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Topic: Genetic resistance

	Genetic Resistance Spreads to Consumers (Nature magazine piece)
		A small Iowa company that produces a test able to detect genetic alterations in crops is being deluged with calls as wary European consumers and retailers react to the news that genetically modified corn (maize) and soybeans are being harvested in the United States for the first time.
		The corn is also altered to resist the European corn borer, by insertion of a gene from a bacterium called Bacillus thruingiensis, which makes a protein toxic to the pest.
		Genetic ID's new tests allow middlemen who funnel exports of corn and soy from the United States to European clients to guarantee that the crops are free of genetically altered product -- a guarantee that many European retailers are now demanding.
	www.ibiblio.org /london/agriculture/forums/sustainable-agriculture/msg02000.html (1160 words)

	Nat' Academies Press, Pesticide Resistance: Strategies and Tactics for Management (1986) (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetics and Biochemistry of Insecticide Resistance in Arthr..., pp.
		Genetic correlations affect the course of evolution; when selection impinges on any character in a correlated group, all traits that are influenced by the same genes will also show an evolutionary change in their phenotypes, even if they are not directly affected by selection.
		The quantitative genetics of polyphagy in an insect herbivore.
	www.nap.edu /books/0309036275/html/222.html (5157 words)

	Definition of resistance includes genetic change, pest sensitivity, cr
		Resistance may be defined as ‘a heritable change in the sensitivity of a pest population that is reflected in the repeated failure of a product to achieve the expected level of control when used according to the label recommendation for that pest species’.
		The genetics of the heritable resistance traits and the intensive repeated application of pesticides, together are responsible for the rapid build-up of resistance in most insects and mites.
		Resistance increases fastest in situations such as greenhouses, where insects or mites reproduce quickly, there is little or no immigration of susceptible individuals and the user may spray frequently.
	www.irac-online.org /Resistance/Overview.asp (532 words)

	Untitled
		Genetic resistance to disease involves many facets of the body's defense system and their interactions and is extremely complex.
		Genetic control of certain diseases may be the result of the presence or absence of receptors that are inherited simply.
		Resistance to specific subgroups of leukosis virus in chickens seems to be inherited simply (Crittenden, 1975) and may be the result of not having the receptor for the virus.
	mark.asci.ncsu.edu /nsif/98proc/rothschild.htm (4787 words)

	Roslin Institute, Edinburgh (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetic strategies for preventing disease are permanent, in the absence of evolution of the disease organism.
		Genetic strategies for preventing diseases are simplest in cases where the disease is predictable in its occurrence and/or endemic.
		Genetic variation often exists between animals in their response to vaccination, thus this may be a long-term means of enhancing the effectiveness of vaccination strategies.
	www.ri.bbsrc.ac.uk /news/articles/156.html (1638 words)

	Genetic HIV Resistance Deciphered
		Genetic resistance to AIDS works in different ways and appears in different ethnic groups.
		The most powerful form of resistance, caused by a genetic defect, is limited to people with European or Central Asian heritage.
		The fact that the genetic mutation also provided protection against HIV centuries later would just be a coincidence.
	www.wired.com /medtech/health/news/2005/01/66198 (739 words)

	Plant Science and Entomology (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The germplasms have a new gene for resistance to Hessian fly that was transferred to common wheat from the progenitor species Triticum diccocom.
		The resistance gene confers a high level of antibiosis or resistance and is the first gene for Hessian fly resistance transferred from T. diccocom.
		Genetic studies will be conducted to determine inheritance of resistance, gene uniqueness, map location, and identification of molecular markers linked to resistance genes.
	www.usgmrl.ksu.edu /progress_report/1999_Report/pseru.html (2117 words)

	RHIZOCTONIA ROOT ROT RESISTANCE AND DEVELOPMENT OF GENETIC RESISTANCE IN SUGAR BEET (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetic information developed previously in our research is used to execute additional cycles of pathogen inoculation, plant selection, and recombination among germplasms that we have in our cyclic improvement program.
		Increased levels of genetic resistance in sugar beet varieties are needed to minimize growers' losses from these diseases.
		In a hybrid crop like sugar beets, it is preferable that all of the parents contain some level of resistance to diseases prevalent in the area in which the hybrid is to be grown.
	www.crl.ars.usda.gov /99RhizRootRotReport.htm (1983 words)

	Genetic HIV Resistance Deciphered
		Genetic resistance to AIDS works in different ways and appears in different ethnic groups.
		The most powerful form of resistance, caused by a genetic defect, is limited to people with European or Central Asian heritage.
		The fact that the genetic mutation also provided protection against HIV centuries later would just be a coincidence.
	www.24x7updates.com /FullStory-News-Genetic_HIV_Resistance_Deciphered-ID-37747.html (772 words)

	D. GENETIC RESISTANCE TO PESTICIDES
		The evolution of resistance to pesticides is increasingly problematic for pest control in agriculture.
		In the face of increasing pest resistance, the strategy of growers often is to apply more and more of the pesticide in hopes of overcoming the resistance.
		Click on "pesticide resistance " for additional information on this topic (from earlier in these notes), ">>" at the bottom of the page to move to a discussion of "secondary pests," and "Navigate " for reminders on how to move within and among these pages.
	oregonstate.edu /~muirp/resistan.htm (554 words)

	Projects- Host Plant Resistance
		Genetic aphid resistance is also present in pecan since USDA has released what appears to be one of the most susceptible cultivars (Cheyenne) and the most resistant cultivar (Pawnee).
		The possibility of genetic resistance to fl aphids is also investigated by counting the number of insects per leaf in replicated NPACTS tests.
		Thompson, T.E. and Grauke, L.J. Breeding and genetics of scab resistance.
	aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu /carya/hpr/hpr.htm (2420 words)

	Sonja Schmitz, New England Resistance against Genetic Engineering
		We at New England Resistance against Genetic Engineering are concerned that current standards for the safety of agricultural crops do not include a provision for environmental safety of genetically engineered crops and that the environmental risks of growing transgenic crops at commercial scale have not been sufficiently determined.
		Since most of the transgenic crops grown are genetically engineered for either herbicide or insect resistance, my report is limited to the discussion of risks associated these two classes of transgenic crops.
		Insect resistant Bt crops represent another category of genetically engineered plants under large scale cultivation in the U.S. Recent experiments have shown that plants engineered for insect resistance with Bt toxin or plant lectins are harmful to beneficial insects, such as monarch butterflys, lacewings and ladybugs.
	www.fas.usda.gov /itp/wto/vermont/schmitz.html (1258 words)

	AEGiS-IAPAC: Genetic Basis and Prevalence of Resistance to Cytomegalovirus - February 2000
		Two genetic loci are involved in resistance to GCV: the UL97 kinase, which acts in the initial phosphorylation of GCV to its monophosphate species, and the human CMV DNA polymerase.
		Resistance ranges from 3.5-fold for the L802M mutation to more than 20-fold for the D301N mutation in the exo-1 domain, for the L501F mutation, or for the T403I mutation in C domain.
		Detection of ganciclovir resistance mutations by quantitation of cytomegalovirus (CMV) DNA in leukocytes of patients with fatal disseminated CMV disease.
	www.aegis.com /pubs/iapac/2000/IA000203.html (1920 words)

	Mandonnet et al., July 2001 (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetic resistance of Creole goats to gastrointestinal nematodes has been studied at Guadeloupe in the French West Indies since 1995.
		Genetic correlations between packed cell volume and live weight decreased from 0.47 to 0.10 from weaning to 10 mo of age.
		The genetic control of this trait is very similar to what is known in sheep: moderate heritability, increasing genetic variability with age, and no maternal genetic influence after weaning.
	www.asas.org /jas/abs/2001/a0171706.htm (522 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Selection for Disease Resistance: Molecular Genetic Techniques
		Genetic resistance to disease is attractive as breeders have been exploiting genes for disease resistance for years, even with limited knowledge about the genetic or molecular basis of such phenotypes.
		The advent of modern molecular genetics has raised the promise that genes conferring disease resistance can be identified and elite strains with high disease resistance selected based on molecular markers, which has been demonstrated in other species.
		Genetic resistance to the majority of diseases is usually complex or controlled by many genes as well as influenced by environmental conditions.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=128152 (253 words)

	Institute for Social Ecology - Gathering RAGE: Resistance Against Genetic Engineering
		The current crop of genetically engineered foods—90 million acres were grown worldwide in 1999, with over 70 percent of it in the U.S.—represents a profound threat to public health, the integrity of living ecosystems, and the survival of agriculture as we know it.
		While it was been difficult for opponents of genetic engineering to gain the attention of the corporate media, grassroots opposition to genetic engineering in the U.S. is as old as the technology itself.
		In the 1980s, people in California spoke out against the first approved open-air releases of genetically modified bacteria into the environment, and applauded quietly in 1987 when almost the entire first crop of strawberry plants slated to be sprayed with genetically engineered bacteria was pulled out of the ground in the dark of night.
	www.social-ecology.org /article.php?story=2003120210275165 (2669 words)

	ARS \| Publication request: Genetic Resistance to Marek's Disease
		It is of interest that numerous estimates of heritability of resistance to MD are relatively high compared to the resistance to other diseases in chickens or other diseases in domestic livestock.
		Therefore, it is valid to define and understand the factors controlling genetic resistance, particularly when one could select and use this resistance in conjunction with other methods to control MD, e.g.
		This review is generally limited to the period since 1967 when a DNA alpha herpes virus (Marek's disease virus or MDV) was shown to incite MD. The isolation of MDV permitted the differentiation of MD from other avian tumors, e.g., those caused by RNA retroviruses inducing lymphoid leukosis, or myelocytomatosis, or reticuloendotheliosis.
	ars.usda.gov /research/publications/publications.htm?SEQ_NO_115=115183 (161 words)

	Genetic Resistance Bred Into Wheat Wears Down (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		MEXICO CITY — Genetic resistance bred into wheat crops 40 years ago has begun to break down, resurrecting the threat of crop plagues not seen since the last major outbreak in the United States in the 1950s, a nonprofit wheat group said Thursday.
		A new, mutated form of the stem-rust fungus — a disease that virtually disappeared from the face of the Earth after destroying as much as half of wheat yields decades ago — reappeared several weeks ago at an experimental farm in the rainy highlands of Uganda.
		The reappearance of the wind-borne spores, which corrode the plants' stems, threatens a genetic fix introduced during the "Green Revolution" in the late 1950s and early 1960s, scientists from the Mexico City-based International Wheat and Maize Improvement Center said.
	www.anomalous-images.com /news/news401.html (321 words)

	The Genetic Resistance
		Resistance to the spread of GE food crops is mounting around the country as evidence rolls in about the dangers behind GE foods and the fact that American diets have already been significantly contaminated.
		The biotech industry and US government maintain that genetic engineering is a benign tool that can be used to decrease the use of herbicides and pesticides, and to improve crop yields.
		In numerous mailers and radio ads, the corporate-funded opposition argued that the measure was poorly written and would be costly for taxpayers to enforce, requiring the county agricultural commissioner to seek out and destroy genetically modified plants--a potent threat in a county whose largest cash crop is marijuana.
	yeoldeconsciousnessshoppe.com /art158.html (1152 words)

	In some cases, genetic resistance takes on a life of its own
		Like heavily armored knights transported from battlefield to city, resistant individuals would be expected to be at a disadvantage, genetically weighed down in the absence of the chemical challenge for which they are armed.
		In their new work, the Bath researchers have shown that DDT resistance in fruit flies not only carries no fitness cost, but in fact confers an advantage when inherited through the female.
		These results hold important implications for the use of any drug, pesticide, or antibiotic because they suggest that genetic resistance will not always disappear when a pesticide or antibiotic is suspended or banned.
	www.eurekalert.org /pub_releases/2005-08/cp-isc080305.php (464 words)

	"Field refuges prevent moth's resistance to genetic insecticides "
		In this case, a refuge is a section of plants within the field that have not been genetically engineered to contain the insecticide.
		To manage resistance to Bt-engineered plants, Shelton and his colleagues examined several planting options, including how the refuge was placed in the field.
		The studies' results demonstrated the importance of making sure sufficient insects are generated on the non-Bt plants to mate with any resistant insects that may have survived on the Bt plants.
	www.biotech-info.net /field_refuges.html (606 words)

	Genetic resistance may beat nematode damage (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		An effective control of disease in wheat caused by root-lesion nematode may result from recently identified sources of genetic resistance, according to a Department of Primary Industries researcher.
		"Glasshouse resistance testing has recently identified synthetic hexaploid wheats derived from wild wheat relatives as potential sources of resistance to this disease," she said.
		Ms Zwart said the objective of the 3-year project was to use gene markers to locate and tag resistance genes to both species of nematode.
	www.dpi.qld.gov.au /news/newsreleases/7326.html (299 words)

	AEGiS-AP: Study Traces Human Genetic Resistance
		The researchers traced the development of a malaria resistant gene that they believe first appeared in humans thousands of years ago in Africa and later among people in the lands of the Mediterranean and parts of Asia.
		Tishkoff said the mutation of an X chromosome gene called G6PD evolved as a natural response to widespread infection from the mosquito-borne parasite that causes malaria.
		Since humans developed a genetic defense, said Tishkoff, it suggests that the disease was prevalent enough to exert "a strong selective force." She said mutations occur randomly.
	www.aegis.com /news/ap/2001/AP010648.html (854 words)

	Northwest Resistance Against Genetic Engineering :: Resistance is fertile!
		We strongly believe that, in spite of the dangers of genetic engineering, people working together for change can and are making a difference in preventing this unnecessary and unsustainable technology from causing any further harm.
		Munsch worries that genetically engineered alfalfa, called Roundup Ready, threatens to contaminate alfalfa seed farms in the Northwest and ruin traditional strains of the ubiquitous crop nationwide.
		France is reportedly planning a freeze on commercial genetically modified crops, which cover less than one percent of farmland in Europe's top agricultural producer.
	www.nwrage.org (2451 words)

	Preliminary evidence for genetic resistance to endoparasites in Menz and Horro lambs in the highlands of Ethiopia
		Preliminary evidence for genetic resistance to endoparasites in Menz and Horro lambs in the highlands of Ethiopia
		The Menz and Horro highland sheep breeds are being evaluated at the ILCA Debre Birhan research station in Ethiopia for between-and within-breed genetic variation for resistance to internal parasites.
		Evidence of genetic variation in sheep and goats for resistance to or tolerance of gastro-intestinal nematodes was first documented 40-50 years ago and this subject has been comprehensively reviewed by Gray (1991), Gray and Woolaston (1991), Baker et al (1992) and Gray et al (1995).
	www.fao.org /wairdocs/ilri/x5473b/x5473b0b.htm (3063 words)

	Scientists to Discuss Genetic Resistance to HIV (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		The symposium, "Host Genes and Resistance to HIV Infection and AIDS," will open with a presentation on genetic susceptibility and resistance to human infectious diseases by Arno Motulsky, M.D., of the University of Washington in Seattle.
		Although their blood cells can be infected with HIV in test tube experiments, these women share immune system genes that appear to be highly correlated with protection from infection.
		The new resistance mechanism, dubbed "post-entry restriction," is the first reported to arrest HIV reproduction after the virus has infected normal immune cells.
	www.niaid.nih.gov /newsroom/releases/aaasconf.htm (639 words)

	Genetic Resistance to Chemical Carcinogen-induced Preneoplastic Hepatic Lesions in DRH Strain Rats -- Zeng et al. 60 ... (Site not responding. Last check: 2007-10-26)
		Genetic Resistance to Chemical Carcinogen-induced Preneoplastic Hepatic Lesions in DRH Strain Rats -- Zeng et al.
		Genetic Resistance to Chemical Carcinogen-induced Preneoplastic Hepatic Lesions in DRH Strain Rats
		Resistance of DRH strain rats to chemical carcinogenesis of liver: genetic analysis of later progression stage
	cancerres.aacrjournals.org /cgi/content/full/60/11/2876 (4764 words)

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