| PBS
		And with the fruit fly, which was a workhorse of genetics for most of the 20th century, there was a whole catalogue of fascinating and bizarre mutants, very strange, with legs coming out of their heads or extra sets of wings or missing eyes.
		From what we understand from both genetics and the fossil record, the process of becoming upright involved all sorts of changes in our ancestors, in our skeleton and in our musculature, in various parts of the body (see Compare the Skeletons).
		In general, we have to be very cautious about interpreting genetic mutations as imposing a strict limit on human behavior.
	www.pbs.org /wgbh/nova/allfours/genetic.html (2032 words)

	Imaginis - Genetic Risk Factors for Breast Cancer
		However, most DNA mutations that cause breast cancer are not inherited; they occur during a woman’s life and may be caused by a variety of factors (many still unknown to medical experts).
		In 1994, researchers discovered that women who carry mutations of BRCA1 or BRCA2 are at higher risk of developing both breast and ovarian cancer than women who do not have these genetic mutations.
		Women considering having their blood analyzed for genetic risk factors are encouraged to discuss their situation with a physician or genetics counselor before testing begins.
	www.imaginis.com /breasthealth/genetic_risks.asp (981 words)

	Genetic Mutation Linked to Both Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Panic Disorder
		Now a team of researchers is suggesting that a genetic mutation already linked to panic disorder -- also found more often in women -- may provide clues to understanding both conditions.
		"Genetic analysis found that the percentage of IBS patients who had the CCK [mutation] was exactly one-third or 11 patients.
		In patients with [both] IBS and panic disorder, we found the mutation in six of seven patients." She adds, however, "the numbers are so small that it is too early to draw many conclusions.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/23/1728_52273.htm (564 words)

	UF STUDY: SIMILAR SPECIES CAN SHOW DIFFERENT RATES OF GENETIC MUTATION (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		Understanding the variability in the baseline mutation rate for closely related species is also an essential first step toward answering the larger question of how external conditions, such as climate change, can affect mutation rates, said UF zoology professor Charles Baer, the paper’s lead author.
		Understanding why mutations occur, and what role natural selection plays in the process, is fundamental to answering questions such as the evolutionary basis for sexual versus asexual reproduction, and how genetic variation is maintained within a species.
		Natural selection was unable to weed out the genetic variations resulting from those new mutations because the worm strains were highly inbred and the population sizes used in the study were sufficiently small.
	www.napa.ufl.edu /2005news/wormmutation.htm (877 words)

	Breast Cancer Genetic Test \| AHealthyMe.com
		How a particular mutation influences your risk for getting breast cancer depends on what other risk factors you may already have (The New York study also suggests that your risk is influenced by environmental factors).
		For example, if you have a BRCA mutation and know at least one person in your family with a BRCA mutation who has had breast cancer, by the time you are 80 years old, your risk of developing breast cancer will be 82 percent, according to the New York Breast Cancer study.
		Another downside to genetic testing: some women have had their insurance rates raised or their coverage dropped after they had a test, regardless of the result.
	www.ahealthyme.com /topic/breastgen (1809 words)

	Mutation definition - Medical Dictionary definitions of popular medical terms
		Mutations are the necessary raw material of evolution.
		Mutations can be caused by many factors including environmental insults such as radiation and mutagenic chemicals.
		Genetic Testing for Breast Cancer - Genetic testing for breast cancer requires genetic counceling, a family pedigree chart showing the genetic makeup of ancestors.
	www.medterms.com /script/main/art.asp?articlekey=4471 (208 words)

	HHMI News: Inherited Deafness Studies May Affect Genetic Counseling
		Researchers have confirmed that one type of genetic mutation causes inherited profound deafness, while another mutation thought to cause deafness does not.
		An earlier study by other investigators suggested that the M34T mutation is a "dominant mutation," which means that inheriting only one copy of the mutant gene would be enough to cause deafness.
		Sheffield also advises that genetic counselors and physicians use caution when advising parents on the possibility that a child's illness or disability may have genetic roots.
	www.hhmi.org /news/sheffield.html (624 words)

	Gene Mutation Linked to Risk of Depression
		The mental illness may be caused by a complex mix of genetic and environmental factors.
		Of the nine people with the mutation, seven had a family history of mental illness or drug/alcohol abuse, six had tried to commit suicide or shown suicidal behavior, and four had generalized anxiety symptoms.
		Larger genetic studies are needed to learn more about the mutation, say the researchers.
	www.webmd.com /content/article/98/104740.htm (507 words)

	SandDude on Gardner's Syndrome - Genetic Mutation (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-10)
		After that, the genetic mutation may be passed on to a future generation.
		When the mutations of the APC gene were discovered, it was one of the earliest and most exciting gene isolations in history...
		Mutations of the APC gene were discoverd in 1995.
	mywebpages.comcast.net /sanddude/snsgs003.htm (721 words)

	eMedicine - Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis : Article by JJ Marik, MD
		Tests should be performed to confirm the diagnosis of the affected parent, to pinpoint the genetic change leading to the condition in question, and to ensure that the currently available technology can identify that genetic change in a polar body or a blastomere biopsy sample from a 6- to 8-cell embryo/blastocyst (see Image 1).
		After the genetic laboratory provides detailed information, the future parents, along with their physicians, decide which embryos should be transferred or frozen and which should not be used.
		Persons with a genetic disease or those who know that they are carriers frequently choose to not have children in order to avoid the risk of passing on the disease.
	www.emedicine.com /med/topic3520.htm (4615 words)

	Genetic Mutation Linked to Obesity in General Population
		People whose genetic makeup includes two copies of the mutation are on average 22 percent more likely to be obese.
		Other rare mutations that cause extreme obesity have been identified, but this is the first mutation that influences obesity in the general population.
		Herbert's team is not sure yet what the mutation does, but it is just upstream on the DNA from a gene involved in making fat, so they believe it is probably involved in controlling that gene.
	health.dailynewscentral.com /content/view/0002211/31 (579 words)

	Vaccines & Genetic Mutation
		Although Urnovitz did not elaborate further on the subject of “genetic memory,” his reference to it can be interpreted as an inference that the genetic blueprints we inherit from our parents are influenced and potentially changed in adaptation to environmental exposures during our lifetimes.
		This raises the question of whether or not there was a connection between the work of Urnovitz and John Martin, (14-18) with genetic residues from the oral polio vaccines, the oral polio virus in turn having been cultured in monkey kidney tissues, and thus contributing to non-human segments described in the Urnovitz report.
		Returning now to the subject of genetic contamination, and to the work of Anker and Stroun as well as to the human-rat cell fusion, we know that many vaccines use “immortal cell lines” which are actually cancerous types of cells with no limit on how many times they can divide.
	www.freeyurko.bizland.com /vacgen.html (4629 words)

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